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IPAP 21-2 > A&P Exam 7 > Flashcards

A&P Exam 7 Flashcards

1
Q

What do rod cells converge into?

What does this cause for the image?

A

a single bipolar cell

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2
Q

What do cones articulate with?

What does this cause for the image

A

Horizontal / Amacrine cells

High acuity but decrease in sensitvity

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3
Q

What cells converge to form the optic nerve?

A

Ganglion cells

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4
Q

What is the pathway for the optic system in the brain?

A

Optic nerve -> Optic Chiasm -> Optic Tract -> Thalamus -> Optic Radiations -> Visual Cortex

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5
Q

The visual field of each eye is divided into two regions/pathways?

A

Nasal (central) half

Temporal (peripheral) half

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6
Q

Which axons do not cross the midline in the visual pathway?

A

Temporal

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7
Q

loss of vision in an otherwise normal eye is called?

What causes it?

A

Amblyopia

poor transmission of visual stimulation through the optic nerve to the brain during early childhood

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8
Q

Which portion of the ear collects sound waves and funnels them inward?

A

External ear

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9
Q

Which portion of the ear conveys sound vibrations to the oval window?

A

Middle ear

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10
Q

Which portion of the ear contains the receptors for hearing and for equilibrium?

A

Internal (inner) ear

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11
Q

Specialized sebaceous glands that secrete on the outer ear

A

Ceruminous glands

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12
Q

small pointed eminence projecting backward over the meatus

A

tragus

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13
Q

Boundaries of the middle ear

A

eardrum (external ear) / oval window + round window (inner ear)

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14
Q

The ossicles are?

A

Malleus (hammer)

Incus (anvil)

Stapes (stirrup)

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15
Q

Which ossicle articulates with the internal surface of the eardrum and the incus?

A

malleus

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16
Q

Which ossicle is located in between the other ossicles?

A

Incus

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17
Q

What produces bulges that can be seen when viewing the tympanic membrane using an otoscope?

A

The handle and lateral process of the malleus

the long limb of the incus

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18
Q

What are the muscles of the middle ear?

A

Tensor tympani muscle

Stapedius muscle

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19
Q

Tensor tympani muscle

origin and insertion:

function:

innervated:

A

Tensor tympani muscle

origin and insertion: Arises from the wall of the auditory tube and inserts into the handle of the malleus

function: Limits movement and increases tension on the eardrum to prevent damage from loud noises
innervated: trigeminal nerve (V)

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20
Q

Stapedius muscle

origin and insertion:

function:

innervated:

*_*

A

origin and insertion: Originates from the posterior wall of the middle ear cavity and inserts into the stapes

function: Dampens large vibrations of the stapes due to loud noises
innervated: facial nerve (VII)

*Smallest skeletal muscle in the body*

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21
Q

A normal tympanic membrane is ……….

A

Pearly grey and translucent

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22
Q

The cone of light is a reflection from the otoscope’s illuminator is termed

A

Light reflex and is visibly radiating anteroinferiorly

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23
Q

auditory tube or the pharyngotympanic tube: common name?

connects what with what?

What is the normal state of this open or closed?

A

Eustachian tube

middle ear with the nasopharynx

normally closed, but opens upon swallowing and yawning

Equalizes the pressure in the middle ear with the atmosphere

24
Q

Another name for the internal ear?

A

labyrinth

25
Q

Two main divisions of the inner ear

A

Bony labyrinth (outer)

Membranous labyrinth (inner)

26
Q

Three portions of the Bony labyrinth

A

Semicircular canals

Vestibule

Cochlea

27
Q

a series of sacs and tubes inside the bony labyrinth

A

membranous labyrinth

28
Q

Fluids in the inner ear

Surrounds the membranous labyrinth:

Within the membranous labyrinth:

A

Surrounds the membranous labyrinth: Perilymph

Within the membranous labyrinth: Endolymph

29
Q

the oval central portion of the bony labyrinth

what is it composed of?

A

Vestibule: contains the oval window

two utricle and saccule

30
Q

Which portion of the semicircular canals is position horizontally?

A

Lateral

Anterior and Posterior = Verticle

31
Q

A swollen enlargement at the end of the semicircular canal is called

A

ampulla

32
Q

what connect to the utricle of the vestibule?

A

semicircular ducts

33
Q

Symptoms include fluctuating hearing loss, roaring tinnitus, and whirling vertigo

A

Ménière’s disease

34
Q

What does the Vestibular nerve divide into?

A

Utricular

Saccular

Ampullary

35
Q

Where are the Sensory neuronal bodies located in the Vestibular branch?

Where are the Motor neuronal bodies located in the Vestibular branch?

A

Vestibular Ganglia

Pons

36
Q

What are the three channels of the Cochlea?

A

Scala media: forks of the Y

Scala vestibuli: ending at the oval window

Scala tympani: ending at the round window

37
Q

What portion of the Cochlea contains perilymph?

A

Scala vestibuli

Scala tympani

38
Q

Where is the Cochlear duct found?

A

between the scala vestibuli and the scala tympani

39
Q

Where are the hair cells in the Cochlea found?

A

Spiral organ (Corti)

40
Q

What is the arrangement of hair cells in the Cochlea?

A

Outer: rows of 3

Inner: rows of 1

41
Q

What doe the hair cells synapse with?

A

1st order sensory neurons / motor neurons from the cochlear branch of VIII

(receptor cell potential)

42
Q

What do the hair cells have in contact to induce their signaling

A

Tectorial Membrane

43
Q

What is the range that a young adult can distinguish from?

What is a normal conversation?

What is the range that requires earplugs

A

0 dB at 1000 Hz

60 dB

>90 dB

44
Q

Which roundworm is hard to manage due to its ability to develop in fast-flowing streams?

A

O. volvusus

45
Q

What is responsible for river blindness?

A

O. volvulus

46
Q

What is associated with step wells for bathing?

A

D. medinensis

47
Q

Which roundworm is associated with rupturing from lesions on arm to spread through water?

What is the precaution with removal?

A

D. medinensis

If severed it will release toxic reactants, must be pulled out

48
Q

What is the active motile feeding stage of an Amebae?

A

trophoziote

49
Q

What is the resistant, infective stage of an Amebae?

A

Cyst

50
Q

Which Amebae is associated with liver pain?

Where is it found?

What are the reservoirs?

A

Entamoeba Histolytica

Tropical areas

asymptomatic carries = oral-anal sex

51
Q

Amebae associated with non-bloody diarrhea

A

Giardia Duedenalis

52
Q

What Amebae is associated with sexual intercourse?

If confirmed what is important about treatment?

A

T. Vaginalis

Both partners male/female should be treated even if asymptomatic to prevent spread

53
Q

Large Amebae (trophozoites / cysts) in stool

Associated with pigs

blood/pus stool

A

N. Coli

54
Q

AIDS patients should be concerned with that type of Amebae?

What type of stain is used?

A

Cystoispora

iodine or acid-fast

55
Q

Amebae that is resistant to chlorine and ozone treatment

What symptoms does it cause?

What test is used?

A

Cryptosporiduim

Severe watery diarrhea (50+ stools/day)

Modified zinc sulfate or Sheather sugar flotation

56
Q

Amebae that is not detected in water tests that is also resistant to chlorination

causes mild symptoms in GI and severe in AIDS patients

No stain is required to visualize

A

Cyclospora species

57
Q
A

IPAP 21-2 (4 decks)

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