Microbiology Physiology Flashcards
what is an opportunistic pathogen
commensal causing infection in immunocompromised patient
define virulence
degree of pathogenicity
what is serology
detection of antibody in blood
what are the 5 Is of the spread of infection
inhalation, ingestion, intercourse, inoculation, mother to infant
what does SICPs stand for
standard infection control procedures
what is an obligate aerobe
killed without oxygen
what is an obligate anaerobe
killed by oxygen
how to bacteria replicate
binary fission
what are the 4 shapes of bacteria
bacillus, spirocheate, coccus, fusiform
what colour do gram positive bacteria stain and why
purple since thick peptidoglycan layer
what colour do gram negative bacteria stain and why
pink since thin peptidoglycan layer with LPS in outer membrane
what type of toxin go gram positive bacterias produce
exotoxin; produced inside cell and exported out
what type of toxin go gram negative bacterias produces
endotoxin
what are microaerophilic bacteria
grow in reduced O2 enriched with CO2
what is the gram stain, respiration, shape and method of classifying strep
gram positive aerobic cocci in chains classified by haemolysis
what group of antibiotics are generally effective against streptococci
penicillins
what is alpha haemolysis, how does it appear and which bacterias are alpha haemolytic
partial haemolysis; enzymes denture haemoglobin causing green colour, strep pneumoniae and strep viridans
what is beta haemolysis, how does it appear and which bacterias are beta haemolytic
complete haemolysis, enzymes lyses RBCss, appears clear, group A strep pyogenes
what is gamma haemolysis, how does it appear and which bacterias are gamma haemolytic
no haemolysis, appears unchanged, enterococci
what is the lancefield system
groups beta haemolytic strep based on cell wall carbohydrate
which group of strep are most pathological
beta haemolytic
what is the gram stain, respiration, shape and method of classifying staph
gram postive aerobic cocci in clusters classified by coagulase
what are coagulase positive staph and how do they appear
s. aureus, golden culture
what antibiotics are generally effective against s. aureus
fluclox, if allergic vancomycin
what are coagulase negative staph
non s. aureus staph e.g. staph epidermidis
what is the gram stain, shape and respiration of clostridium
gram positive strict (obligate) anaerobic bacilli
why do clostridium infections commonly recur
produce spores
give 3 examples of clostridium species
c. difficile
c. perfingens (gas gangrene)
c. tetani
how are gram negative bacilli classed
lactose fermenters and lactose negative
is pseudomonas a lactose positive or negative gram negative bacilli
negative
is h. pylori a lactose positive or negative gram negative bacilli
negative
what are lactose positive gram negative bacilli
coliforms
give examples of the coliforms
e. coli, klebsiella, proteus, enterobacter, salmonella
what antibiotic is affected against the coliforms
IV genta, later PO switch to co-trimox
give 2 examples of strict aerobes
pseudomonas aeruginosa, legionella pneumophilia
what antibiotic is effective against strict anaerobes
metronidazole
what types of pathogens are phagocytes active against
bacteria, fungi
what types of pathogens are T cells active against
viruses, fungi, protozoa, mycobacteria
what types of pathogens are B cells and antibodies active against
bacteria, viruses
what types of pathogens are eosinophils active against
fungi, protozoa, worms
what types of pathogens are mast cells active against
worms
what types of pathogens is the complement system active against
bacteria
what areas of the body are hard for antibiotics to penetrate and why
CNS, eyes, prostate since have tight junctions
what commensals are found on the skin
s. epidermidis, s. aureus, bacillus, corynebacterium, propioibacterium
what commensals are found in the mouth
s. viridans, candida, anaerobes
what commensals are found in the nasal cavities
s. aureus, s. epidermidis
what commensals are found in the pharynx
haemophilus, moraxella, neisseria, s. aureus, s. pneumoniae, s. pyogenes, s. viridans
what commensals are found in the stomach and duodenum
sterile
what commensals are found in the ileum and colon
anaerobes, candida, coliforms, clostridium, bacteriodes, e. faecalis
what commensals are found in the bile duct
sterile
what commensals are found in the vagina
lactobacillus, s. aureus, candida, enterobacteriaceae
what is a penicillin allergy and what is its prevalene
0.5%, allergic to beta-lactam degradation product
give the shape, respiration and 2 examples of of corynebacterium species
aerobic bacilli, diphtheria and diphtheroids
