A&P II Repro (Male) Flashcards
Produce gametes and secrete sex hormones
Gonads
Store and transport gametes
Ducts
Supporting Structures for Repro
Penis and Uterus
Branch of medicine concerned with male sexual dysfunctions
Andrology
Produce sperm and secrete hormones
Testes
What are the ducts of the male repro system
- Epididymis
- Ductus Deferens (Vas Deferens)
- Ejaculatory Ducts
- Urethra
Accessory Sex Glands (Male)
(Provide Secretions to semen) - Seminal Vesicles - Prostate - Bulbourethal Glands
Supporting Structures (Male)
Scrotum Penis
Represents the fusion of the genital tubercles (embryonic development)
Raphe
Layers of the Scrotum (Outer to Inner Layers)
- Dartos Muscle
- External Spermatic Fascia
- Cremaster Muscle (skeletal muscle/involuntary)
- Internal Spermatic Fascia
- Tunica Vaginalis (Parietal)
- Tunica Vaginalis (Visceral)
What separates Testes within the Scrotum?
Scrotal Septum
What are the two muscles involved in the cold/warmth reaction for the bean bag and the boys?
Cremaster: Contraction pulls the testes
Dartos: tightens the scrotum
Conditions that would inhibit the cremaster reflex
- Testicular Torsion
- Multiple Sclerosis
- Upper/Lower Neuron Dysfunction
- Cauda Equine Syndrome
Where do the testicles develop during fetal development?
Near the Kidneys and then drop through the inguinal canal in the 7th month
What is the inner most layer of the scrotum and the outer most layer of the testicle?
Tunica Vaginalis (Parietal / Visceral)
What anatomical feature causes you to be more predisposed to testicular torsion?
High riding Tunica Vaginalis, which prevents the Vas Deferens from attaching to the posterior wall of the scrotum
Which way does most testicular torsion rotate?
Medially, meaning that they must be massages laterally (Open book)
Layer of dense white fibrous tissue, a divide the testes into lobules
Tunica Albuginea
The functional unit of the testicles and what are the comprised of
Lobules, made of seminiferous tubules
What are the two types of cells with in seminiferous tubules?
- Spermatogenic cells: Sperm Forming
- Sertoli (sustentacular): Support Sprematogenesis
What is Spermatogonia/spermatogenesis?
Primordial germ cells during fetal development that remain dormant until puberty
What are the functions of Sertoli cells (Nurse/Sustentacular)
- Maintains blood-testes barrier (Tight Junctions)
- Produce fluid for sperm transport INSIDE the tubules = righ in androgens, K+, and AAs
- Supports Mitosis and Meiosis (Stim by FSH/Testosterone)
- Support Spermiogenesis
- Secret inhibin (Neg feed back): Decrease GnRH/FSH production
- Produces ABP (Androgen Binding Protein/ Sex-hormone binding globulin): Increase local Testosterone
- Produce Antimullerian hormone in gestational growth (direct to boy rather than girl)
Cells that produce / secrete testosterone
Leydig Cells
What are the stages of spermatogensis?
- Spermatogonia/spermatogonium: Contains diploid (2n) number of chromosomes (46)
Under the influence of testosterone, these undergo mitosis - Primary Spermatocytes: Contains diploid (2n) number of chromosomes (46), Meiosis 1 begins at this point
- Secondary spermatocytes: haploid (n), contains 23 chromosomes, Meiosis 2 occurs at this point
- Spermiogenesis: Final stage of spermatogenesis
What occurs during Spermiation?
Sperm released from their connection to Sertoli cells into the lumen
- Sperm CANNOT swim at this point
Cap-like vesicle filled with enzymes that help the sperm penetrate the secondary oocyte?
Acrosome
4 parts of semen’s tail?
- Neck- contains centrioles
- Middle piece- contains mitochondria (energy for movement)
- Principal piece- longest portion of tail
- End piece- terminal tapering piece of tail
What Hormone stimulates gonadotrophs (Ant. Pit.) to secrete luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)?
Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH)
Hormone that stimulates leydig cells to produce/secrete testosterone
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
What are the actions of FSH?
Acts indirectly to stimulate spermatogenesis
Works synergistically with testosterone to act on the Sertoli cells to secrete Androgen-Binding Protein (ABP)
● Keeps enough testosterone in the testicles to support spermatogenesis
Testosterone stimulates the final steps of spermatogenesis
● Once normal level of spermatogenesis occurs, Sertoli cells release inhibin
● Reduces the production of FSH
What is Testosterone converted into in the periphery?
What are their effects?
1) Estradiol (Adipose)
2) DHT (Skin)
Pressure generated by fluid secreted by Sertoli cells pushes the sperm and fluid through seminiferous tubules and then into these
Straight tubules
When all of the efferent ducts flow into one convoluted tubule
Ductus epididymis
Site of sperm maturation
Epididymis
What traverses through the spermatic cord, enters the pelvic cavity, loops over the ureter and runs down the posterior surface?
Ductus (Vas) Deferens
What does the spermatic cord consist of?
● Ductus (vas) deferens
● Testicular artery
● Veins: Carry testosterone into circulation (via pampiniform plexus)
● Lymphaticvessels
● Autonomicnerves
● Cremaster muscle
What issue is caused by the difference in veins for the two testicles?
Varicocele: Swelling of the scrotum due to dilation of the pampiniform plexus veins
-Much more common on the left side because of the acute angle formed by the left renal vein and the left testicular vein
What forms the Ejaculatory Duct?
Formed by the union of the seminal vesicle and the ampulla of the ductus (vas) deferens, terminates at the prostatic urethra
What secretes the most fluid potion of semen?
Accessory sex glands
● Seminal vesicle secretion- 60% of fluid in semen
● Prostatatic secretion- 25% of fluid in semen
● Bulbourethral gland secretion- 14% of fluid in semen
What makes up the root of the penis?
- the bulb
- the crura
- Fundiform ligament/Suspensory ligament
What makes up the body of the penis?
● Corporacavernosa-twodorsolateralmasses
● Corpus spongiosum- singular midventral mass, contains
