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IPAP 21-2 > A&P II Repro (Male) > Flashcards

A&P II Repro (Male) Flashcards

1
Q

Produce gametes and secrete sex hormones

A

Gonads

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2
Q

Store and transport gametes

A

Ducts

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3
Q

Supporting Structures for Repro

A

Penis and Uterus

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4
Q

Branch of medicine concerned with male sexual dysfunctions

A

Andrology

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5
Q

Produce sperm and secrete hormones

A

Testes

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6
Q

What are the ducts of the male repro system

A
  • Epididymis
  • Ductus Deferens (Vas Deferens)
  • Ejaculatory Ducts
  • Urethra
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7
Q

Accessory Sex Glands (Male)

A

(Provide Secretions to semen) - Seminal Vesicles - Prostate - Bulbourethal Glands

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8
Q

Supporting Structures (Male)

A

Scrotum Penis

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9
Q

Represents the fusion of the genital tubercles (embryonic development)

A

Raphe

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10
Q

Layers of the Scrotum (Outer to Inner Layers)

A
  • Dartos Muscle
  • External Spermatic Fascia
  • Cremaster Muscle (skeletal muscle/involuntary)
  • Internal Spermatic Fascia
  • Tunica Vaginalis (Parietal)
  • Tunica Vaginalis (Visceral)
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11
Q

What separates Testes within the Scrotum?

A

Scrotal Septum

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12
Q

What are the two muscles involved in the cold/warmth reaction for the bean bag and the boys?

A

Cremaster: Contraction pulls the testes

Dartos: tightens the scrotum

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13
Q

Conditions that would inhibit the cremaster reflex

A
  • Testicular Torsion
  • Multiple Sclerosis
  • Upper/Lower Neuron Dysfunction
  • Cauda Equine Syndrome
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14
Q

Where do the testicles develop during fetal development?

A

Near the Kidneys and then drop through the inguinal canal in the 7th month

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15
Q

What is the inner most layer of the scrotum and the outer most layer of the testicle?

A

Tunica Vaginalis (Parietal / Visceral)

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16
Q

What anatomical feature causes you to be more predisposed to testicular torsion?

A

High riding Tunica Vaginalis, which prevents the Vas Deferens from attaching to the posterior wall of the scrotum

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17
Q

Which way does most testicular torsion rotate?

A

Medially, meaning that they must be massages laterally (Open book)

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18
Q

Layer of dense white fibrous tissue, a divide the testes into lobules

A

Tunica Albuginea

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19
Q

The functional unit of the testicles and what are the comprised of

A

Lobules, made of seminiferous tubules

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20
Q

What are the two types of cells with in seminiferous tubules?

A
  • Spermatogenic cells: Sperm Forming
  • Sertoli (sustentacular): Support Sprematogenesis
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21
Q

What is Spermatogonia/spermatogenesis?

A

Primordial germ cells during fetal development that remain dormant until puberty

22
Q

What are the functions of Sertoli cells (Nurse/Sustentacular)

A
  • Maintains blood-testes barrier (Tight Junctions)
  • Produce fluid for sperm transport INSIDE the tubules = righ in androgens, K+, and AAs
  • Supports Mitosis and Meiosis (Stim by FSH/Testosterone)
  • Support Spermiogenesis
  • Secret inhibin (Neg feed back): Decrease GnRH/FSH production
  • Produces ABP (Androgen Binding Protein/ Sex-hormone binding globulin): Increase local Testosterone
  • Produce Antimullerian hormone in gestational growth (direct to boy rather than girl)
23
Q

Cells that produce / secrete testosterone

A

Leydig Cells

24
Q

What are the stages of spermatogensis?

A
  • Spermatogonia/spermatogonium: Contains diploid (2n) number of chromosomes (46)
    Under the influence of testosterone, these undergo mitosis
  • Primary Spermatocytes: Contains diploid (2n) number of chromosomes (46), Meiosis 1 begins at this point
  • Secondary spermatocytes: haploid (n), contains 23 chromosomes, Meiosis 2 occurs at this point
  • Spermiogenesis: Final stage of spermatogenesis
25
What occurs during spremiogensis?
_Development of haploid spermatids into sperm_ Spherical spermatids start to elongate ● An acrosome forms atop the nucleus ● A flagellum develops ● Mitochondria multiply ● Sertoli cells dispose of excess cytoplasm (if any)
26
What occurs during Spermiation?
Sperm released from their connection to Sertoli cells into the lumen - Sperm CANNOT swim at this point
27
Cap-like vesicle filled with enzymes that help the sperm penetrate the secondary oocyte?
Acrosome
28
4 parts of semen's tail?
* Neck- contains centrioles * Middle piece- contains mitochondria (energy for movement) * Principal piece- longest portion of tail * End piece- terminal tapering piece of tail
29
What term describes what occurs to sperm post being deposited in the female repro?
_Capacitation_ ● Surface proteins are rearranged ● Cholesterol withdrawn from sperm membrane
30
What Hormone stimulates gonadotrophs (Ant. Pit.) to secrete luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)?
Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH)
31
Hormone that stimulates leydig cells to produce/secrete testosterone
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
32
What are the actions of FSH?
_Acts indirectly to stimulate spermatogenesis_ Works synergistically with testosterone to act on the Sertoli cells to secrete Androgen-Binding Protein (ABP) ● Keeps enough testosterone in the testicles to support spermatogenesis _Testosterone stimulates the final steps of spermatogenesis_ ● Once normal level of spermatogenesis occurs, Sertoli cells release inhibin ● Reduces the production of FSH
33
What is Testosterone converted into in the periphery? What are their effects?
1) Estradiol (Adipose) 2) DHT (Skin)
34
Pressure generated by fluid secreted by Sertoli cells pushes the sperm and fluid through seminiferous tubules and then into these
Straight tubules
35
When all of the efferent ducts flow into one convoluted tubule
Ductus epididymis
36
Site of sperm maturation
Epididymis
37
What traverses through the spermatic cord, enters the pelvic cavity, loops over the ureter and runs down the posterior surface?
Ductus (Vas) Deferens
38
What does the spermatic cord consist of?
● Ductus (vas) deferens ● Testicular artery ● Veins: Carry testosterone into circulation (via pampiniform plexus) ● Lymphaticvessels ● Autonomicnerves ● Cremaster muscle
39
What issue is caused by the difference in veins for the two testicles?
Varicocele: Swelling of the scrotum due to dilation of the pampiniform plexus veins -Much more common on the left side because of the acute angle formed by the left renal vein and the left testicular vein
40
What forms the Ejaculatory Duct?
Formed by the union of the seminal vesicle and the ampulla of the ductus (vas) deferens, terminates at the prostatic urethra
41
What are the three sections of the Urethra (Male)
● Prostatic urethra- 1 inch long ● Membranous urethra- 0.5 inch long ● Spongy (penile) urethra- 6-8 inches long
42
What secretes the most fluid potion of semen?
Accessory sex glands ## Footnote ● Seminal vesicle secretion- 60% of fluid in semen ● Prostatatic secretion- 25% of fluid in semen ● Bulbourethral gland secretion- 14% of fluid in semen
43
What accessory gland is responsible for making the alkaline potion of semen?
_Seminal Vesicles_ * Helps to neutralize acidic environment of male urethra and female reproductive tract (these would kill sperm) Viscous * Helps to keep semen in female reproductive tract longer to increase chances of fertilizatiion Also contains Fructose, Prostaglandins, and Clotting Protein _Bulbourethral_ (Cowper's glands) * alkaline fluid into urethra * small amount prior to ejaculation, called pre-ejaculate = PRE-CUM
44
What accessory gland is responsible for the acidic portion of semen?
**_Prostate_** Milky fluid Citric acid- used for ATP production Proteolytic enzymes- help break down clotting factors in seminal vesicle fluid ● Prostate specific antigen ● Pepsinogen ● Lysozyme ● Amylase ● Hyaluronidase ● Seminalplasmin- decreases number of bacteria in semen
45
What is the presence of blood in semen called?
Hematospermia/Hemospermia
46
What makes up the root of the penis?
* the bulb * the crura * Fundiform ligament/Suspensory ligament
47
What makes up the body of the penis?
● Corporacavernosa-twodorsolateralmasses ● Corpus spongiosum- singular midventral mass, contains
48
Distal end of the penis is called?
_Glans penis_ Preputial glands: smegma
49
Explain how an erection works?
* Sexual stimulation * **_Parasympathetic fibers_** of spinal cord initiate and maintain an erection * release nitric oxide (NO) * NO causes smooth muscle in arteriole walls in erectile tissue to relax which allows dilation of both blood sinuses (in corpora cavernosa) * Increase in blood flow to the penis, compresses the veins that drain the penis, therefore helping to maintain the erection
50
How does Ejaculation work?
* **_Sympathetic reflex_** (lumbar portion of spinal cord) * Smooth muscle sphincter at base of bladder constricts (**_prevents urine during ejaculation,_** and semen into bladder) * Before ejaculation, peristaltic contractions of epididymis, ductus deferens, seminal vesicles, ejaculatory ducts, prostate propel semen into spongy urethra * Muscles of penis contract when stimulated by **_pudendal nerve_** : **_Ejaculation/orgasm occur_**s
51
Unwanted erection lasting for several hours accompanied by pain
**_Priapism_**

IPAP 21-2 (4 decks)

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