Immunity Flashcards
Innate a immunity is present at birth, what does it consist of?
What do they do?
Skin
Mucous Membranes
Antimicrobial substances
Inflammation
Fever
Phagocytes
They Ingest and Break Down Microbes
Skin: tightly packed cells that are difficult to _______
______ removes attached microbes; ______ inhibits growth of many species
Penetrate
Shedding
Dryness
Mucous membranes line what tracts?
What do they secrete? And what do the secretions consists of?
gastrointestinal, respiratory, and genitourinary tracts
Secretes mucus that contain Cilia
Mucus: viscous glycoprotein produced by ____ _____
– Traps microbes
– Also contains other secreted compounds like ______ which
targets the cell wall of bacteria
Goblet cells
Lysozyme
What is the ciliary escalator ?
transports microbes trapped in mucus away from the lungs, toward throat (1-3 cm
What is the ph of the stomach?
2 - 2.5 pH
What does lysozyme attack?
Pepticloglycan, disrupting cell wall
What is phagocytosis?
What does phago mean?
What does Cyte mean?
The ingestion of microbes or particles by cell (phagocyte)
Phago= eat
Cyte=cell
What are the 2 types of phagocytes?
Neutrophils (polymorphonuclear leukocytes; PMN’s)
Macrophages (differentiated monocytes)
What are the 2 types of macrophages?
Where are they located?
Fixed macrophages (lungs, liver, other tissues)
Free (wandering) macrophages moves to site of infection
What are the steps of Phagocytoses?
- ATTACHMENT to surface of phagocytic cell. Antibody/complement aid in binding
- Pseudopods EXTEND and ENGULF organism
- Invagination TRAPS organism within phagosome
- Lysosome FUSES into phagosome. Enzymes cleave macromolecules and taste oxygen, DESTROYING organism
(1. Attachment 2. Extend & Engulf 3. Trapping 4. Fusion & Destroyment)
What does adaptive immunity consists of?
True or False: they are present at birth
What component do they have?
Humoral and cellular immunity.
False: They are not fully developed at birth
They consists of a memory component
Innate: ____ response vs _____ pathogen
Adaptive: ______ response vs ______ pathogen
General response vs. Any pathogen
Specific responses vs. Certain pathogens
Microbes possess unique structures called ______ ______ _____ _____ (MAMPs) that are recognized by ____ ____ ____ (TLRs) and other receptors present on host cells.
Microbe-associated molecular patterns
Toll like receptors
What does the binding of MAMPs by host cell receptors activate?
Stimulates phagocyte to release _____ that attract other phagocytes to site of ______
– Initiate _______
Activate immune mechanisms
Cytokines
Site of infection
Initiate phagocytosis
Give 3 example of MAMPs
Flagella (mobile bacteria)
Peptidoglycan (gram positive)
Lipopolysacchande ( LPS) (gram negative)
Bubonic plague
Causative agent?
Transmitted from? To what? By?
Once at 37° C,it breaks down ________ on cell surface so that _____ can’t see it anymore. Making it invisible, escaping _____
Yersenia pestis
Transmittedfrominfectedrats(reservoir)
to humans by the rat flea (vector)
Lipopolysacchande (LPS)
TLR4
Escaping phagocytosis
True or False: A single phagocyte can engulf
Serval microbes at one time
True
What is the difference between a lysozyme and lysosome?
Lysozyme: enzyme we make that attacks peptidoglycan
Lysosome: vesicles full of “nasty stuff”
Phagosome fuses with lysosome
what does it resultin?
Microbial cells are attacked by what two things?
Give a description of both
Resulting in phagolysosome
- digestive enzymes ( lysozyme, proteases, nucleuses
-toxic oxygen products (degrades microbes)
Salmonella prevents what?
Actively prevents fusion of phagosome with lysosome
Listeriosis grows at ____° C
Can break out of phagosome and can bust out of one cell to another
4°C
What is opsonization?
What are 2 examples of opsonins?
• Opsonization is the coating of a microbe by host proteins to enhance phagocytosis by promoting attachment of microbe to phagocyte
• Examples of opsonins:
- antibodies
- complement proteins
Phagocytes have a receptor for antibodies which finds them and ____ microbes
Ingest
Antigens are macromolecules that interacts with the immune system. What are antigens made up of?
What is the name of the specific binding site on antigen? Can they have more than one?
Antigens are made up of proteins or large polysaccharides
The specific binding site on an antigen is called an Epitope, antigens can have more than one.
What is a Hapten?
Very small molecules that, when attached to a larger carrier protein, can act as an antigen.
True or false?
Haptens can stimulate antibody production alone
False, they can not.
Globular proteins also called ____, are involved in immune response to a specific antigen.
They can ____ and ____ to a specific antigen
Immunoglobulins (Ig)
Recognize and bind to a specific antigen
There are ____ # of antibodies
Antibody arms bind to _____.
5 antibodies
Bind to epitope
What structure does antibody’s have?
What are the regions?
What are the chains?
What is the bond?
Quaternary structure
Variable region and constant region
Light chain and heavy chain
Disulfide bond