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Exam 3 And Final Microbiology > Immunity > Flashcards

Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Innate a immunity is present at birth, what does it consist of?
What do they do?

A

Skin
Mucous Membranes
Antimicrobial substances
Inflammation
Fever
Phagocytes

They Ingest and Break Down Microbes

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2
Q

Skin: tightly packed cells that are difficult to _______
______ removes attached microbes; ______ inhibits growth of many species

A

Penetrate
Shedding
Dryness

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3
Q

Mucous membranes line what tracts?
What do they secrete? And what do the secretions consists of?

A

gastrointestinal, respiratory, and genitourinary tracts
Secretes mucus that contain Cilia

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4
Q

Mucus: viscous glycoprotein produced by ____ _____
– Traps microbes
– Also contains other secreted compounds like ______ which
targets the cell wall of bacteria

A

Goblet cells
Lysozyme

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5
Q

What is the ciliary escalator ?

A

transports microbes trapped in mucus away from the lungs, toward throat (1-3 cm

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6
Q

What is the ph of the stomach?

A

2 - 2.5 pH

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7
Q

What does lysozyme attack?

A

Pepticloglycan, disrupting cell wall

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8
Q

What is phagocytosis?
What does phago mean?
What does Cyte mean?

A

The ingestion of microbes or particles by cell (phagocyte)
Phago= eat
Cyte=cell

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9
Q

What are the 2 types of phagocytes?

A

Neutrophils (polymorphonuclear leukocytes; PMN’s)
Macrophages (differentiated monocytes)

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10
Q

What are the 2 types of macrophages?
Where are they located?

A

Fixed macrophages (lungs, liver, other tissues)
Free (wandering) macrophages moves to site of infection

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11
Q

What are the steps of Phagocytoses?

A
  1. ATTACHMENT to surface of phagocytic cell. Antibody/complement aid in binding
  2. Pseudopods EXTEND and ENGULF organism
  3. Invagination TRAPS organism within phagosome
  4. Lysosome FUSES into phagosome. Enzymes cleave macromolecules and taste oxygen, DESTROYING organism
    (1. Attachment 2. Extend & Engulf 3. Trapping 4. Fusion & Destroyment)
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12
Q

What does adaptive immunity consists of?
True or False: they are present at birth
What component do they have?

A

Humoral and cellular immunity.
False: They are not fully developed at birth
They consists of a memory component

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13
Q

Innate: ____ response vs _____ pathogen
Adaptive: ______ response vs ______ pathogen

A

General response vs. Any pathogen
Specific responses vs. Certain pathogens

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14
Q

Microbes possess unique structures called ______ ______ _____ _____ (MAMPs) that are recognized by ____ ____ ____ (TLRs) and other receptors present on host cells.

A

Microbe-associated molecular patterns
Toll like receptors

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15
Q

What does the binding of MAMPs by host cell receptors activate?
Stimulates phagocyte to release _____ that attract other phagocytes to site of ______
– Initiate _______

A

Activate immune mechanisms
Cytokines
Site of infection
Initiate phagocytosis

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16
Q

Give 3 example of MAMPs

A

Flagella (mobile bacteria)
Peptidoglycan (gram positive)
Lipopolysacchande ( LPS) (gram negative)

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17
Q

Bubonic plague
Causative agent?
Transmitted from? To what? By?
Once at 37° C,it breaks down ________ on cell surface so that _____ can’t see it anymore. Making it invisible, escaping _____

A

Yersenia pestis
Transmittedfrominfectedrats(reservoir)
to humans by the rat flea (vector)
Lipopolysacchande (LPS)
TLR4
Escaping phagocytosis

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18
Q

True or False: A single phagocyte can engulf
Serval microbes at one time

A

True

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19
Q

What is the difference between a lysozyme and lysosome?

A

Lysozyme: enzyme we make that attacks peptidoglycan
Lysosome: vesicles full of “nasty stuff”

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20
Q

Phagosome fuses with lysosome
what does it resultin?
Microbial cells are attacked by what two things?
Give a description of both

A

Resulting in phagolysosome
- digestive enzymes ( lysozyme, proteases, nucleuses
-toxic oxygen products (degrades microbes)

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21
Q

Salmonella prevents what?

A

Actively prevents fusion of phagosome with lysosome

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22
Q

Listeriosis grows at ____° C
Can break out of phagosome and can bust out of one cell to another

A

4°C

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23
Q

What is opsonization?
What are 2 examples of opsonins?

A

• Opsonization is the coating of a microbe by host proteins to enhance phagocytosis by promoting attachment of microbe to phagocyte
• Examples of opsonins:
- antibodies
- complement proteins

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24
Q

Phagocytes have a receptor for antibodies which finds them and ____ microbes

A

Ingest

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25
Antigens are macromolecules that interacts with the immune system. What are antigens made up of? What is the name of the specific binding site on antigen? Can they have more than one?
Antigens are made up of proteins or large polysaccharides The specific binding site on an antigen is called an Epitope, antigens can have more than one.
26
What is a Hapten?
Very small molecules that, when attached to a larger carrier protein, can act as an antigen.
27
True or false? Haptens can stimulate antibody production alone
False, they can not.
28
Globular proteins also called ____, are involved in immune response to a specific antigen. They can ____ and ____ to a specific antigen
Immunoglobulins (Ig) Recognize and bind to a specific antigen
29
There are ____ # of antibodies Antibody arms bind to _____.
5 antibodies Bind to epitope
30
What structure does antibody's have? What are the regions? What are the chains? What is the bond?
Quaternary structure Variable region and constant region Light chain and heavy chain Disulfide bond
31
What are the 5 types of antibodies?
IgG IgM IgA IgD IgE (G)irl (M)ake (A)ll (D)ays (E)xciting
32
IgG Dimer, Monomer, or Pentamer? __ - __% of serum antibodies? Only antibody class known to cross ______ -naturally acquired through? -protects what?
Monomer 70- 80% of serum antibodies Only antibody class known to cross placenta –Naturally acquired passive immunity –Protects fetus and newborn
33
IgG Enhances _____ through ______ (binding to microbes, coating outside) Neutralizes ____ and viruses Activate _____ through classical pathway
Enhance phagocytosis through opsonization • Neutralize toxins (antitoxins-exotoxins) and viruses • Activate complement through the classical pathway
34
IgM Dimer, monomer, or pentamer? __-__% of serum antibodies First Ab produced in response to ____ ______ microbes Activate complement through ____ _____ Produced by _____
• Pentamer • 5–10% of serum antibodies • First Ab produced in response to infection • Agglutinate microbes • Activate complement through the classical pathway • Produced by fetus
35
IgA Dimer, Monomer, or Pentamer? __-__% of serum antibodies Found in ____- mucosal protection, protects IgA from ______ -what does it prevent? Some pathogens produce IgA ____ that destroy IgA antibodies
Dimer 15-20% Found in secretions–mucosal protection protects IgA from degradation – prevent attachment of microbial pathogens to mucosal surfaces, - Some pathogens produce IgA proteases that destroy IgA antibodies – e.g. Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae
36
IgD Antibodies Dimer, Monomer, Pentamer? ___% of serum antibodies Abundant on surface of ___ cells Involved in signaling ___ cells to begin producing antibodies
Monomer 0.02% of serum antibodies B cells
37
IgE antibodies Dimer, Monomer, Pentamer? ___% of serum antibodies On mast cells, on _____, and in blood Main antibodies involved in _______ reactions MMA at be involved in lysis of _____ ____ Antibody dependent cell mediated __________
Monomer 0.002% of serum antibodies Basophil Allergic reactions Lysis of parasitic worms Cell-mediated cytotoxicity
38
What are the 5 protective mechanisms of binding antidotes to antigens? (Give small description of each)
• Agglutination (reduces number of infectious units to be dealt with) • Activation of Complement (causes inflammation and cell lysis) • Opsonization (Coating another with antibody enhanced phagocytosis) • Anybody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity (Antibodies attaches to target cell cause destruction by macrophages, eosinophils, and NK cells. ATTACKS LARGE PARASITIC WORMS) • Neutralization (Blocks adhesion of bacteria and viruses to mucosa. NEUTRALIZES VIRUS/ TOXINS)
39
What are the 2 types of Adaptive Immunity?
• Humoral Immunity • Cell mediated Immunity
40
Humoral Immunity - ___ cells ( __ lymphocytes) produces antibodies that….. -attacks ________ threats
- B cells, B lymphocytes produces antibodies that target antigens - attacks extracellular threats
41
• Cell- mediated Immunity – Activated __ cells (__ lymphocytes) control _____ _____ and can directly kill infected host cells – Attacks infected cells
– Activated T cells (T lymphocytes) control antibody production and can directly kill infected host cells
42
- Activation of B cells — Where are B cells produced? - Where do B cells have antibodies? — Mostly found in what class of antibodies? - True or False: Antibodies on a particular B cell do not recognize or bind to the same epitope — When do B cells become activated? - Activated B cells divides and differentiates into what 2 cells?
- in the bone marrow - have antibodies on cell surface - mostly in IgM and IgD - False, Antibodies on a particular B cell will bind and recognize to the same epitope - B cells become activated when the surface antibodies bind their specific epitope - Plasma cells and Memory cells
43
What are the First 3 steps of B cell activation?
Antibody on surface of B cell recognize epitope (antigens) Antigens internalized Antigens bind to MHC class II within B cell
44
B cell Activation T- helper cells recognizes _____ ___ - __ T- helper cell is activated T-helper cell produces _____ _____ activates B cell
MHC II - Ag Produces cytokines Cytokines activates B cell
45
Activated B cell divides (_____ _____) to produce a large population of cells Some of these cells become _____ cells, which produces antibodies Some of these cells become long lived ____ cells
Clonal Expansion Plasma cells Memory cells
46
What is the function of plasma cells?
Plasma cells produce hundreds to thousands of antibodies per second (antibody factories)
47
What is the function of Memory Cells?
– Long-lived – Responsible for rapid, enhanced immune response after later exposure to same antigen
48
What are the two types of Immunological memory? When do they occur?
Primary response- occurs after initial contact with antigen Secondary (memory) response- occurs after second exposure
49
True or false: B cells can be activated by T-dependent and T- independent antigens.
True
50
T- dependent antigens -antigen present with ____ __ to ___ cell ____ cell produces cytokines that activated B cell
MHC II to tH cell tH cell
51
T- independent antigens What do they stimulate? Have repeating units (______) that can bind multiple antibodies on surface of B cell -_____ of the B cell (Give Example)
– Stimulate the B cell to make antibodies without T-helper cells – (epitopes) – capping of the B cell • e.g. polysaccharides, capsule
52
T-independent antigens -strong or weak immune response? -no class switching, production of ____ Does it have memory cell production?
Weaker immune response Production of IgM Weak/no memory cell production
53
T cells recognize antigens derived from intercellular pathogens such as: T cells also recognize “non self cells” such as:
Viruses and intercellular bacteria & parasites Tumor cells
54
There are two Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC,) where is the first one found? Describe each of them
MHC class I: found on all nucleated cells – Markers of “self” (found in or an cells ands is protects against our immune system so they do not get destroyed) • MHC class II: found on antigen presenting cells – e.g. B cells
55
What are the two types of T cells?
Helper T cells (tH cells) and Cytotoxic T cells (Tc cells)
56
Helper T cells Surface glycoprotein ____, which binds to _____ ______ __ molecules on B cells and order Antigen presenting cells -Assist on _____ of B cells and other T cells
CD4 which binds you MHC class II molecules Assists on activation of B cells
57
Cytotoxic T cells (tC cells) Surface glycoprotein ____ which binds to ____ ____ __ molecules (that display antigens from internal pathogens) -differentiate into cytotoxic ___ lymphocyte Destroy _____ and _____ host cells
CD8 bind to MHC class I T lymphocyte (CTL) Destroy bacteria and infected host cells
58
CTL attacks appeared self cell by • releasing ______: forms pores in target cell • releasing ____: induce apoptosis
- Perforin - granzymes
59
Harmful B cells that recognize self antigens are eliminated in a process called ____ ____ MHC molecules involved in _____ _____ -95% of T cells are eliminated by this -T cells that bind to strongly to MHC (bind “self” instead of “non self”) are eliminated
Clonal deletion Thymic selection
60
What is a vaccine?
a suspension of organisms (live, attenuated, killed) or fractions of organisms that is used to induce immunity
61
There are vaccines developed against bacteria, viruses, and toxins. Have there been vaccines developed for fungal diseases?
No there are no vaccines for fungal diseases yet.
62
Weakened (attenuated) or killed pathogens OR fragments of the pathogen are used They (usually) do not cause ______ Trigger _____ response ** Induce ______ cells **
Usually do not cause disease Trigger immune response Induce memory cells
63
What are the 5 types of vaccines?
- Attenuated whole agent-vaccines - inactivated whole agent vaccines - toxoid vaccines - subunit vaccines - conjugated vaccines - nuclei acid vaccines
64
Attenuated Whole Agent Vaccines Describe the microbes (bacteria or virus) : Microbe can be “_____” by multiple passages in the lavatory ______ immunity May “back mutate” to ______ pathogen (rare) Give examples:
- Live, attenuated (weakened) microbes: virus or bacteria -weakened -Lifelong immunity - back mutate to virulent pathogen Examples: measles, mumps, rubella (MMR) vaccines
65
Inactivated whole agent vaccines Microbe killed or inactivated by what three things? Is it safer or more dangerous than live vaccines? Less effective: often require ______ doses Give examples:
– Microbe killed or inactivated by heat, chemical, or radiation – Safer than live vaccines – require booster doses – Examples: rabies, flu, polio (Salk polio vaccine)
66
Toxoid vaccines Some diseases are caused by bacterial toxins, such as: _______ toxin caused by _______ ________ Toxoid are ________ by toxins: • do not cause ________ • do not stimulate production of ______ (antitoxins) Require ______ shots Give examples:
- diphtheria toxin, toxin caused by Corynebacterium diphtheria • Do not cause disease • Do stimulate production of antibodies (antitoxin) – Require booster shots Examples: tetanus, diphtheria
67
Subunit vaccine -________ fragment of pathogen (virus or bacteria) that best stimulates _____ response Safe or hazardous? “______” vaccines using recombinant technology Give examples:
Antigenic fragment, stimulates immune response Safe Recombinant vaccines Example: Hepatitis B (genes for Hep B antigens have been inserted into Saccharomyces cerevisiae to produce antigens)
68
Conjugated vaccines - large _______ can be __-dependent antigens, what do they result in? Do they contain memory cells? ______ combined (conjugated) with more antigenic protein (e.g ______ _____), results in better immunization Give example:
-Large polysaccharides can be T-independent antigens. Result in weak immune response and no memory cells Polysaccharide combined (conjugated) with antigenic protein (e.g tetanus toxoid) – Example: Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib)
69
Nuclei acid vaccines -____ or _____ encoding pathogen protein injected into patient -Patient produces antigen (______, then _______) -Protein antigens not _______ Examples: DNA vaccines to prevent _____ _____ approved for horses No DNA vaccines approved in ______ Moderna abs Pfizer vaccines to prevent _______
-DNA or RNA - produces antigens (transcription then translation) Not polysaccharides Examples: Prevent West Nile No DNA vaccines approved in humans To prevent Covid
70
DTP vaccine licensed in _____ Polio vaccine licensed in _____ MMR vaccine licensed in ______
- 1948 - 1995 - 1971
71
Define Herd Immunity:
• Herd immunity (or herd protection) : If most of the population is immune to a disease, then the remaining individuals in the population are partially protected.
72
Herd immunity Applies to infectious diseases spread by _____ to _____ contact Give examples: If most of the population is immune to a disease • _____ or _____ survivor Then remaining non immune individuals in population are directly protected, why?
• spread by person to person contact Examples: pertussis or influenza, but not tetanus • vaccinated or disease survivor • Because there are not enough susceptible individuals in population to spread disease through person-to-person transmission
73
• For SOME diseases, vaccination of ____% of the population is sufficient to PROVIDE immunity • For MOST diseases, vaccination of ____-____% is REQUIRED for herd immunity
40% 80-95%
74
Herd immunity is related to R0 “R Naught” What does R0 represent? What does it measure? When is it difficult to measure? Infectious diseases with a high R0 require a high _______ coverage rate to achieve herd immunity and protection
The basic reproduction number R0 (“R naught”) is the number of secondary infections expected from an original infection in a completely susceptible population -measures transmissibility of an infection -difficult to measure during an outbreak Require a high vaccine coverage
75
Vaccine Safety True or false: there is medical and scientific proof of MMR vaccines being linked to autism True or false: on rare occasions, vaccines cause disease Decreased vaccination rates are linked to an increase in _______
False, there is no proof True Increase in disease cases
76
Who should not get vaccinated?
Because of age, health conditions, or other factors, some people should not get certain vaccines or should wait before getting them

Exam 3 And Final Microbiology (10 decks)

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