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IPAP 21-2 > Microblock 5 > Flashcards

Microblock 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Facultative parasite:

Obligate parasite:

Incidental parasite:

A

Facultative parasite: Normally free living organism, but may become an opportunistic parasite

Obligate parasite: Cannot survive in a free living state

Incidental parasite: Establishes itself in a host in which it does not normally live (dog flea bites a human).

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2
Q

Definitive host:

Intermediate host:

Reservoir host:

Paratenic host:

A

Definitive host: The host that harbors the adult or sexually reproducing stages of a parasite

Intermediate host: That host which harbors the immature, larval, or asexually reproducing forms of a parasite

Reservoir host: A host which replaces man in the life cycle of the parasite

Paratenic host: A host that serves as a transport host in which the parasitic forms undergo no development, but passes on to the final host

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3
Q

Routes of infection

A
  1. Ingestion: Oral (nasopharyngeal) in food, water or aerosols, etc.
  2. Active penetration: Through host tissues, skin or mucous membranes (Cercarial Dermatitus)
  3. Injection: Through host tissues by vector or agent
  4. Congenital: Transmission of parasites across the placental barrier from mother to fetus
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4
Q

Describe the morphology of a cestode (tapeworm)

A

Head = Scolex for attachment

Body= Proglottids (segments) / Strobili (chain)

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5
Q

What is the specimen shown?

A

Taenia solium

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6
Q

What are the two issues that Taenia solium can cause?

A

T. solium infection

Cause: Eating undercooked pork

Symptoms: Indigestion, diarrhea, WORM

Diagnose: stool exam

Prevention: Cook pork until grey

Cysticercosis

Cause: Eating T. solium eggs (human feces)

Symptoms: cyst location dependent

Diagnose: imaging of calcified cysticerci, visualize after excision, CT/MRI. Serology

RX: Steriods for inflammation

Prevention: sanitation

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7
Q

What is the specimen shown?

A

Taenia saginata

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8
Q

If you are the definitive host of a tapeworm what would you suffer from vs the intermediate host?

A

Definitive: Adult tapeworm in system

Intermediate: cysticercosis, echinococcosis, sparganosis

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9
Q

What is shown

A

Diphyllobothrium latum

(Fish Tapeworm)

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10
Q

Common source of Diphyllobothrium latum?

What are some of the symptoms?

A

Gefilte Fish

asymptomatic, nausea, Low B12

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11
Q

What is caused when larval tapeworms penetrate the skin when swimming in cold lakes

A

Sparganosis

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12
Q

What population is at danger of contracting Echinococcus granulosus

What are the routes of transmission?

Rate of growth?

Diagnosis?

Treatment?

A

Sheep Farmers

route: ingestion of contaminated water/veg, hand to mouth canine feces

Slow growing (5-20 years), pressure ofter first sign

Imaging, aspiration is an option but risk of rupter

Rx: aspirate add formalin

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13
Q

What population is at risk for Echinococcus multilocularis?

What animals are intermediate hosts?

What animals carry the eggs?

Where do the oncospheres usually attack the human body?

A

Trappers (Handle fur pelts and inhale fecal dust)

Rodents

Fox, dogs, and cats

Liver and Lungs (possibly the brain)

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14
Q

What type of cyst mimics a carcinoma?

A

Echinococcus multilocularis

years before symptoms appear

liver enlargement and obstruction of biliary and portal pathways

metastasizes to the lungs and brain

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15
Q

What tapeworm is able to auto-reinfect?

What is the intermediate host?

A

Hymenolepsis nana

Beetles

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16
Q

What is known as the dwarf tapeworm?

A

Hymenolepis nana

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17
Q

What is different in the life cycle between the two Hymenolepis?

A

Nana: able to auto-reinfect

Dimunta: Requires insect for reinfection

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18
Q

What is shown?

A

Dipylidium caninum

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19
Q

What are the hosts of Dipylidium caninum

A

Fleas on cats and dogs

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20
Q

What is this the egg for?

A

Taenia

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21
Q

What is this the egg for?

A

Diphyllobothrium latum

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22
Q

What is this the egg for?

A

Hymenolepis nana

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23
Q

What is this the egg for?

A

Hymenolepis diminuta egg

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24
Q

What type of sex are Trematodes (Flukes)?

*What is the exception*

A

Hermaphrodites

Schistosomes = cylindric bodies and separate male/female

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25
Q

What type of shape are Trematodes (Flukes)

A

Leaf-shaped

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26
Q

What do Flukes require as their first intermediate host?

A

Mollusks (Snails / clams)

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27
Q

What is the most prevalent Fluke?

What food are they associated with?

A

Fasciolopsis Buski

What veg = Water Chestnuts

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28
Q

What is the stage at which humans ingest Fasciolopsis buski?

A

Metacercaria (Encysted Larva)

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29
Q

What is shown?

A

Fasciolopsis buski

or

Fasiolopsis hepatic

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30
Q

What is associated with watercress consumption?

A

Fasciola hepatica

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31
Q

What fluke is associated with upper right quadrant pain?

A

Fasciola hepatica (Sheep Liver Fluke)

Clonorchis sinesis (Chinese Liver Fluke)

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32
Q

What Fluke requires two intermediate hosts?

A

Clonorchis sinesis

Paragonimus westermani (Lung Fluke)

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33
Q

What distinguishes Clonorchis sinesis vs Fascioloa Hepatica?

A

Source: Sinesis = Fish / Hepatica = Water Veg

Egg appearance

34
Q

What is the life cycle of Paragonimus westermani?

A

Egg -> snail -> crustacean -> human

35
Q

What is shown?

A

Clonotchis sinesis (Chinese Liver Fluke)

36
Q

What is shown?

A

Paragonimus westermani

37
Q

What fluke could cause destruction of lung tissue?

A

Paragonimus westermani

38
Q

What is an important part of the prevention of Paragonimus westermani?

A

Pickling and wine soaking of crabs/crayfish do not kill the eggs

39
Q

What is Schistomomiasis also known as?

A

Bilhariasis

Snail Fever

40
Q

How are Schistosomes different than flukes?

A

Male/Female

No operculum

Obligate intravascular parasite

Skin penetrating cercariae

41
Q

What allows for Schistosomes to survive in the blood stream for 20-30 years?

A

Coated in substance that immune system recognizes as self

42
Q

Where do Schistosomes develop?

Where do they migrate?

A

Portal Vein

S. manosi/japonicum = mesenteric veins

S. haematobium = urinary bladder

43
Q

What causes an intense inflammatory reaction with Schistosomes?

A

The eggs (they also produce enzymes)

Adults have a minimal affect

44
Q

What are the early vs late signs of schistosomes?

A

Early = rash

Late = Katayama Syndrom fever, cough, urticaria, arthralgias, lmphadenopthay, splenomegaly, and abdominal pain

Chonic = fibrosis/scarring from eggs

45
Q

What are the three types of Schistosomes?

A

S. masoni

S. Japonicum

S. Haematobium

46
Q

What is shown?

A

S. mansoni

47
Q

What is shown?

A

S. Japonicum

48
Q

What is shown?

A

S. Haematobium

49
Q

What are some symptoms of S. Mansoni?

A

Chronic: hepatosplenomegaly, ascites, eggs in spinal cord, lungs, thick white layer on portal vein (Clay pipestem fibrosis)

50
Q

What are the symptoms of S. Japonicum?

A

Eggs are much smaller than S. mansoni = travel every where including brain

Neurological deficits

51
Q

What population is most likely at danger for S. Japonicum?

A

Rice paddies workers

52
Q

What Schistosoma is associated with the prostate/uterine?

A

S. Haematobium

53
Q

Swimmers itch is?

A

Cercarial Dermatitis

non-human schitosomes

54
Q

Characterized by large cylindric, unsegmented bodies

A

Nematodes (roundworms)

55
Q

What is shown?

A

Enterobius vermicularis

56
Q

What test is associated with Enterobius vermicularis?

A

Scotch tape prep

57
Q

What are the symptoms of Enterobius vermicularis?

A

pruritus and fatigue

58
Q

What is the most common helminthic in North America?

A

Enterobius vermicularis (Pinworms)

59
Q

What is shown?

A

Ascaris lumbricoides

60
Q

What can cause Pneumonitis (asthmatic attack)?

A

Ascaris lumbricoides

61
Q

Why is Ascarid treated first?

A

Worms migrate in response to drugs and fevers, which could lead to perforations in the intestine

62
Q

Life cycle of Ascaris lumbricoides

A

Ingest egg -> larva worm penetrates duodenum -> blood stream -> liver/heart -> pulmonary circulation -> break through aveoli -> grow in mucus -> cough/swallowed -> duodenum

63
Q

What is a major source of Ascaris lumbricoides?

A

Human feces

Most common helminthic worldwide

64
Q

What is this showing?

A

Toxocara / Baylisascaris

65
Q

What are reservoirs for Toxocara / Baylisascaris?

A

Raccoons, cats, and dogs

66
Q

What is so dangerous about Toxocara and Baylisascaris?

A

Larva may invade any tissue of the body

Causes bleeding and found in lungs, heart, kidneys, liver, skeletal muscles, eyes, and CNS

67
Q

What type of drug is important for the treatment of Toxocara and Bayliscaris?

A

Corticosteroids

68
Q

What is shown?

A

Trichuris trichiura

(Whipworm)

69
Q

What nematod has no animal reservior?

A

Trichuis trichiura

(Whip worm)

70
Q

What Nematod causes appendicitis?

A

Trichuris trichiura

(Whipworm)

71
Q

Nematode that has no animal reservoir and is only associated with human feces

A

Trichuris trichiura

72
Q

Roundworm with a mosquito as a vector

A

Wuchereria bancroti (no known resevoir): tropical areas

Brugia malayi (cats/monkeys): Malaysia, India, Thailand, area

73
Q

What is used to diagnose Wucheria bancrofti and Burgia malayi?

A

Microfilariae in a blood smear

74
Q

What are some symptoms of Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi?

A

Lymhadenitis, Elephantiasis

75
Q

What is associated with Chrysops (mango fly) as vector?

When should you look for a presence?

What’s important about the antibody test?

A

Loa Loa

10AM-2PM

IhG test can be used in visitors due to locals most likely having “false” positives

76
Q

Symptoms similar to L. Loa however the microfilariae in the blood is unsheathed

(Edema, Calabar swelling)

A

Mansonella Perstans (Africa / Central-South America

77
Q

Roundworm in Congo causes rare form of elenphantiasis

A

Monsonella Streptocerca

78
Q

What family of roundworms are associated with midges and blackflies?

A

Masonella

79
Q

What three roundworms are sheathed?

A

Wucheria bancrofti

Burgia malayi

Loa Loa

80
Q
A

IPAP 21-2 (4 decks)

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