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Micro > Microbiome and Biology of Bacteria > Flashcards

Microbiome and Biology of Bacteria Flashcards

1
Q

Actinobacteria

A

Gram positive bacteria from soil and water

high GC group

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2
Q

Firmicutes

A

Gram positive bacteria from soil and water

low GC group

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3
Q

Proteobacteria

A

Gram negative bacteria

pathogenis and nonpathogenic to humans

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4
Q

Bacteroidetes

A

3 group of gram negative bacteria

non spore forming, anaerobic/aerobic, rod shaped

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5
Q

Fusobacteria

A

Gram negative

anaerobic and non spore forming

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6
Q

Where are there high and low numbers of bacteria?

A

very high- mouth and LI

low- scalp, stomach

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7
Q

What is microbiotias clin sig?

A 
protection against disease
required healthy immune system
influence on host metabolism
modulation of drug interactions
cause if infection
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8
Q

What areas of free of microorganisms?

A 
Blood
CSF
peritoneal and pericardial fluids
bone
joint fluid
brain, heart, lymph
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9
Q

Psoriasis microbiota characteristics

A

shift in ratio of firmicutes to actinobacteria

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10
Q

Obesity microbiota characteristics

A

shift in ratio of bacteroidetes to firmicutes

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11
Q

Childhood asthma microbiota characteristics

A

absense of H pylor

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12
Q

IBD colitis microbiota characteristics

A

increase in enterebacteraceae

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13
Q

Mechanisms of how microbiota provide health benefits

A
  1. normal flora occupation of specifc receptor blocks access to others
  2. may produce inhibiting or damaging substances- bacteriocins or lower local pH
  3. may compete more effectively for resources> limit availability to pathogens
  4. normal flora can help stimulate a healthy immune system
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14
Q

what are the 2 types of prokaryotic cells?

A

eubacteria and archaebacteria

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15
Q

describe prokaryotic chromosome structure

A

circular or linear DNA

not membrane enclosed

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16
Q

prokaryotic plasmid structure

A

extrachromosomal DNA, normally circular

contains genes that code for antibiotic resistance, toxins and transfer

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17
Q

prokaryotic cell production

A

binary fission- doubling viable cell number

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18
Q

Bacillus stearothermophilus generation time

A

11 minutes

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19
Q

E coli generation time

A

20 minutes

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20
Q

Staph aureus generation time

A

28 minutes

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21
Q

Lactobacillus acidophilus generation time

A

60-80 minutes

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22
Q

Myobacterium tuberculosis generation time

A

360 minutes

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23
Q

Treponema pallidum generation time

A

1980 minutes

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24
Q

Growth curve- lag phase

A

newly inoculated cells, adjust to new environment

cells not multiplying at max rate

population is sparse or dilute

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25
Q

growth curve- exponential/log phase

A

growth occurs at an exponential rate

cells reach max rate of cell division and continues as as as enviroment is favorable

factors- temperature

26
Q

growth curve- stationary phase

A

population reaches max numbers

rate of cell inhibition= rate of multiplication

factors- pH changes, accumulation of waste, reduced O2

27
Q

growth curve- death phase

A

decline in growth rate

caused by depletion of nutrients, O2 excretion of toxic waste products, increased density of cells

factors- pH changes, accumulation of waste, reduced O2

28
Q

Superoxide dismutase

A

2O2- + 2H+ -> H2O2 + O2

29
Q

Peroxidase

A

H2O2 + NAHD + H+ -> 2H2O + NAD+

30
Q

Catalase

A

H2O2 -> H2O + O2

31
Q

Obligate aerobes

A

Totally dependent on O2 for growth

produce H2O2 and O2-, possess catalase and superoxide dismutase- can tolerate high O2

32
Q

microaerophiles

A

grow in presence of O2 but tolerate only 2-10%

Only possess SOD

if toxic products increase, enzyme systems overload inhibiting growth

33
Q

facultative anaerobes

A

grow in presence or absence of O2

presence use aerobic respiration

absence fermentation of energy production

grow best under aerobic conditions

ex: enterobacteriacea

34
Q

Anaerobes

A

grow only in absence of O2

lack enzymes to reduce O2 to water or less toxic products

ex: lower GI organisms, clostridium, bacteroides

35
Q

Obligate anaerobes

A

killed by oxygen

fermentative metabolism

ex: desulfovibrio, archaebacteria and some protozoa

36
Q

Aerotolerant anaerobes

A

tolerate oxygen but dont use it

37
Q

Limits of pH on growth

A

pic

38
Q

pH influence on growth and survival

A

most live btwn pH 6-8

fungi btwn 5-6

39
Q

pH extremes

A

few microbes in stomach, pH 2

ex: lactobacillus acidophilus, H pylori

40
Q

acidophile

A

growth at low pH

Thiobacillus pH 2

41
Q

obligate acidophile

A

euglena mutabilis

acid pools 0-1

42
Q

alkalinophiles

A

high levels of minerals, salt, pH 9-11

43
Q

water activity

A

index amount of water free to react

absorption and solution factors reduce availability

pure distilled water- Aw=1
saturated solution NaCl Aw= .8
seawater [NaCl]= 3%, Aw= .98

44
Q

Aw of most bacteria

A

> .9
optium for activive metabolism =1.0
decrease Aw, slows growth rate

45
Q

Aw exceptions for bacteria

A

xerotolerant: lower Aw
Fungi Aw= .6
yeast Aw= .6
salt tolerant bacteria- halophiles- high solute, low Aw

46
Q

essential macronutrients

A

protein, CH2O, lipids, nucelic acids

47
Q

essential macroelements

A

potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron

48
Q

essential micronutrients

A

manganese, zinc, nickel, cobalt, copper, molybednum

49
Q

chemical energy source, CO2 carbon source

A

chemoautotrophs

hydrogen, sulfure, iron, nitrogen and carbon monoxide oxidizing bacteria

50
Q

Chemical energy source, organic compound carbon source, O2 final electron acceptor

A

all animals, most fungi, protozoa, bacteria

51
Q

chemical energy source, organic compound carbon source, organic compound FEA

A

fermentative streptococcus

52
Q

chemical energy source, organic compound carbon source, inorganic compound FEA

A

ETC clostridium

53
Q

Light energy source, organic compound carbon source

A

photoheterotrophs

green nonsulfur bacteria, purple nonsulfur bacteria

54
Q

Light energy source, CO2 carbon source, uses H2O to reduce CO2

A

Photoautotrophs

oxygenic photosynthesis- plants, algae, cyanobacteria

55
Q

Light energy source, CO2 carbon source, does not use H2O to reduce CO2

A

photoautotrophs

anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria

green and purple algae

56
Q

Final electron acceptors for aerobic respiration

A

oxygen

57
Q

final electron acceptors for anaerobic respiration

A

other inorganic molecules

NO3-, SO4 2-, CO2

58
Q

final electron acceptor AND donor for fermentation

A

pyruvic acid

59
Q

defined media

A 
10 g sucrose
1 g K2HPO4
1.5 g (NH4)2HPO4
.1 MgSO4 7H2O
.01 g FeSO4 7H2O
.007g MnSO4 7H2O
pH 7.0 water 985 ml
60
Q

Complex media

A

7.5 g casamino acids
10.0 g yeast extract
3.0 g trisodium citrate
2.0 g KCl
20.0 g MgSO4 7H2O
.023g FeCL2
250g NaCL
pH 7.4 water 1000mL

61
Q

differential media

A

will allow differentiation of organisms

ex: a pH indicator can be added to show organisms that produce acidic metabolites

62
Q

selective media

A

will contain components that select for the growth of specific organisms

ex: penicilin will select for penicilin resistant organisms and restrict the growth penicili sensitive organisms

Micro (8 decks)

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