Microcirculation Flashcards
What is the overall aim of the cardiovascular system?
Adequate blood flow through the capillaries
What Law describes the change in pressure in a fluid circuit
Darcy’s Law
What is the definition of the blood flow rate?
The volume of blood passing through a vessel per unit of time
How to calculate pressure gradient when you know the pressure of point A and point B
Pressure gradient = Pressure A - Pressure B
What is the equation which describe the change in pressure in a fluid circuit?
Change in pressure (between A and B) = Flow rate (Q) x Resistance (R)
What is the pressure gradient?
The difference in pressure between Point A and Point B (Pressure when blood enters the 1st order arteriole - Pressure when blood enters capillaries)
What affect will increases in flow rate have on the pressure gradient?
It will increase the pressure gradient
Flow rate is proportional to…
Pressure gradient
Flow rate is inversely proportional to…
Resistance
What is the definition of resistance?
Hindrance to blood flow due to friction between moving fluid and stationary vascular walls
What is the equation for the resistance experienced in a vessel?
R = 8Ln / Pi r^4
Where L = vessel length
n = blood viscosity
r = radius
If you half the vessel radius, what happens to the flow?
decreases the flow 16 times
What part of the resistance equation is the most variable and can change from minute to minute?
The radius of the vessel
Why is having a pressure difference in the organs essential?
Otherwise blood would not reach tissue capillary beds
During Vasoconstriction, what happens to resistance across the vessel?
increases
During Vasoconstriction, what happens to the flow rate across the vessel?
Flow decreases
During Vasoconstriction, what happens to the radius across the vessel?
decreases
During vasodilation, what happens to the resistance across the vessel?
Resistance Decreases
During vasodilation, what happens to the flow across the vessel?
increases
During vasodilation, what happens to the radius across the vessel?
Radius Increases
What is meant by vascular tone?
The arteriolar smooth muscle normally displays a state of partial constriction
Why is vascular tone important?
If the smooth muscle is in a contracted state, then the arteriole wall can contract or dilate - if it was fully dilated at rest, it could only constrict, not dilate further
What does vascular tone affect?
Radius of the vessel
What is meant by active hyperaemia?
when the blood flow to a specific tissue is matched to its needs and is regulated by chemical changes
What chemical changes can drive active hyperaemia? - 2
Increased oxygen useage and increased metabolites
What effect does active hyperaemia have on the arteries?
causes them to vasodilate
What is myogenic autoregulation?
When the blood flow to a particular organ is matched by its needs, and is dependent on physical stimuli
What physical stimuli could trigger myogenic autoregulation? - 2
A drop in blood temperature
stretch in the artery wall due to higher pressure
What effect does myogenic autoregulation have on the arteries?
causes the arteries to constrict
Through what mechanism are the radii of arteries adjusted after a big meal?
Through active hyperaemia in the gut
is the pressure gradient the same across tissues?
yes
what determines blood flow to an organ?
resistance
what is the mean capillary pressure?
37 mmHg
What is the mean arteriole pressure?
93 mmHg
What happens to the flow of blood through an arteriole following a rapid increase in blood
When the flow increases, so does the stretch on the arterioles
Therefore, this physical stimuli is detected by the arterioles, which then response through auto-regulation to bring the flow back to normal
What is the skeletal muscle arteriolar response to exercise?
Active hyperaemia
What is the small intestine arteriolar response to exercise?
Myogenic vasoconstriction
The radii of the arterioles are adjusted independently to accomplish which two functions?
- Match blood flow to the metabolic needs of the tissue
- Help regulate systemic arterial blood pressure
Through what two mechanisms do the aterioles help regulate arterial blood pressure?
Hormonal and Neural
when arterioles regulate systemic arterial blood pressure, how is it co-ordinated
centrally
when arterioles match blood flow based on metabolic need, is it dependant or independant on nervous or endocrine stimulation
independant
what controls regulate the matching of blood flow to the metabolic needs to specific tissue?
intrinsic controls (local)
How does the neural control of blood vessel radii occur?
The cardiovascular control center in the medulla sends signals to vasocontrict to increase blood pressure
Which hormones are involved in hormonal vasoconstriction to regulate arterial blood pressure? - 3
Vasopressin/ADH
Angiotensin II
Adrenaline/noradrenaline
What happens to the pressure gradient when there is vasoconstriction?
It decreases
Where can the greatest pressure drop in the Cardiovascular System be observed
From one end of the arteriole to the other
where does neural arterial blood pressure regulation occur?
in the medulla => cardiovascular control centre
what is mean arteriole pressure the same as
blood pressure
where can you find the cardiovascular control centre?
in the medulla
What is the equation linking mean arterial pressure, cardiac output and total peripheral resistance?
MAP = CO x TPR
What is the purpose of capillary exchange?
The delivery of metabolic substrates to the cells of the organisms
What is the lumen diameter of a capillary?
7 micrometers
What is the cell width of a capillary?
1 micrometer
what is Fick’s Law
the rate of diffusion = proportional to both the surface area and concentration difference
inversely proportional to the thickness of the membrane
What are capillaries specially designed to do? - 2
Minimise the diffusion distance and maximise sa and time for diffusion
Which tissues have highly dense capillary networks?
More metabolically active tissues
Which tissue has a large capacity but limited flow at rest?
Skeletal muscle
Why does the lung have such a dense capillary network?
Because of gas exchange which occurs in the lungs
What percentage of arterioles are active at rest in skeletal muscle?
10%
What happens to the arterioles during exercise in sketeal muscle?
They vasodilate due to active hyperaemia
What is the definition of bulk flow?
A volume of protein-free plasma filters out of the capillary, mixes with the surrounding interstitial fluid and is then reabsorbed
What is the difference in CO of skeletal muscle when at rest and during exercise?
It increases by 5x
What are the very small gaps between endothelial cells in continuous capillaries called?
H2O filled gap junctions
What substances can move across the H2O filled gap junctions?
Very smal molecules like sodium ions
What are fenestrated capillaries?
Where you have little gaps/holes in the capillaries
Where are fenestrated capillaries found?
In the glomerulus, intestinal vili and endocrine glands
What are some tissues in which continuous capillaries are found? - 3
Fat
Muscle
Nervous System
In which capillary can glucose pass thorough the wall without the need for glucose transporters?
Fenestrated capillaries
What are discontinuous capillaries?
Where there are large caps in the endothelial cells to allow large molecules to pass through
Where might you find discontinuous capillaries?
In the liver, bone marrow and spleen
What type of capillary structure forms the blood brain barrier?
Continuous, without water filled gap junction
What force pushes plasma out the capillary?
Hydrostatic pushing force
What force causes plasma to be reabsorbed?
Oncotic pulling force - causes plasma to be reabsorbed
What acts as an oncotic force to pull plasma back into the capillaries?
Proteins in the blood
What determines transudation of fluids?
Capillary pressure
What occurs if pressure inside the capillaries was greater than in the interstitial fluid?
Ultrafiltration
What occurs if inward driving pressures are greater than outward pressures across the capillaries?
reabsorption
What is the significance of the fact that ultra-filtration is more effective than reabsorption?
More fluid is lost into the surrounding tissue than is gained - therefore the excess fluid which is lost is picked up by lymphatic vessels and returned to circulation to maintain blood pressure
What systems direct lymph flow?
Skeletal and respiratory pumps
What drives the lymphatic system given there is no central pump?
Pressure differences (results in flow)
Where do the lymphatics drain into?
Into the right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct
How much Lymph is drained a day?
3L
What occurs if the rate of lymph production is greater than the rate of lymph drainage?
Oedema - swelling due to interstitial fluid buildup
What is elephantiasis?
A parasitic disease which arises due to the blockage of lymph nodes, meaning there is no flow of fluid, gets trapped in the blood vessels
What Law describes the change in pressure in a fluid circuit
Darcy’s Law
what is mean arteriole pressure the same as
blood pressure
Labelled diagram of lymphatic system
Labelled diagram of lymphatic system
