Exam 4 Flashcards
Who discovered penicillin
Alexander Fleming
Penicillin was created by what fungus?
staphylococcus aerus
Penicillin disrupts what?
Disrupts cell wall by blocking the cross linking of peptidoglycan, leads to osmotic lyses
Beta lactamase does what? What is it produced by?
Cleaves onto b-lactam ring in penicillin and deactivates it. Creates resistance
Produced by staphylococcus
What are the 3 steps of horizontal transfer?
Conjugation, transduction, transformation
What is transformation?
Uptake and expression of exogenous free DNA from environment
What is Conjugation?
Transfer of DNA between bacteria through direct contact
• requires special transfer plasmid
•sex pilus
What is transduction?
Transfer of DNA from one species to another by a bacteriophage
Describe:
Generalized transduction
Specialized transduction
Generalized: lytic cycle, can move any gene
Specialized: lysogenic cycle, can move genes next to prophage insertion site
What are the 3 mamp’s
Flagella, peptidoglycan, lipopolysaccharides
Define catabolism:
Define anabolism:
Catabolism: produces energy
Anabolism: consumes energy
What are enzymes?
Proteins and some mRNA’s
What is an active site? What reactions does it rely on?
What are the cofactors?
What are the coenzymes?
Region of enzymes that binds substrate. Rely on weak reactions such as hydrogen bonds& hydrophobic interaction
Cofactors: inorganic (zinc/iron)
Coenzymes: organic (vitamins)
What are the steps of fermentation? ‘
What are the waste product?
What is the final electron acceptor?
What is the ATP yield?
What test do we use?
- Glycolysis
- Oxidation of NADH —> NAD+
Final electron acceptor: Pyruvate
ATP yield: 2
We use biochemical assays
Water products: alcohol, acid or gas
What are the 5 steps of Respiration?
Describe step 2 and 4
Electron acceptor?
ATP yield?
Waste products?
- Glycolysis
- Pyruvate oxidation (converts acetyl coA, CO2 released, NADH produced)
- Krebs cycle
- Electron transport chain (created proton motor force)
- Oxidative phosphorylation
Electron acceptor: O2 (oxygen)
ATP yield: 38
Waste products: CO2 and H2O
What products are in the Kreb Cycle?
3NADH, 1 FADH, 1 ATP (cycles twice 6 NADH, 2 FADH, 2 ATP)
How many estimated species of fungi?
1.5 mil
How many deaths due to invasive fungal infections?
1.5 mil ‘
What domain does fungi belong to?
Eukarya
What species are in the eukarya domain?
Plants, protists, fungi, animals
What kind of nutrition does fungi has? What does it release?
Absorptive
Digestive enzymes
What do fungi grow as? What is a network of this called?
Hyphae
Mycelium
What kind of spores do fungi produce?
Asexual
Sexual
How an asexual spores produced?
Through mitosis (Mitotic Spores)
Clonal reproduction
How are sexual spores produced?
Through meiosis or occurs within meiotic spores
What’s an example of a poisonous / hallucinogenic mushroom?
Amanita phalloides/muscaria
Mycorrhizal ____ the growth of plants
Improve
What on the New uses for mycelium?
Renewable and compostable resource
Define culture
Microbes growing in or on medium
Define pure culture?
Genetically homogenous strain of single species
Define agar and describe it
Complex polysaccharide used to solidify medium
-nontoxic, non metabolizable, not destroyed in autoclave, solidify at 40° C, stays solid over wide range of temperatures
Define CFU
Colony forming unit
What species has adopted to a high salt concentration?
Staphylococcus
The number Of cells ____ each generation
Double
(1=2, 2=4, 3=8)
Define batch culture
Liquid medium with closed system
Define continuous culture
Fresh medium continually added, supports prolonged medium
What is Plasmolysis?
Plasmolysis is the process in which cells lose water in a hypertonic solution
What are the 3 domains?
Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya
What is the size of bacteria?
0.5 -3 mm
What is the size of eukanya?
10-20 mm
Describe bacteria
Prokaryote
Single cell filament
Has cell wall
Describe Archaea
Prokaryote
Lack peptidoglycan
“Extremophiles”
No pathogen
Describe extremophile
lives in conditions of extreme temperature, acidity, alkalinity, or chemical concentration.
Describe Protozoa
Eukaryote
Motile
Single cell
Free living
Parasitic