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Microbiome and Biology of Bacteria Flashcards

1
Q

Actinobacteria

A

Gram positive bacteria from soil and water

high GC group

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2
Q

Firmicutes

A

Gram positive bacteria from soil and water

low GC group

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3
Q

Proteobacteria

A

Gram negative bacteria

pathogenis and nonpathogenic to humans

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4
Q

Bacteroidetes

A

3 group of gram negative bacteria

non spore forming, anaerobic/aerobic, rod shaped

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5
Q

Fusobacteria

A

Gram negative

anaerobic and non spore forming

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6
Q

Where are there high and low numbers of bacteria?

A

very high- mouth and LI

low- scalp, stomach

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7
Q

What is microbiotias clin sig?

A 
protection against disease
required healthy immune system
influence on host metabolism
modulation of drug interactions
cause if infection
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8
Q

What areas of free of microorganisms?

A 
Blood
CSF
peritoneal and pericardial fluids
bone
joint fluid
brain, heart, lymph
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9
Q

Psoriasis microbiota characteristics

A

shift in ratio of firmicutes to actinobacteria

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10
Q

Obesity microbiota characteristics

A

shift in ratio of bacteroidetes to firmicutes

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11
Q

Childhood asthma microbiota characteristics

A

absense of H pylor

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12
Q

IBD colitis microbiota characteristics

A

increase in enterebacteraceae

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13
Q

Mechanisms of how microbiota provide health benefits

A
  1. normal flora occupation of specifc receptor blocks access to others
  2. may produce inhibiting or damaging substances- bacteriocins or lower local pH
  3. may compete more effectively for resources> limit availability to pathogens
  4. normal flora can help stimulate a healthy immune system
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14
Q

what are the 2 types of prokaryotic cells?

A

eubacteria and archaebacteria

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15
Q

describe prokaryotic chromosome structure

A

circular or linear DNA

not membrane enclosed

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16
Q

prokaryotic plasmid structure

A

extrachromosomal DNA, normally circular

contains genes that code for antibiotic resistance, toxins and transfer

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17
Q

prokaryotic cell production

A

binary fission- doubling viable cell number

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18
Q

Bacillus stearothermophilus generation time

A

11 minutes

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19
Q

E coli generation time

A

20 minutes

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20
Q

Staph aureus generation time

A

28 minutes

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21
Q

Lactobacillus acidophilus generation time

A

60-80 minutes

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22
Q

Myobacterium tuberculosis generation time

A

360 minutes

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23
Q

Treponema pallidum generation time

A

1980 minutes

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24
Q

Growth curve- lag phase

A

newly inoculated cells, adjust to new environment

cells not multiplying at max rate

population is sparse or dilute

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25
growth curve- exponential/log phase
growth occurs at an exponential rate cells reach max rate of cell division and continues as as as enviroment is favorable factors- temperature
26
growth curve- stationary phase
population reaches max numbers rate of cell inhibition= rate of multiplication factors- pH changes, accumulation of waste, reduced O2
27
growth curve- death phase
decline in growth rate caused by depletion of nutrients, O2 excretion of toxic waste products, increased density of cells factors- pH changes, accumulation of waste, reduced O2
28
Superoxide dismutase
2O2- + 2H+ -> H2O2 + O2
29
Peroxidase
H2O2 + NAHD + H+ -> 2H2O + NAD+
30
Catalase
H2O2 -> H2O + O2
31
Obligate aerobes
Totally dependent on O2 for growth produce H2O2 and O2-, possess catalase and superoxide dismutase- can tolerate high O2
32
microaerophiles
grow in presence of O2 but tolerate only 2-10% Only possess SOD if toxic products increase, enzyme systems overload inhibiting growth
33
facultative anaerobes
grow in presence or absence of O2 presence use aerobic respiration absence fermentation of energy production grow best under aerobic conditions ex: enterobacteriacea
34
Anaerobes
grow only in absence of O2 lack enzymes to reduce O2 to water or less toxic products ex: lower GI organisms, clostridium, bacteroides
35
Obligate anaerobes
killed by oxygen fermentative metabolism ex: desulfovibrio, archaebacteria and some protozoa
36
Aerotolerant anaerobes
tolerate oxygen but dont use it
37
Limits of pH on growth
pic
38
pH influence on growth and survival
most live btwn pH 6-8 fungi btwn 5-6
39
pH extremes
few microbes in stomach, pH 2 ex: lactobacillus acidophilus, H pylori
40
acidophile
growth at low pH Thiobacillus pH 2
41
obligate acidophile
euglena mutabilis | acid pools 0-1
42
alkalinophiles
high levels of minerals, salt, pH 9-11
43
water activity
index amount of water free to react absorption and solution factors reduce availability pure distilled water- Aw=1 saturated solution NaCl Aw= .8 seawater [NaCl]= 3%, Aw= .98
44
Aw of most bacteria
> .9 optium for activive metabolism =1.0 decrease Aw, slows growth rate
45
Aw exceptions for bacteria
xerotolerant: lower Aw Fungi Aw= .6 yeast Aw= .6 salt tolerant bacteria- halophiles- high solute, low Aw
46
essential macronutrients
protein, CH2O, lipids, nucelic acids
47
essential macroelements
potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron
48
essential micronutrients
manganese, zinc, nickel, cobalt, copper, molybednum
49
chemical energy source, CO2 carbon source
chemoautotrophs hydrogen, sulfure, iron, nitrogen and carbon monoxide oxidizing bacteria
50
Chemical energy source, organic compound carbon source, O2 final electron acceptor
all animals, most fungi, protozoa, bacteria
51
chemical energy source, organic compound carbon source, organic compound FEA
fermentative streptococcus
52
chemical energy source, organic compound carbon source, inorganic compound FEA
ETC clostridium
53
Light energy source, organic compound carbon source
photoheterotrophs green nonsulfur bacteria, purple nonsulfur bacteria
54
Light energy source, CO2 carbon source, uses H2O to reduce CO2
Photoautotrophs oxygenic photosynthesis- plants, algae, cyanobacteria
55
Light energy source, CO2 carbon source, does not use H2O to reduce CO2
photoautotrophs anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria green and purple algae
56
Final electron acceptors for aerobic respiration
oxygen
57
final electron acceptors for anaerobic respiration
other inorganic molecules NO3-, SO4 2-, CO2
58
final electron acceptor AND donor for fermentation
pyruvic acid
59
defined media
``` 10 g sucrose 1 g K2HPO4 1.5 g (NH4)2HPO4 .1 MgSO4 7H2O .01 g FeSO4 7H2O .007g MnSO4 7H2O pH 7.0 water 985 ml ```
60
Complex media
7.5 g casamino acids 10.0 g yeast extract 3.0 g trisodium citrate 2.0 g KCl 20.0 g MgSO4 7H2O .023g FeCL2 250g NaCL pH 7.4 water 1000mL
61
differential media
will allow differentiation of organisms ex: a pH indicator can be added to show organisms that produce acidic metabolites
62
selective media
will contain components that select for the growth of specific organisms ex: penicilin will select for penicilin resistant organisms and restrict the growth penicili sensitive organisms

Micro (8 decks)

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