Microbiome

Question 1

Define Human Microbiota (-ome)

Answer 1

Collection of bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotic microbes usually coloring the body

Question 2

True or false: There are half of the microbial cells vs human cells within the body

Answer 2

False: there are approximately equal numbers of microbial and human cells within human body

Question 3

~____ trillion human and microbial cells in body (write in scientific notation)

Answer 3

~30 trillion
(3x10^13)

Question 4

Bacteria weigh ~___-___ lbs

Answer 4

~ 2-5 lbs

Question 5

Establishment of microbiome
Previously believed rebar fetus grew in ______ environment
What is the first stool passed by baby before first feeding called?
Placenta may have its own micro biome

Answer 5

Sterile environment
Meconium (contains bacteria)

Question 6

True or false: Babies delivered by C section may have different bacteria compared to vaginally delivered

Answer 6

True

Question 7

Delivery by C-section may be associated with increase risk for what 4 things?

Answer 7

Obesity
Celiac disease
Asthma
Allergies

Question 8

Breast Mille contains ________ __________ (HMOs) that feed specific bacteria
Name the species:

Answer 8

Indigestible oligosaccharides
Bifidobacterium longum infantis

Question 9

There is evidence linked between microbiome and asthma
Give examples:

Answer 9

– Breast-fed babies have less asthma than formula-fed babies
– Vaginal birth babies have less asthma than C-section babies
– Antibiotic use in babies’ first year linked to increased risk of
asthma

Question 10

Babies that lack four specific bacteria are much more likely to develop asthma. What are they?

Answer 10

Four microbes: Lachnospira, Veillonella, Faecalibacterium, Rothia

Question 11

Resident microbial community is dynamic - changes in what?

Answer 11

Age, diet, hormonal state, antibiotic use, and stress

Question 12

~ _____ billion to ____ trillion (10^12) bacteria on skin

Answer 12

~100 billion to 1 trillion

Question 13

Describe three types of Microhabitats

Answer 13

• Oily (behind ear, between eyebrows)
• moist (belly button between toes, armpits bends)
  -Dry (forearm)

Question 14

What species is a normal resident on skin?

Answer 14

Staphylococcus epidermidis

Question 15

Curibacterium acnes
gram (+) or (-)?
Digests _____
Causes what?

Answer 15

Gram positive
Digests sebum
Causes acne

Question 16

Nose - protects against respiratory pathogen
What are two pathogens found in your nose?
And what do they do?

Answer 16

Staphylococcus epidermidis (Forms biofilm)
Staphylococcus aureus (controlled by protease produced by S. epidermidis, if not controlled can become pathogenic and cause infection)

Question 17

Mouth
What is the fungus that is an opportunistic that can cause oral infection (thrush)?

Answer 17

Candida albicans

Question 18

Streptococcus mutant
Gram (+) or (-)?
Facultative _____
Forms a ____ on the hard enamel surfaces of teeth
If gums become inflamed S mutants can enter bloodstream and cause what?

Answer 18

Gram (+)
Facultative anaerobe
Forms biofilm
Causes infection, including endocarditis

Question 19

S mutants is significant cause of tooth decay Sugar (sucrose) fermentation produces _____ ____. Which does what to pH in mouth and did what to teeth?
Fluoride inhibits _____ synthesis and can inhibit ______ growth

Answer 19

Produces lactic acid
Lovers pH in mouth and demineralization of teeth
Inhibits ATP synthesis and microbial growth

Question 20

GI tract
_______ _______ produces enzymes urease, hydrolysis urea, produces _____ and neutralizes stomach acid

Answer 20

Helicobacter pylori
Produces ammonia

Question 21

_______ _______ which causes cholera, is very sensitive to ____ pH and cannot survive passage through stomach.

Answer 21

Vibrio cholerae

Question 22

Helicobacter pylori
Gram (+) or (-)?

Answer 22

Gram negative: proteobacteria

Question 23

Vibrio cholerae
Produces what?
Reservoir?
Mode of transmission?
Treatment?
Prevention?

Answer 23

Cholerae toxin that causes host cells to secrete electrolytes and water
Humans
Indirect (vehicle): contaminated water
Treatment: rehydration and doxycycline
Prevention: clean water

Question 24

Intestines
Estimated __-___ trillion bacteria in intestines
~__-__ million unique bacterial genes

Answer 24

10-30 trillion
~ 8-9 million

Question 25

Bacteria in intestines do good things, such as: protect you from pathogenic bacteria
Digest food (what bacteria does this?)
And produces vitals (what bacteria produces vitamin b12?)

Answer 25

Bactericides thetaiotamicron digest food
E. Coli produces vitamin b12

Question 26

Bacteriodes
Major inhabitants of the human _______
Ferment a wide range of _____ indigestible by humans
-break down potential ______ in plant food/products
Can cause what if they escape intestines?

Answer 26

Human intestine
Sugars
Potential toxins
Cause infections if they escape

Question 27

Benefits of bacteria
Break down ______ that humans cannot digest
Produces ____
Train _____ system
Regulate development of ____

Answer 27

Carbohydrates
Produces vitamins
Train immune system
Regulate development of gut

Question 28

Benefits of bacteria
Protects against pathogenic bacteria
Produces ______ (toxins produces by bacteria to inhibit growth)
Alter local _____ and produce acid
Compete for resources and location

Answer 28

Bacteriocins
Alter Local habitat

Question 29

E. Cool produces bacteriocins that can kill what two species?

Answer 29

Shigella and salmonella

Question 30

What is the vaginal ph?

Answer 30

~4

Question 31

Hygiene hypothesis suggests that changes in human behavior has led to food of diversity in the human microbiota, such as:

Answer 31

Overuse of antimicrobials
Dietary changes
Cesarean birth
Absence of breastfeeding
Loss of diversity impacts homeostasis