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CARDIO & RESPIRATORY - BRS > Cardiovascular Disorders > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of heart failure?

A

Heart unable to maintain adequate circulation for metabolic requirements of the body

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2
Q

What is HFpEF?

A

Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction

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3
Q

What function of the heart if impaired in HFpEF?

A

Diastolic function of the heart

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4
Q

What type of muscle development is found in HFpEF?

A

Concentric muscle development

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5
Q

What heart function is reduced in HFrEF?

A

Systolic function

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6
Q

what is HFrEF?

A

Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction

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7
Q

If a patient has an ejection fraction > or equal to 50%, what condition do they hae?

A

Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction - HFpEF

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8
Q

If a patient has an ejection fraction > or equal to 40%, what condition do they have?

A

heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction - HFrEF

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9
Q

What type of muscle development is seen in HFrEF?

A

Eccentric muscle development - this is where the heart muscle weakens and bcomes more dilated

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10
Q

What is seen on a chest X-Ray in a patient with Heart Failure?

A

Cardiomegaly - increased size of the heart

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11
Q

What is seen on a blood test with patients with Heart Failure?

A

Raised BNP - Brain Natriuretic Peptide

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12
Q

What is the main symptom of Heart Failure?

A

Exertional Dysponea - Breathlessness on exertion

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13
Q

How is heart failure diagnosed?

A

Echocardiography and Raised Natruietic Peptides

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14
Q

What might be seen on an ECG with a heart failure patient?

A

Enlarged QRS complex due to hypertrophy of the ventricles

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15
Q

What is the definition of atrial fibrillation?

A

Abherrent and disorganised electrical activity and contraction within the heart, as currents are generated from all over the atria

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16
Q

What is the underlying cause of atrial fibrillation?

A

Spontaneously active pacemaker cells in the atria that have developed in regions outside the nodes

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17
Q

What physical symptoms can Atrial Fibirllation Result in?

A

Palpitations and chest pain

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18
Q

What would be seen on an ECG of a patient with Atrial Fibrillation?

A

Missing p wave - irregularly irregular rhythm

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19
Q

What causes Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome?

A

The activation of n accessory conduction pathway which does not go through the AV node

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20
Q

What are the two ECG findings on patients with Wolff Parkinson White syndrome?

A

Biphasic T Wave and Pre-exitation of the ventricles

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21
Q

What causes the Biphasic T wave found in Wolff Parkinson White syndrome?

A

Currents going in both directions

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22
Q

What causes the pre-excitation wave found on an ECG trace in patients with WPW?

A

Ventricular depolarisation before the QRS complex

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23
Q

What is the accessory pathway in WPW called?

A

The bundle of Kent

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24
Q

What are physical symptoms accociated with WPW syndrome?

A

Palpitations and chest pains

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25
Q

What does WPW syndrome cause?

A

Tachycardia (increased heart rate) and abnormal cardiac electrical conductance

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26
Q

What is the definition of an AV Block?

A

Impaired electrical conduction through the AV node

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27
Q

What ECG findings would you expect in Type 1 AV Block?

A

Increased PR Interval

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28
Q

What is the definition of a First-Degree AV Block?

A

slowing down of conduction through AV node

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29
Q

What is the definition of a Second-Degree AV Block?

A

Reduced transmission of signal from atria to ventricles

30
Q

What would be seen on an ECG of a patient with Second-Degree AV Block?

A

Increased PR Interval or missing QRS Complexes, depending on the block type

31
Q

What is the definition of a Third-Degree AV Block?

A

Complete block of current from atria to ventricles

32
Q

What would be seen on an ECG Trace of a patient with Third-Degree AV Block?

A

P Waves not followed by QRS Complexes

33
Q

What is the underlying cause of a conduction block?

A

Damage (fibrosis, calcification or necrosis) to the conduction system - Bundle of His or AV Node

34
Q

What are the treatment options for AV Block?

A

Discontinuation of AV-blocking drugs (e.g. beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers) or pacemaker implantation in severe cases

35
Q

What are the treatment options for Atrial Fibrillation?

A

strategies to maintain sinus rhythm (e.g. cardioversion, anti-arrhythmics, catheter ablation)

36
Q

What are the treatment options for WPW Syndrome?

A

Benign so no treatment

37
Q

What is the clinical definition of Hypertension?

A

Clinical BP ≥ 140/90 mmHg & ambulatory BP daytime average ≥ 135/85 mmHg for prolonged period

38
Q

What is the difference between primary and secondary hypertension?

A

Primary - When the cause is unknown

Secondary - When hypertension results from another medical condition eg Adrenal Gland Disease

39
Q

What investigations are done to diagnose hypertension?

A

Blood Pressure Measurement, reading above 135/85 mmHG

40
Q

What are the treatment options for Hypertension?

A

Lifestyle changes followed by anti-hypertensive medications

41
Q

What are some anti-hypertensive mdications which can be used?

A

ACE Inhibitors
Calcium Channel Blockers
Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers

42
Q

What is an angina?

A

Chest pain due to myocardial ischaemia caused by athersclerosis

43
Q

What is a NSTEMI?

A

A Non ST Elevated Myocardial Infarction

44
Q

What is a STEMI?

A

ST Elevated Myocardial Infarction

45
Q

What is the definition of an NSTEMI?

A

Myocardial tissue damage due to prolonged ischaemia caused by atherosclerosis and artery blockage

46
Q

What is the definition of an STEMI?

A

Serious myocardial tissue damage due to prolonged ischaemia caused by severe atherosclerosis and complete artery blockage

47
Q

What is the underlying cause of STEMI and NSTEMIs?

A

Atherosclerotic lesions of the coronary artery causing ischaemia (angina), artery blockage (NSTEMI) and then complete artery blockage (STEMI)

48
Q

What re the signs and symptoms of engine?

A

Chest pain on exertion (Stable angina) or at rest (Unstable angina)

49
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of NSTEMI?

A

Chest pain, sweating, nausea and vomiting

50
Q

What are the Signs and Symptoms of STEMI?

A

radiating Chest pain, sweating, nausea and vomiting

51
Q

What is the difference in chest pain experienced by patients with a STEMI compared to a NSTEMI?

A

STEMI = Radiating chest pain

52
Q

What is found raised in the blood in both STEMI and NSTEMI patients?

A

Troponin Levels

53
Q

What is seen on an ECG Trace in patients with STEMI?

A

ST-Elevation and reciprocal ST-Depression

54
Q

What treatment is used for angina?

A

Vasodilators

55
Q

What are the treatment options for NSTEMI and STEMI?

A

coronary stents, antiplatelets, vasodilators, anti-emetics, oxygen & pain-relief

56
Q

What will hypertrophy of the left ventricle look like on an ECG Trace?

A

Enlarged QRS Complex

57
Q

What will be seen on an ECG trace in patients with Atrial flutter?

A

Saw-Tooth configuration of the ECG

58
Q

What is the RR Interval used to measure?

A

The Heart Rate

59
Q

Which hormone has the largest affect on vasoconstriction?

A

Angiotensin II

60
Q

Why is endothelin a potent but not the most effective vasoconstrictor in the heart?

A

Endothilin is stored in small quantities and is not released very often - when it does it has a mainly local effect on the blood vessels, not a large systematic effect like Angiotensin II does

61
Q

Between vasoconstriction and blood volume, which has has the greatest impact on blood pressure?

A

Vasoconstriction

62
Q

What is afterload determined by?

A

The blood pressure

63
Q

Who are ACEi and ARBs not recommended for?

A

Pregnant Women

64
Q

What anti-hypertensive medication is the most preferred?

A

Calcium Channel Blockers

65
Q

What does a high BNP Indicate?

A

Heart Failure

66
Q

Which hormone systems does lowered ventricular function activate?

A

RAAS - Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System
Sympathetic - Adrenaline and Noradrenaline
AVP - ADH

67
Q

What is he effect of increased Na+ and Water retention?

A

Increased blood volume and therefore increased preload

68
Q

what does increased vasoconstriction lead to?

A

A higher blood pressure and therefore increased afterload

69
Q

What happens to cardiac work with changes in preload and afterload?

A

If both preload and afterload increase, so does cardiac work

70
Q

What do Neprilysin Inhibitors affect?

A

Cardiac work

71
Q

what is Digoxin?

A

A Na+ K+ pump imhibitor so affects cardiac work

72
Q

What is Ivabradine?

A

A funny Current inhibitor so directly impacts cardiac work

CARDIO & RESPIRATORY - BRS (28 decks)

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