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ESSENTIAL > Microbiology/Pathology > Flashcards

Microbiology/Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

B cells complete maturation in ___ and migrate to ____.

A

bone marrow; lymphoid organs

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2
Q

T cells complete maturation in the ___ and become ___.

A

thymus; thymocytes

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3
Q

Life span of B cells

A

short life span

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4
Q

Life span of T cells

A

Long life span

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5
Q

T cells are important in ____ immunity, Type ___ hypersensitivity

A

cell-mediated immunity; Type IV (contact dermatitis)

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6
Q

T cells lack __ receptors but have ___, which recognize a unique Ag only in conjunction with MHC proteins

A

IgG; CD3

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7
Q

CD8+ lymphocytes release ___ and induce ___.

A

perforins; apoptosis

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8
Q

____ potentiates the growth of NK cells.

A

IL-2

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9
Q

Helper T cells (TH cells) aka

A

CD4+ lymphocytes

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10
Q

Cytotoxic T-cells (Tc cells)

A

CD8+ lymphocytes

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11
Q

Plasma cells Ig what are expressed on surface as antigen receptors?

A

IgM and IgD

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12
Q

Ig receptors found in B cells

A

IgM and IgG

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13
Q

RAAS=

A

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

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14
Q

Renin (proteolytic enzyme, released by kidneys) stimulates formation of ____ in blood –>stimulates release of ___ from adrenal coretex

A

angiotensin; aldosterone

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15
Q

Renin release stimulated by

A
  1. sympathetic stimulation
    hypotension
    decreased sodium delivery
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16
Q

Nonsense mutation

A

results in stop codon that translates into premature chain termination.

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17
Q

Missense mutation

A

Results in a difference in the aa added to a going pp chain (e.g. valine replaces glutamate causing sick cell anemia)

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18
Q

Silent mutation

A

no detectable change (e.g. serine stays serine though 3rd base changed.

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19
Q

Metaplasia

A

change in cell type

“reversible” change where one adult cell type is replaced by another adult cell type.

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20
Q

Hyperplasia

A

increase in cell number

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21
Q

hypertrophy

A

increase in cell size

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22
Q

atrophy

A

decrease in cell size

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23
Q

etiology of localized aggressive periodontitis and periodontitis in juvenile diabetes

A

Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (Aa)

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24
Q

S. mutans produces dextransucrase, which catalyzes the formation of ____, which contribultes to the formation of___.

A

glucans; dental plaque

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25
Q

Dental plaque holds ___ which is procued by S. mutans.

A

lactic acid.

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26
Q

Streptococci found in dental plaque

A

S. sanguis (produce H2O2)
S. mutans (is aciduric and produces lactic acid)
S. salivarius (found in saliva and oral soft tissue)
S. mitis (produces H2O2)

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27
Q

Etiology of necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (NUG)

A

prevotella intermedia

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28
Q

Ringworm aka

A

tinea corporis- trunk, extremities, and face

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29
Q

Fungi description

A

eukaryotic, complex cell wall, Gram +, grow in Sabouraud medium, DNA and RNA

infections

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30
Q

Dermatophytes-members of keratinophiilic (keratin digesting) soil fungi include

A

Microsproum and Trichophyton-human and animal

epidermophyton-human

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31
Q

Dimorphism (fungi that form diff. structures at diff. temperatures) ex.

A

blastomyces, histoplasma, coccidioides, sporothrix schenckii

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32
Q

examples of sexual spores include

A

zygospores, ascospores, basidiospores

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33
Q

Fungal spores completely killed when

A

heated at 80C for 30 minutes

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34
Q

Fungus producing sexual spores termed

A

teleomorph

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35
Q

2 types of asexual spores (anamorph)

A

sprangiospores and conidia

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36
Q

Coccidioidomycosis aka

A

Valley fever or San Joaquin fever

Disease caused by inhaling spores of a fungus called coccidioides immitis.

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37
Q

Blastomycosis aka

A

Gilchrist disease or North America blastomycosis

Disease caused by a fungus, blastomyces deratitidis, inhaltation of airborn conidia (spores) after distrubance of contamined soil.

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38
Q

Histoplasmosis

A

Disease caused by Histoplasma capsulatum.

Asymptomatic, can cause granulomatous, TB-like infection.

Yeast cells found in macrophages

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39
Q

Mucormycosis

A

In immunocompromised pts, and poorly controlled diabetes mellitus.

Sym: rhino -orbital-cerebral and pulmonary infections

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40
Q

Aspergillosis infection

A

caused by type of mold.
Affect respiratory system

Leading cause of death in people with leukemia.

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41
Q

Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) or pneumocystosis

A

form of pneumonia, caused by yeast-like fungus

In lungs of healthy people as opportunistic infection for people with HIV etc

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42
Q

Amebiasis

A

intestinal illness caused by entamoeba histolytica (parasite).

sym: amebic dysentery (bloody, mucus containing diarrhea)

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43
Q

Cryptosporidiosis

A

Caused by intestional protozoan, Cryptosporidium parvum.

Sym: watery diarrhea (this Parvaneh Khanoom)

Worse in immunocompromised pts.

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44
Q

Nematodes (roundworms)-3 types

A

Tissue-dwelling

Human intestinal

Zoonotic

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45
Q

Trematodes (flukes)-flat leaf-shaped worms includes what 3

A

Blood flukes

Lung flukes

Intestinal/hepatic flukes

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46
Q

Swish and swallow treatment

A

nystatin and clotrimazole

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47
Q

Penicillin Drugs

A

Penicillin VK
Amoxicillin
Ampicillin

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48
Q

Penicillin action

A

inhibits cell wall synthesis

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49
Q

Macrolide action

A

Antibiotics that are primarily bacteriostatic, by binding to 50S subunit of ribosome, they inhibit bacterial protein synthesis

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50
Q

Macrolide

A

ACE
Azithromycin (Z-pak)
Clarithromycin (Biaxin)
Erythromycin

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51
Q

Penicillin-like in action against bacteria are

A

cephalosporins

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52
Q

Tetracycline used to treat

A

acne, honorrhea, syphilis, chronic bronchitis, Mycoplasma, Chlamydia, Rickettsia infections.

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53
Q

“gold standard” to treat life -threatening systemic fungal infections

A

amphotericin B

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54
Q

Adjuvant approved in humans and animals

A

Humans-alum (aluminum hydroxide and MF59)

animals–freund complete adjuvant

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55
Q

Toxoid

A

bacterial toxin whose toxicity has been weakened or destroyed by either chemical or heat treatment.

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56
Q

Naturally active

A

exposed to Ag and body produces Ab.

e.g. recovery of inf. with mumps virus gives lifelong immunity

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57
Q

Most infectious known blood-borne pathogen

A

Hep B

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58
Q

Quaternary ammonium compounds

A

cationic detergent.

Used as disinfectants and antiseptics

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59
Q

bacterial spore has high concentration of

A

calcium bound to dipicolinic acid

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60
Q

melanoma describe growth phases

A

radial (initial phase)-horizonal-lack the capacity to metastasize
Vertical (later phase)-tumor invade downward. metastatic potential

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61
Q

Superficial spreading melanoma

A

most common

large flat irregularly pigmented legion. Radial growth phase predominates

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62
Q

Nodular melanoma

A

Most aggressive type.
Rapidly growing nodule that bleeds and ulcerates
Vertical growth phase predominates.
Poorest prognosis.

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63
Q

Lentigo maligna

A

On sun exposed skin.
Radial growth predominates.
Usu. develops from pre-existing lentigo maligna (Hutchinson freckle)

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64
Q

Acral-lentiginous

A

least common

palms, sole or under the nail.

65
Q

Pheochromocytoma

A

composed of chromaffin cells–>synthesize and release catecholamines (epi and norepi)
Surgically correctable hypertension
Rule of 10s

66
Q

Neuroblastoma

A

Highly malignant catecholamine-producing tumor of early childhood usu. originals in adrenal medulla.
Most common malignant tumor of childhood and infancy.
Abdominal mass, hypertension
Ganglioneuroma (worse differentiated form)

67
Q

Epidermoid (squamous cell) carcinoma

A

Arise in or near the hilus

Most common in men and smokers

68
Q

Adenocarcinoma

A

In periphery of lung and is small.

Most common in women and nonsmokers

69
Q

Small cell (oat cell) carcinoma

A

Most arise in or near the hilus.
Most aggressive form and highly malignant.
Mostly in men and smokers
Metastasize widely, virtually incurable

70
Q

Large cell (anaplastic) carcinoma

A

composed of large, undifferentiated malignant cells, variable location.

71
Q

Bronchogenic carcinoma

A

malignant neoplasm of the lung from epithelium of the bronchus.

bronchial mucosa–>bronchial lumen–>lymph nodes–>organs (liver, brain, bone)

Usu. hilus, some by periphery of lung. like adenocarcinomas

72
Q

non-Hodgkin Lymphomas (NHL)

A

malignant tumors
70% B cell origin
Unknown cause
Ass. with EBV virus of DNA, HIV, H. pylori, Herpes, etc

73
Q

Burkitt lymphoma

A 
high-grade, non-Hodgkin lymphoma
2 types:
1. African or endemic form-males, jaws
2. NOn-African form: no sex predilection, abdominal mass
Viral etiology
74
Q

Malignant lymphoma is similar to Hodgkin’s disease, but ___ is not present

A

Reed-Sternberg cells

75
Q

Malignant lymphomas histology

A

“starry-sky” in non-neoplastic macrophages

e.g. burkitt lymphoma

76
Q

keratin pearls

A

squamous cell carcinoma

77
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma

A

keratinocytes, ass. with chemical carcinogens, histology resembles cervical cancer
90% of all diagnosed malignant neoplasms in oral cavity (usu. lower lip b/c of sun exposure)

78
Q

Most common cancer in humans

A

Basal cell carcinoma

79
Q

Basal cell carcinoma

A

rarely metastasizes
local invasion destroys underlying and adjacent tissue.
Usu. on exposed surfaces like face, scalp (in bald)
Due to sun and x-ray
most common site: nose

80
Q

Skin carcinoma with locally destructive growth and distant metastasis

A

SCC

81
Q

Well-defined nodule with central ulceration, prominent surface telangiectasias (spider veins), rolled borders, pearly opalescence when compressed . Can form ulcerations and bleed.

A

BCC

82
Q

benign tumor of smooth muscle

A

leiomyoma

83
Q

striated (skeletal) benign tumor

A

Rhabdomyoma

84
Q

Prostate cancer

A

Increase Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)

Increase acid phosphatase levels

85
Q

Uterine fibroid aka

A

uterine leiomyomas (also called fibroid)-most common pelvic tumor. They are benign.

86
Q

1 and #2 killer in cancer

A
  1. Lung cancer (bronchogenic carcinoma

2. Breast cancer (most common affecting women)-(adenocarcinoma)

87
Q

mesotheliomas

A

lung cancer arising from pleura (thin layer surr.lungs)

88
Q

anaplastic

A

less well-differentiated

89
Q

Staging of lung cancer is TMN system elaborate

A

T:=tumor size
M=metastasis
N=Nodal movement

90
Q

Multiple myeloma

A

malignancy of plasma cells, specifically terminally differentiated B lymphocytes. in bone marrow.

91
Q

“Punched out” bone lesions due to

A

multiple myeloma

92
Q

Bence Jones protein in urine due to (Bence Jones proteinuria)

A

multiple myeloma

93
Q

Ewing sarcoma

A

cancer in bone or soft tissue, and can metastasize to other organs.

Second most common malignant bone tumor in children and adolescents.(osteosarcomas are most common). Usu. children age 10-20

C rearrangement btw. c #11 and #22.

94
Q

Most common malignant bone tumor

A

osteosarcomas

95
Q

histologic features of malignancy

A

anaplasia
hyperchromatism
pleomorphism
abnormal mitosis

96
Q

Osteogenic sarcoma

A

arises from osteoclasts and osteoblasts

Usu. in femor, tibia or humerus

usu. males age 10-30

97
Q

Parosteal osteogenic sarcoma

A

Develops on the surface of bone instead of the inferior, progresses slowly.
usually in distal femor
usu. females 20-40

98
Q

Chondrosarcoma

A

develops from cartilage (malignant)

no pain, grows slowly

Most commly in pelvis, proximal femor, ribs, shoulder girdle

Usu. males 30-50

99
Q

Malignant giant cell turmor

A

Most commonly in long bones, esp. knee joint

Usu. females 18-50

100
Q

osseous vs. nonosseous tumors

A

osseous bone tumors arise from bony structure itself.
e.g. chondrosarcoma, malignant giant cell tumor, osteogenic sarcoma, parosteal osteogenic sarcoma

nonosseous tumors arise from hematopoietic, vascular, or neural tissues.
e.g. chordoma, ewing sarcoma, fibrosarcoma.

101
Q

Firbrosarcoma

A

rare, in fibrous tissue of bone,; invades long or flate bones

usu. males 30-40

102
Q

chordoma

A

Derived from embryonic remnants of notochord; progresses slowly,

Occurs at end of vertebral column

males age 50-60

103
Q

dermatofibromas

A

benign neoplasm that appear as small , red to brown numps that results from accumulation of fibroblasts

104
Q

acrochordon aka

A

skin tag.

105
Q

acanthosis nigricans

A

cutaneous disorder makered by hyperkeratosis and pigmentation of axilla, neck, etc. Usu. have cancer

106
Q

Seborrheic keratosis (seborrheic warts)

A

very common benign neoplasm of older people.

Warts are flesh-colored, brown, black growth that can appear anywhere on skin.

107
Q

Keratoacanthoma (KA)

A

common skin tumor
thought to be benign but now we know–>SCC

originates in pilosebaceous glands and looks like SCC

Char. by very rapid enlargement

108
Q

Clinical warning signs of melanomas-“The ABCDEs of Melanoma”

A 
A=asymmetric lesion
B=borders are irregular
C= color becomes variegated or pigmented
D= diameter is 6mm or greater
E= evolution of the lesion, meaning change has occured
109
Q

Leading cause of death in children under 15

A

leukemias

110
Q

lymphoblastic vs. myelogenous leukemia

A

lymphoblastic-orginating from a precursor B or T lymphocyte

myelogenous-originating from precursor granulocytes, monocytes, erythrocytes, or megakaryocytes

111
Q

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML)

A

most malignant. 90% of acute leukkeumias in adults.

Incidence increases with age and smoking

112
Q

Acute lymphoblastic leukomia (ALL)

A

most responsive to therapy and most common in children. Due to chemicals and radiation.

Highest survival rate

113
Q

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)

A

least malignant.
Occurs in older age 55 and never in children.
slow progression

114
Q

Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)

A

ass. with Philadelphia (Ph) chromosome.
low levels of leukocyte alkaline phosphatase
massive splenomegaly

115
Q

Acute leukemias char. by presence of

A

immature, blast cells.

Occur mostly in children

116
Q

Chronic leukemia char. by presence of

A

mature and well differentiated cells.

Nonspecific symptoms

117
Q

Leukemic patients have a high Ab titer to the

A

Epstein-Barr virus (EB

118
Q

aortic dissection

A

tear in aorta

sym: sudden sever chest or upper back pain. Feeling of tearing

119
Q

cardiac markers elevated after myocardial infarction

A 
myoglobin-first cardiac marker to increase
troponin
creatine phosphokinase
glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase
lactic dehydrogenase
120
Q

Subacute bacterial endocarditis (SBE) caused by:

A

Streptococcus viridans

121
Q

Acute endocarditis

A

caused by S. aureus. Usu. secondary to infection

122
Q

centriacinar (centrilobular) emphysema

A

most common. ass. with chronic bronchitis and smoking. Upper lobes of lungs mostly affected.

123
Q

panacinar (panlobular) emphysema

A

destroys alveoli and alveolar ducts.
Lower lobes of lungs affected
ass. with aging and alpha-antitrypsin deficiency (natural substance in lungs helps with it unless deficient)

124
Q

paraseptal (distal acinar) emphysema

A

causes spontaneous pneumothorax in young adults

125
Q

irregular emphysema

A

acinus is irregularly involved.

Ass. with scaring.

126
Q

Asthma pathologic change

A

smooth muscle hyperplasia, excess muscus, inflammation

127
Q

Chronic bronchitis

A

mucous gland hyperplasia, hypersecretion

128
Q

bronchiectasis

A

airway dilation and scarring

129
Q

small-airway disease

A

inalmmatory scarring/ obliteration

130
Q

cor pulmonale

A

enlargement of the right ventricle of heart

131
Q

pulmonary edema

A

excess fluid in the lungs.

Due to increased hydrostatic pressure

132
Q

atelectasis

A

incomplete expansion of lungs (neonatal atelectasis–common in premature infants due to lack of surfactant)

133
Q

von Hippel-Lindau disease

A

hemangiomas of the regina and cerebrum. ass. with cysts in organs

134
Q

Familial hypercholesterolemia

A

anomalies of receptors for low density lipprotein (LDL receptors). Can result in atherosclerosis.

135
Q

Cystic fibrosis

A

most common fatal genetic disease in white children.

Cystic fibrosis affects the cells that produce mucus, sweat, and digestive juices. It causes these fluids to become thick and sticky. They then plug up tubes, ducts, and passageways.

Impaired exocrine pancreas function results in deficiency of fat-soluble vitamins.

136
Q

Lobar pneumonia

A

caused by S. pneumoniae

Char. by intra-alveolar exudate

137
Q

Bronchopneumonia

A

Caused by S. aureus, S. pyogenes.

Char. by patchy distribution.

138
Q

Interstitial pneumonia

A

caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae or virsues (adenovirus)

139
Q

hydrothorax

A

fluid in pleural cavity.

140
Q

Healing by 1st intention

A

healing in surgical wounds closed with sterile suture.

Clean wounds that don’t involve infection.

141
Q

Healing by 2nd intention

A

Healing without surgical suture.
Wound is allowed to “GRANULATE IN”
More prone to infection, and take long time.

142
Q

Healing by 3rd intention

A

slow filling of a wound cavity or ulcer by granulations, subsequent cicatrization (process of SCAR tissue)

143
Q

Addison’s Disease

A

Kennedy
Sym: hypotension, increased pigmentation of skin, hypoglycemia, increased serum potassium.
Low ACTH
Increased melanin (endogenous) pigmentation
Txt: administer cortisol (hydrocortisone)

144
Q

Deficiency of Hemogentisic acid oxidase

A

alkaptonuria=black urine

Body can’t process the amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine.

145
Q

hemochromatosis

A

extreme accumulation of Iron.

Ass. with liver, heart, pancreatic damage, resulting in liver fibrosis, heart failure, and diabetes mellitus.

146
Q

hematemesis

A

vomiting of blood

Common in esophageal varices or peptic ulcers

147
Q

esophageal varices

A

Abnormal veins in the lower part of the tube running from the throat to the stomach.

Usu. alcoholics get this.

148
Q

Hemoptysis

A

coughing up of blood from resp. tract.

dis: blood streaked sputum=minor upper resp. inf or bronchitis
TB, pneumonia cause hemoptysis

149
Q

Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome

A

marked gastric hypersecretion of HCl
recurrent peptic ulcer disease
hypergastrinemia

150
Q

diabetes insipidus

A

deficiency in ADH (isn’t Diabetes mellitus)

151
Q

Whipple disease

A

distinctive periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)-positive macrophages

152
Q

Gardener’s Disease

A

Dominant

numerous adenomatous polyps

153
Q

Peutz-Jegher’s

A

Dominant
Hamartomatous polyps-in small intestine, less common in colon
Melanin pigmentation in mouth, lips, hands, genitalia

154
Q

Chvostek sign

A

tape facial nerve above mandibular angle, near earlobe. If there is a twich, tetany is confirmed.

155
Q

Classical Pathway

A

Ab

Characteristic of C1

156
Q

Alternative Pathway

A

Acts at the earliest times during infection

Does not involve Ab

157
Q

Lectin Pathway

A

mannose-binding lectin

158
Q

Bacteria involved in hyaluronidase

A

streptococci
staphylococci
clostridia

ESSENTIAL (6 decks)

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