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ESSENTIAL > Biochemistry/Physiology > Flashcards

Biochemistry/Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

RNA most abundant in cell?

A

rRNA>tRNA>mRNA

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2
Q

rRNA

A

RNA polymerase I
where proteins assembled.
Most abundant RNA

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3
Q

mRNA

A

RNA polymerase II
Largest RNA
carry information from DNA in nucleus–> ribosomes in cytoplasm.

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4
Q

tRNA

A

RNA polymerase III
smallest RNA
carry the aa to ribsomes, where aa are linked together in the order specified by mRNA to form particular pp or proteins.

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5
Q

Glycolysis occurs in the ___ in the ____of oxygen. ___molecules of ATP are needed. Prod___ ATP. SO net gain of ___ATP. End product pyruvate may go where?

A

cytoplasm; absence; 2; 4; 2; aerobic respiration in mitochondria or anaerobic respiration (fermentation)

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6
Q

End product of glycolysis

A

2 ATP, 2 Pyruvate +2 H20 + 2NADH

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7
Q

Zymogen aka

A

proenzymes–inactive precursors of proteolytic enzymes

Zymogen—removal of a peptide fragment–>active enzyme form

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8
Q

alpha-amylase glycosidic bonds

A

alpha-1,4-glycosidic bonds
Amylose: carb (starch) –amylase–>maltotriose, maltose
Amylopectin: starch–amylase–>maltose, glucose, limit dextrin

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9
Q

The lower the Km the __ the relative affinity.

A

higher

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10
Q

Km values increase

A

presence of competitive inhibitor but doesn’t effect noncompetitive inhibitor.

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11
Q

noncompetitive inhibitor aka

A

allosteric inhibitor

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12
Q

CK (Creatine kinases)-MM predominates in

A

skeletal muscle

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13
Q

CK-MB predominates in

A

cardiac muscle

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14
Q

CK-BB predominates in

A

brain, sooth muscle, lungs

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15
Q

apoenzyme + cofactor=

A

haloenzyme

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16
Q

TCoenzyme, hiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) function

A

tissue respiration

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17
Q

Coenzyme, Pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) function

A

aa metabolism

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18
Q

Coenzyme, tetrahydrofolate function

A

transfers C fragments from 1 mol. to another.

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19
Q

glycolysis, TCA, and oxidative phosphorylation occur where

A

glycoysis=cytoplasm
TCA= mitochondrial matrix
oxidative phosphorylation= inner mitochondrial membrane.

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20
Q

ETC: Complex IV

A

contains cytochromes a and a3, 3 copper ions.

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21
Q

In the cori cycle, lactate formed by active muscle is converted into glucose by the liver. Glycolysis occurs in the __ and gluconeogenesis occurs in the ___.

A

muslce; liver

Shifts metabolic burden of active mescle to the liver.

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22
Q

Pyruvate—?—>Acetyl-CoA

A

pyruvate dehydrogenase

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23
Q

Most common pathway of glycolysis that oral bacteria use also

A

Embden-Meyerhof pathway

Net production: 2 ATP per mol. glucose

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24
Q

Entner-Doudoroff pathway

A

Alternative to glycolysis used by obligate aerobic bacteria.

Net production: 1 ATP per mol. of glucose

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25
Q

Pentose Phosphate Pathway aka pentose shunt

A

pathway of hexose oxidation whereby G6P generates 5-C sugars.

Imp. in liver and mammary glands, cells exposed to high O2 partial pressure like the cornea

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26
Q

PPP oxidative branch

A

G6P—-G6P dehydrogenase—->Ribose-5P +NADPH (irreversible

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27
Q

PPP nonoxidative branch

A

Ribose-5P—transketolase and transaldolase—>glycolitic and gluconeogenic pathways (reversible)

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28
Q

3 main types of phosphorylation

A

substrate-level phosphorylation
electron-transport/oxidative phosphorylation
photophosphorylation

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29
Q

Substrate-level phosphorylation

A

high E phosphate intermediates are formed and trasferred to ADP–>ATP.
Net profit=4 ATP for glycolysis

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30
Q

Electron-transport/oxidative phosphorylation

A

electrons move down the ETC and chemiosmosis occurs.

Net profit: 32-34 ATP during ETC

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31
Q

Gluconeogeneis total ATP? Produces aa, lactate, glycerol—>? Important for maining blood glucose levels for what? Occurs where?

A

6 ATP; glucose; fasting state for E requirements in brain, RBCs, exercising muscle, renal medulla; occurs in mito and cytosol

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32
Q

Venous blood has higher concentration of

A

carbonic acid

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33
Q

3 lin. kidney ees of defense for blood’s acid-base balance

A
  1. buffer systems in blood
  2. Alveolar ventilation-
  3. excess acid is excreted by the kidneys-excess H+ in acidosis and ecess HCO3 in alkalosis.
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34
Q

2 parts of peptidoglycan:

A
  1. peptide portion-short, attached, cross-linked peptide chains containing unusual aa.
  2. Glycan portion-forms backbone of the mol., composed of alternately repeating units of the amino sugars N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM).
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35
Q

Lysozyme cleaves the glycosidic bond between?

A

NAG and NAM

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36
Q

2 important families of microbodies (break down H2O2) are:

A
  1. peroxisomes: metabolize FA, ride body of toxic peroxides such as catalase, uric acid oxidase
  2. glyoxysomes-common in fat-storing tissuesog the germinating seeds of plants.
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37
Q

Which GAG is not sulfated

A

hyaluronic acid

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38
Q

Hyaluronic acid

A

Largest GAG
Found in synovial fluid
Only non-sulfated GAG

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39
Q

Heparin

A

Anticoagulant

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40
Q

Heparan sulfate

A

In CNS

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41
Q

Chondroitin sulfate

A

Most abundant GAG, major component of cartilage

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42
Q

Keratan sulfate

A

Found in cartilage

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43
Q

Dermatan sulfate

A

Found in skin, blood vessels, tendon, valvular tissue in heart

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44
Q

Maltose

A

glucose + glucose

-starch breakdown product (“beet sugar”)

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45
Q

Lactose

A

glucose + galactose

-milk sugar

46
Q

Sucrose

A

glucose + fructose

-table sugar

47
Q

brush border enzymes

A

maltase, lactase, sucrase (joined by O-glycosidic bond) because O2 is involved

48
Q

Oligosaccharides-# of monomers and e.g.

A

3-10; blood group Ag, membrane glycoproteins

49
Q

Polysaccharides-# of monomers and e.g.

A

> 10; starch, glycogen, GAGs, cellulose, chitin

50
Q

amylose

A

alpha-1,4-linkages

51
Q

alpha amylase secreted by

A

parotid glands and pancreas

52
Q

amylopectin

A

alpha-1,4 linkages and alpha-1,6 linkages

53
Q

cellulose

A

beta-1,4 linkages

54
Q

Dextrans

A

are polysaccharides of glucose produced extracellularly by bacteria and yeast. Enzymeused to produce dextrans is dextran sucrase, and the substrate is fructans stored intracellulary to reserve nutrients.

55
Q

Saturated fat contain how many DB?

A

0

56
Q

Essentail FA ___be synthesized because humans lack the enzymes to place DBs at certain position_____. Thus, humans must obtain them from their ___.

A

cannot, (omega-3 and omega-6), diet

57
Q

Cells derive E from FA through?

A

beta-oxidation

58
Q

Lipids can’t move in body so packaged in micellar structures called

A

lipoproteins

59
Q

Lipids or proteins more dense

A

Proteins

*Thus, there’s a inverse relationship between lipid content and density.

60
Q

Types of lipoproteins (lipid-binding proteins, responsible for the transport in the blood of triglyercides, phopholipids, cholesterol, and cholesterol esters from the liver to tissues or organs)

A

Chylomicron: least dense lipoprotein. contain triglyceride
VLDLs: low density. High content of triglycerides
LDLs: low-density. less triglyercide and more protein content. High cholesterol. Primary plasma carriers of cholesterol for delivery to all tissues but esp. to the liver.
HDLs: high density. lowest triglyeride and highest protein content. Produced de novo in the liver.

Most dense to least dense: HDL-LDL-VLDL-chylomicrons

61
Q

Ketone bodies used by

A

muscles (skeletal and cardiac), BRAIN, kidneys.

*FA can’t be oxidized by brain because can’t cross BBB.

62
Q

ketone bodies—?—>acetyl CoA

A

succinyl CoA as CoA donor and thiophorase

63
Q

FA synthesis and triacylglycerol synthesis occurs in the?

A

cytoplasm

64
Q

____ is 3-C intermediate that participates in the biosynthesis of FA but not in their breakdown.

A

Malonyl-CoA

*Coenzyme A does both!!

65
Q

Ketosis symptoms

A

ketones in the urine (ketonuria)
ketone bodies in the blood (ketonemia)
potassium LOSS in the urine
fruity odor of acetone on the breath

66
Q

FA synthesis takes place in ___, while FA breakdown (catabolism) occurs in the ____.

A

mitochondria; cytosol (cytoplasm)

67
Q

2 board classes of aa:

  1. hydrophobic (_____) aa reside where?
  2. hydrophilic (____) aa reseide where
A
  1. non-polar; interior of proteins

2. polar; exterior of proteins

68
Q

Essential aa

A

Those that cannot be synthesized

69
Q

Nonessential aa

A

Those that are synthesized from common metabolic intermediate or from other aa.

70
Q

Purely ketogenic aa

A

leucine, lysine

71
Q

Both ketogenic and glucogenic aa

A

isoleucine, tryptophan, phynylalanine, tyrosine, threonine

72
Q

of heme group:
myoglobin?
hemoglobin

A

myoglobin=1 heme group

hemoglobin=4 heme groups

73
Q

aa in proteins have what configuration

A

L-configuration

74
Q

configuration found in antibiotics and in bacterial cell walls

A

D-configuration

75
Q

alpha-ketoglutarate gives rise to glutamate, which in turn is the precursor of

A

glutamine, proline, arginine

76
Q

3-phosphoglycerate gives rise to serine which is the precursor of

A

glycine and cystein.

77
Q

oxaloacetate gives rise to aspartate, which in turn is the precursor of

A

asparagine, methionine, threonine, lysine

78
Q

pyruvate gives rise to

A

alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine.

79
Q

ribose-5P gives rise to

A

histidine

80
Q

Marfan Syndrome

A

Due to mutation in fibrillin-1.

Symptoms: heart and aortic complications; usu. tall, long limbs and fingers.

81
Q

Primary Protein Structure

A

consists of a sequence of aa linked together by covalent peptide bonds.

82
Q

Secondary Protein Structure

A

Refers to spatial arrangement of a pp chain determined by aa present in primary sequence.

Common types of sec. structures are alpha-helix, beta-pleated sheets and beta-hairpin turns (reverse turns).

83
Q

Tertiary Protein Structure

A

Refers to irregular folding of a pp chain (3-dimensional conformation) .

e.g. globular, fibrous, pleated sheet

Use x-ray diffraction

84
Q

Quaternary Protein Structure

A

Spaial arrangement of subunits in a protein that consists of more than one pp chain.

e.g. hemoglobin, Ab molecules found in blood of a mammal

85
Q

Albinism is a genetic disease caused by the absence of

A

tyrosinase

86
Q

Vitamin B1

A

thiamine

87
Q

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

A

brain disorder caused by a lack of vitamin B-1 (thiamine).

88
Q

Vitamin B12 aka

A

cobalamin.

89
Q

Deficiency of Vitamin B12 causes

A

glossitis

90
Q

Deficiency in Vitamin K

A

clotting disorder

91
Q

Hemorrhagic disease of newborn

A

nutritional deficiency of vitamin K

Vitamin K is (not stored in great extent in body)

92
Q

Vitamin H aka

A

Biotin (part of B complex group of vitamins)

93
Q

Vitamin B2 aka

A

riboflavin

94
Q

B3 aka

A

niacin

95
Q

B9 aka

A

folic acid

96
Q

Fat soluble vitamins meaning you can overdose on them are

A

Vitamin D,E,A,K

97
Q

Histamine and Bradykinin causes

A

vasodilation of the arterioles, venous constriction, increased Pc and increased filtration out of the capillaries resulting in local edema.

98
Q

Saliva characteristics in relation to ions and enzymes

A 
high K and NCO3 concentrations
low Na and Cl concentrations
presence of alpha-amylase and lingual lipase
Hypotonic
low osmolarity
99
Q

GLUT 1

A

mediates glucose transport into red cells and throught BBB.

100
Q

GLUT 2

A

provides glucose to liver and pancreatic cells

101
Q

GLUT 3

A

main transporter of neurons

102
Q

GLUT 4

A

primarily expressed in muscle and adipose tissue and is regulated by INSULIN

103
Q

GLUT 5

A

transporters fructose in the intestine and testis.

104
Q

intensity (dB)=amplitude=

A

loudness

105
Q

number of cycles per second=frequency (Hz)=

A

pitch

106
Q

timbre

A

quality

related to presence of additional sound-wave frequencies superimposed on the principal frequency.

107
Q

Isotopes have same and different what?

A

have same atomic number but different mass numbers, atomic weight, and neutrons.

108
Q

IgG

A

Most common Ig; passes placenta and enters fetal circulation

109
Q

IgA

A

second most abundant;

110
Q

IgD

A

receptor site for B lymphocyte

111
Q

IgM

A

Large Ab. First Ab to appear (Note: MADGE), complement activation, A and B antigens

ESSENTIAL (6 decks)

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