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IPAP 21-2 > A&P II Repro (Female) > Flashcards

A&P II Repro (Female) Flashcards

1
Q

What hormones do female gonads produce?

A
  • Progesterone
  • Estrogen
  • Inhibin
  • Relaxin
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2
Q

What are the ligaments that hold the Uterus, Ovaries, Fallopian Tubes in place?

A

Broad ligament
● Encompasses ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus

Ovarian ligament
● Anchors ovaries to uterus

Suspensory ligament
● Attaches them to pelvic wall

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3
Q

Cells that surround follicles

A

Granulosa cells

● Begin with cells in single layer awaiting oogenesis (Example: primordial follicle)

● Under the influence of FSH, cells multiply into layers (Example: primary and secondary follicles)

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4
Q

What is a large, fluid-filled follicle that is ready to rupture and expels the secondary oocyte (process of ovulation)?

A

Mature (graafian) follicle

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5
Q

What contains remnants of mature follicle after ovulation?

What does it produce?

A

Corpus luteum (yellow body)

Produces progesterone, estrogens, relaxin and inhibin until it degenerates

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6
Q

When does Oogenesis begin?

What’s different in comparison to males?

A

Begins in females before birth

*Remember spermatogenesis begins in males at puberty*

  • Mitosis takes place (this is not continual in females like it is in males though)
  • Meiosis takes place
  • Resulting germ cells undergo maturation
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7
Q

What are the steps to Oogoniea?

A
  • primordial germ cells migrate from yolk sac to gonadal ridge (4th week of fetal development) -> oogonia (immature germ cells) diploid (2n)
    • Undergo mitosis to produce 6-7 million oogonia (mid-gestational period (20 weeks))
  • Begin meiosis I which then changes their classification into primary oocytes
  • Become “arrested” in the prophase of meiosis I until puberty
    • The primary oocyte is surrounded by a single layer of granulosa cells
    • Entire structure at this point is called a primordial follicle
  • FSH/LH stimulate development of 10-30 primordial follicles
    • Primordial follicles morph into primary follicles
  • primary follicles -> Secondary follicle​ -> Tertiary follicle -> Mature (graafian) follicle
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8
Q

stromal cells surrounding basement membrane surrounding the primary oocyte?

A

Theca folliculi

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9
Q

What does the theca folliculi differentiate into?

A

● Theca interna: highly vascularized cells, secretes precursor androgen that granulosa cells convert into estrogen
● Theca externa: outer layer of stromal cells and collagen fibers

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10
Q

What cells produce/secrete small amounts of progesterone which is thought to attract sperm and promote motility, in Secondary Follicle cells?

A

cumulus-granulosa cells in the Corona radiata layer

*produce/secrete small amounts of progesterone which is thought to attract sperm and promote motility*

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11
Q

gel-like matrix that coats itself, helps to adhere the cumulus-granulosa cells to it, and is this process that begins in primary follicles but completes as secondary follicles is called?

A

Zona pellucida

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12
Q

Just before ovulation of the mature follicle, what occurs?

A

The diploid primary oocyte completes meiosis I

  • This produces two haploid (n) cells of UNEQUAL size
  • Each has 23 chromosomes

first polar body: smaller haploid cell -> degenerates or divides to form non-functional cells

secondary oocyte: Begins meiosis II but stops in metaphase, Is then released (ovulation)

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13
Q

What occurs during ovulation?

A
  • Secondary OOCYTE expelled into pelvic cavity (also expelled is the first polar body)
  • If fertilization does not occur, all cells degenerate
  • If sperm present and penetrates secondary oocyte, meiosis II resumes
  • Secondary oocyte splits into two haploid cells
  • Ovum- larger cell (+ nuclei of sperm = diploid zygote)
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14
Q

What occurs after ovulation?

A
  • Currents produced by fimbriae surround mature follicle
  • Current pulls the OOCYTE from the peritoneal cavity into the fallopian tube
  • Peristaltic movements of tubal layers move the secondary oocyte toward the uterus
  • If not fertilized at time of uterus arrival, the oocyte will begin to disintegrate (menses)

Fertilization

  • Sperm cell usually encounters secondary oocyte in the ampulla of fallopian tube (fertilization)
  • Can happen in the peritoneal cavity but this is rare
  • Haploid(n) nuclear materials unite -> Becomes diploid (2n) (now called a zygote)
  • Begins cell division while moving towards uterus -> Implantation occurs in uterine wall
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15
Q

Location of the uterus in relation to the bladder and rectum?

A

Superior to the bladder / Anteflexion- body of uterus projects anteriorly over bladder

Anterior to the rectum

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16
Q

What are the anatomical variances of the uterus?

A
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17
Q

Define the portions of the Uterus

Fundus:
Body:
Cervix:

Isthmus:
Uterine cavity:
Cervical canal:

Internal os:

External os:

A

Fundus: top of the uterus
Body: central portion
Cervix: inferior extension of uterus into vaginal canal

Isthmus: region between the body and the cervix.
Uterine cavity: interior of the body
Cervical canal: interior of the cervix

Internal os: opening of the canal into the uterus

External os: opening of the canal into the vagina

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18
Q

Three histological layers of the uterus?

A
  1. Perimetrium: Laterally becomes broad ligament
    • Anteriorly covers bladder, forms vesicouterine pouch
    • Posteriorly covers rectum, forms rectouterine pouch (Tends to be where fluid collects)
  2. Myometrium: consisting of three layers of smooth muscle
  3. Endometrium
    • Stratum functionalis layer- shed each month during menstruation
    • Stratum basalis layer- permanent, gives rise to a new stratum functionalis after each menstruation
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19
Q

Broad Ligaments encompass?

A

ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus

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20
Q

Uterosacral Ligaments connect?

A

Connect uterus (specifically cervix) to sacrum

Lie on either side of rectum

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21
Q

Cardinal (lateral) Ligaments connect?

A

Extend from pelvic wall to cervix and vagina

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22
Q

Round Ligaments connect?

A

Extend from point on uterus just inferior to fallopian tubes to portion of labia majora

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23
Q

Supply blood to the uterus?

A

Uterine arteries: branches of internal iliac artery

  • Arcuate arteries: Arranged in circular fashion in myometrium
    • Radial arteries: Penetrate deeply into myometrium
      • endometrium
      • Straight arterioles- supply stratum basalis
      • Spiral arterioles-​ supply stratum functionalis*​
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24
Q

Never had fetus pass through cervix

A

Nulliparous

(Could mean someone who had a c-section though)

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25
Q

Had child pass through cervix

A

Parous

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26
Q

Cervix lined by two types of cells

A

Ectocervix: lined with multi-layered stratified squamous epithelium

Endocervix: lined with single-layer tall columnar epithelium

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27
Q

Where the two types of cells meet of the cervix meet

A

Squamocolumnar Junction (SCJ)

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28
Q

Space between original and new SCJ, shiny are?

benign mucous cysts located here = ?

A

Transformation Zone

Nabothian

very vulnerable to human papilloma virus (HPV) infection

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29
Q

Premenarchal Cervix looks like?

A
30
Q

Early Reproductive Age Cervix looks like?

A
31
Q

Later Reproductive Age Cervix looks like?

A
32
Q

Perimenopausal Cervix looks like?

A
33
Q

Menopausal Cervix looks like?

A
34
Q

Recess (area) that surrounds vaginal attachment to cervix

A

Fornix

35
Q

Layers of the Vagina?

A
  • Adventitia- anchors vagina to adjacent organs
  • Muscularis- composed of an outer circular layer and inner longitudinal layer of smooth muscle
    • This allows the vagina to stretch during intercourse and childbirth
  • Mucosa- continuous with that of the uterus
36
Q

Vulva consists of?

A

Mons pubis: adipose tissue, cushions pubic symphysis

Labia majora: Covered by pubic hair, composed of adipose tissue, sebaceous glands, sudoriferous glands

Labia minora: Contains many sebaceous glands, Devoid of pubic hair and fat

37
Q

Gland, embedded in the wall of the urethra, lateral to urethral orifice, secrete mucous?

A

Paraurethral (Skene’s) glands

38
Q

lateral to vaginal orifice, produce mucous during sexual arousal to provide lubrication

A

Greater vestibular (Bartholin’s) glands

39
Q

Has two masses of erectile tissue that engorge during sexual arousal to narrow the vaginal orifice applying pressure during intercourse

A

Bulbs of the vestibule

40
Q

Erectile and very sensitive tissue that fill with blood during sexual arousal as well

A

Corpus cavernosum of Clitoris

41
Q

Diamond shaped area medial to thighs and buttocks

A

Perineum

42
Q

run between breast skin and fascia (ligament)

A

Cooper’s Ligaments

43
Q

found within lobules, secrete milk

A

Alveoli

44
Q

Milk production stimulated

Milk ejection stimulated

A

production: prolactin

ejection: oxytocin

45
Q

Includes changes that occur during and after maturation of the oocyte (Cycle)

A

Ovarian cycle

46
Q

Involves changes in the endometrium that prepare it for implantation of the developing embryo (Cycle)

A

Uterine cycle

(If fertilization does not occur, the ovarian hormones recede and cause sloughing of the stratum functionalis)

47
Q

Stimulates ovarian follicles to produce estrogen

Stimulates the release of LH and FSH

A

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

  • Released from the hypothalamus
  • Controls both the ovarian and uterine cycles
48
Q

Initiates follicular growth

A

Follicle Stimulating Hormone

Androgens (made by LH) taken up by the granulosa cells and turned into estrogen (under influence of FSH)

49
Q

Stimulates further development of ovarian follicles

Stimulates theca cells to produce androgens

triggers ovulation (mid-cycle)

A

Luteinizing Hormone

forms the corpus luteum

  • Estrogen
  • Progesterone
  • Relaxin*-Very small amounts produced unless fertilization occurs
  • Inhibin*-Very small amounts produced unless fertilization occurs
50
Q

Promotes development and maintenance of Reproductive structures, Breasts, 2° sex characteristics

Increases protein anabolism

Lower blood cholesterol

moderate levels inhibit release of GnRH and secretion of FSH/LH

A

Estrogen

Includes building of strong bones

Synergistic with hGH

51
Q

2° sex characteristics include?

A

● Distribution of adipose tissue in breasts, abdomen, mons pubis, hips

● Voice pitch

● Broad pelvis

● Pattern of hair growth (head and body)

52
Q

Synergistic with estrogen to prepare and maintain endometrium

Helps to prepare the mammary glands for milk secretion

High levels of progesterone also inhibit secretion of GnRH and LH

A

Progesterone

Secreted mainly by cells of the corpus luteum

53
Q

Relaxes the uterus by inhibiting contractions

Thought to help increase flexibility of pubic symphysis and help dilate cervix during labor

A

Relaxin

54
Q

Secreted by granulosa cells (of growing follicles) and corpus luteum after ovulation

Inhibits secretion of FSH and (too a lesser extent) LH

A

Inhibin

55
Q

Phases of Reproductive Cycle

A
  • Menstrual: follicular phase
  • Preovulatory: luteal phase
  • Ovulation: proliferative phase
  • Postovulatory: secretory phase
56
Q

Menstrual Phase?

What is are the levels of hormones, what do they cause, etc.

A

Increased FSH = primordial follicles into primary follicles

Menses- 50-150mL of blood, tissue fluid, mucus and epithelial cells shed from endometrium

Decline of progesterone and estrogen = release of prostaglandins = spiral arterioles to constrict

stratum functionalis layer cells are oxygen deprived and start to die

57
Q

Preovulatory Phase?

What is are the levels of hormones, what do they cause, etc.

A

primary follicles -> secondary follicles

secondary follicles secrete estrogen and inhibin = decreases the release of FSH

one of the secondary follicles has outgrown all others to become the dominant follicle

dominant follicle -> mature (graafian) follicle

estrogen production is increased as size of the follicle increases

Estrogen by growing follicles stimulate the repair of the endometrium

58
Q

Ovulation Phase

What is are the levels of hormones, what do they cause, etc.

A

Rupture of the mature (graafian) follicle = release of the secondary oocyte

secondary oocyte surrounded by the zona pellucida and corona radiate (cumulus cells)

High estrogen causes increased GnRH from hypothalamus, and LH from anterior pituitary

LH (surge) = rupture of mature follicle / expulsion of secondary oocyte

59
Q

Postovulatory Phase

What is are the levels of hormones, what do they cause, etc.

A

the mature (graafian) follicle collapses -> become corpus luteum cells

LH stimulates corpus luteum to secrete

Progesterone, Estrogen, Inhibin, Relaxin

NOT FERTILIZED = hormones decline degenerate into corpus albicans

progesterone, estrogen, inhibin decrease = GnRH, FSH, LH rise

FERTILIZED​ = sperm penetrates the zona pellucida, it signals the secondary oocyte to complete meiosis II

ovum and a second polar body -> sperm + ovum = ZYGOTE (diploid)

hCG is produced by the chorion -> stimulates corpus luteum to secrete

60
Q

What are the four stages of female orgasm?

A

Excitement phase

Plateau Phase

Orgasm phase

Resolution phase

61
Q

What stage of the orgasm is parasympathetic response

A

Excitement phase and Plateau Phase

62
Q

What stages of the orgasm is sympathetic?

A

Orgasm phase

Resolution phase

63
Q

Non-incisional Sterilization of a women?

A

Essure

64
Q

Types of oral contraceptives?

A

progestin (hormone with actions similar to progesterone) = thicken cervical mucous to block sperm / block implantation in the uterus

estrogen and progestin = inhibit ovulation by suppressing the FSH/LH prevents development of dominant follicle

65
Q

Oral Contraceptives may not be advised for women with?

A
  • blood clotting disorders
  • cerebral blood vessel damage
  • migraine headaches
  • hypertension
  • liver malfunction
  • heart disease
66
Q

pain with ovulation is called?

A

mittelschmerz

67
Q

Medication used for abortions

A

mifepristone (anti-progestin)

68
Q

Surge of what hormone causes hot flashes?

A

GnRH

69
Q

What happens to estrogen post menopause?

A

estrogen declines no matter how much FSH/LH is released from ant. pit

70
Q
A

IPAP 21-2 (4 decks)

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