A&P Exam 7 Flashcards by Anroux Mey

What do rod cells converge into?

What does this cause for the image?

a single bipolar cell

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What do cones articulate with?

What does this cause for the image

Horizontal / Amacrine cells

High acuity but decrease in sensitvity

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What cells converge to form the optic nerve?

Ganglion cells

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What is the pathway for the optic system in the brain?

Optic nerve -> Optic Chiasm -> Optic Tract -> Thalamus -> Optic Radiations -> Visual Cortex

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The visual field of each eye is divided into two regions/pathways?

Nasal (central) half

Temporal (peripheral) half

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Which axons do not cross the midline in the visual pathway?

Temporal

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loss of vision in an otherwise normal eye is called?

What causes it?

Amblyopia

poor transmission of visual stimulation through the optic nerve to the brain during early childhood

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Which portion of the ear collects sound waves and funnels them inward?

External ear

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Which portion of the ear conveys sound vibrations to the oval window?

Middle ear

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Which portion of the ear contains the receptors for hearing and for equilibrium?

Internal (inner) ear

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Specialized sebaceous glands that secrete on the outer ear

Ceruminous glands

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small pointed eminence projecting backward over the meatus

tragus

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Boundaries of the middle ear

eardrum (external ear) / oval window + round window (inner ear)

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The ossicles are?

Malleus (hammer)

Incus (anvil)

Stapes (stirrup)

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Which ossicle articulates with the internal surface of the eardrum and the incus?

malleus

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Which ossicle is located in between the other ossicles?

Incus

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What produces bulges that can be seen when viewing the tympanic membrane using an otoscope?

The handle and lateral process of the malleus

the long limb of the incus

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What are the muscles of the middle ear?

Tensor tympani muscle

Stapedius muscle

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Tensor tympani muscle

origin and insertion:

function:

innervated:

Tensor tympani muscle

origin and insertion: Arises from the wall of the auditory tube and inserts into the handle of the malleus

function: Limits movement and increases tension on the eardrum to prevent damage from loud noises
innervated: trigeminal nerve (V)

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Stapedius muscle

origin and insertion:

function:

innervated:

*_*

origin and insertion: Originates from the posterior wall of the middle ear cavity and inserts into the stapes

function: Dampens large vibrations of the stapes due to loud noises
innervated: facial nerve (VII)

*Smallest skeletal muscle in the body*

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A normal tympanic membrane is ……….

Pearly grey and translucent

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The cone of light is a reflection from the otoscope’s illuminator is termed

Light reflex and is visibly radiating anteroinferiorly

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auditory tube or the pharyngotympanic tube: common name?

connects what with what?

What is the normal state of this open or closed?

Eustachian tube

middle ear with the nasopharynx

normally closed, but opens upon swallowing and yawning

Equalizes the pressure in the middle ear with the atmosphere

Another name for the internal ear?

labyrinth

Two main divisions of the inner ear

Bony labyrinth (outer) Membranous labyrinth (inner)

Three portions of the Bony labyrinth

Semicircular canals Vestibule Cochlea

a series of sacs and tubes inside the bony labyrinth

membranous labyrinth

**Fluids in the inner ear** Surrounds the membranous labyrinth: Within the membranous labyrinth:

Surrounds the membranous labyrinth: **_Perilymph_** Within the membranous labyrinth: **_Endolymph_**

the oval central portion of the bony labyrinth what is it composed of?

Vestibule: contains the oval window two utricle and saccule

Which portion of the semicircular canals is position horizontally?

**_Lateral_** Anterior and Posterior = Verticle

A swollen enlargement at the end of the semicircular canal is called

ampulla

what connect to the utricle of the vestibule?

semicircular ducts

Symptoms include fluctuating hearing loss, roaring tinnitus, and whirling vertigo

**Ménière’s disease**

What does the Vestibular nerve divide into?

**Utricular** **Saccular** **Ampullary**

Where are the **Sensory** neuronal bodies located in the Vestibular branch? Where are the **Motor** neuronal bodies located in the Vestibular branch?

**Vestibular Ganglia** **Pons**

What are the three channels of the Cochlea?

Scala media: forks of the Y Scala vestibuli: ending at the oval window Scala tympani: ending at the round window

What portion of the Cochlea contains perilymph?

Scala vestibuli Scala tympani

Where is the Cochlear duct found?

between the scala vestibuli and the scala tympani

Where are the hair cells in the Cochlea found?

Spiral organ (Corti)

What is the arrangement of hair cells in the Cochlea?

Outer: rows of 3 Inner: rows of 1

What doe the hair cells synapse with?

1st order sensory neurons / motor neurons from the cochlear branch of VIII (receptor cell potential)

What do the hair cells have in contact to induce their signaling

Tectorial Membrane

What is the range that a young adult can distinguish from? What is a normal conversation? What is the range that requires earplugs

0 dB at 1000 Hz 60 dB \>90 dB

Which roundworm is hard to manage due to its ability to develop in fast-flowing streams?

O. volvusus

What is responsible for **river blindness?**

O. volvulus

What is associated with step wells for bathing?

D. medinensis

Which roundworm is associated with rupturing from lesions on arm to spread through water? What is the precaution with removal?

D. medinensis If severed it will release toxic reactants, must be pulled out

What is the active motile feeding stage of an Amebae?

trophoziote

What is the resistant, infective stage of an Amebae?

Cyst

Which Amebae is associated with liver pain? Where is it found? What are the reservoirs?

Entamoeba Histolytica Tropical areas asymptomatic carries = oral-anal sex

Amebae associated with non-bloody diarrhea

Giardia Duedenalis

What Amebae is associated with sexual intercourse? If confirmed what is important about treatment?

T. Vaginalis Both partners male/female should be treated even if asymptomatic to prevent spread

Large Amebae (trophozoites / cysts) in stool Associated with pigs blood/pus stool

N. Coli

AIDS patients should be concerned with that type of Amebae? What type of stain is used?

Cystoispora iodine or acid-fast

Amebae that is resistant to chlorine and ozone treatment What symptoms does it cause? What test is used?

Cryptosporiduim Severe watery diarrhea (50+ stools/day) Modified zinc sulfate or Sheather sugar flotation

Amebae that is not detected in water tests that is also resistant to chlorination causes mild symptoms in GI and severe in AIDS patients No stain is required to visualize

Cyclospora species