Biochemistry/Physiology Flashcards
RNA most abundant in cell?
rRNA>tRNA>mRNA
rRNA
RNA polymerase I
where proteins assembled.
Most abundant RNA
mRNA
RNA polymerase II
Largest RNA
carry information from DNA in nucleus–> ribosomes in cytoplasm.
tRNA
RNA polymerase III
smallest RNA
carry the aa to ribsomes, where aa are linked together in the order specified by mRNA to form particular pp or proteins.
Glycolysis occurs in the ___ in the ____of oxygen. ___molecules of ATP are needed. Prod___ ATP. SO net gain of ___ATP. End product pyruvate may go where?
cytoplasm; absence; 2; 4; 2; aerobic respiration in mitochondria or anaerobic respiration (fermentation)
End product of glycolysis
2 ATP, 2 Pyruvate +2 H20 + 2NADH
Zymogen aka
proenzymes–inactive precursors of proteolytic enzymes
Zymogen—removal of a peptide fragment–>active enzyme form
alpha-amylase glycosidic bonds
alpha-1,4-glycosidic bonds
Amylose: carb (starch) –amylase–>maltotriose, maltose
Amylopectin: starch–amylase–>maltose, glucose, limit dextrin
The lower the Km the __ the relative affinity.
higher
Km values increase
presence of competitive inhibitor but doesn’t effect noncompetitive inhibitor.
noncompetitive inhibitor aka
allosteric inhibitor
CK (Creatine kinases)-MM predominates in
skeletal muscle
CK-MB predominates in
cardiac muscle
CK-BB predominates in
brain, sooth muscle, lungs
apoenzyme + cofactor=
haloenzyme
TCoenzyme, hiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) function
tissue respiration
Coenzyme, Pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) function
aa metabolism
Coenzyme, tetrahydrofolate function
transfers C fragments from 1 mol. to another.
glycolysis, TCA, and oxidative phosphorylation occur where
glycoysis=cytoplasm
TCA= mitochondrial matrix
oxidative phosphorylation= inner mitochondrial membrane.
ETC: Complex IV
contains cytochromes a and a3, 3 copper ions.
In the cori cycle, lactate formed by active muscle is converted into glucose by the liver. Glycolysis occurs in the __ and gluconeogenesis occurs in the ___.
muslce; liver
Shifts metabolic burden of active mescle to the liver.
Pyruvate—?—>Acetyl-CoA
pyruvate dehydrogenase
Most common pathway of glycolysis that oral bacteria use also
Embden-Meyerhof pathway
Net production: 2 ATP per mol. glucose
Entner-Doudoroff pathway
Alternative to glycolysis used by obligate aerobic bacteria.
Net production: 1 ATP per mol. of glucose
Pentose Phosphate Pathway aka pentose shunt
pathway of hexose oxidation whereby G6P generates 5-C sugars.
Imp. in liver and mammary glands, cells exposed to high O2 partial pressure like the cornea
PPP oxidative branch
G6P—-G6P dehydrogenase—->Ribose-5P +NADPH (irreversible
PPP nonoxidative branch
Ribose-5P—transketolase and transaldolase—>glycolitic and gluconeogenic pathways (reversible)
3 main types of phosphorylation
substrate-level phosphorylation
electron-transport/oxidative phosphorylation
photophosphorylation
Substrate-level phosphorylation
high E phosphate intermediates are formed and trasferred to ADP–>ATP.
Net profit=4 ATP for glycolysis
Electron-transport/oxidative phosphorylation
electrons move down the ETC and chemiosmosis occurs.
Net profit: 32-34 ATP during ETC
Gluconeogeneis total ATP? Produces aa, lactate, glycerol—>? Important for maining blood glucose levels for what? Occurs where?
6 ATP; glucose; fasting state for E requirements in brain, RBCs, exercising muscle, renal medulla; occurs in mito and cytosol
Venous blood has higher concentration of
carbonic acid
3 lin. kidney ees of defense for blood’s acid-base balance
- buffer systems in blood
- Alveolar ventilation-
- excess acid is excreted by the kidneys-excess H+ in acidosis and ecess HCO3 in alkalosis.
2 parts of peptidoglycan:
- peptide portion-short, attached, cross-linked peptide chains containing unusual aa.
- Glycan portion-forms backbone of the mol., composed of alternately repeating units of the amino sugars N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM).
Lysozyme cleaves the glycosidic bond between?
NAG and NAM
2 important families of microbodies (break down H2O2) are:
- peroxisomes: metabolize FA, ride body of toxic peroxides such as catalase, uric acid oxidase
- glyoxysomes-common in fat-storing tissuesog the germinating seeds of plants.
Which GAG is not sulfated
hyaluronic acid
Hyaluronic acid
Largest GAG
Found in synovial fluid
Only non-sulfated GAG
Heparin
Anticoagulant
Heparan sulfate
In CNS
Chondroitin sulfate
Most abundant GAG, major component of cartilage
Keratan sulfate
Found in cartilage
Dermatan sulfate
Found in skin, blood vessels, tendon, valvular tissue in heart
Maltose
glucose + glucose
-starch breakdown product (“beet sugar”)
Lactose
glucose + galactose
-milk sugar
Sucrose
glucose + fructose
-table sugar
brush border enzymes
maltase, lactase, sucrase (joined by O-glycosidic bond) because O2 is involved
Oligosaccharides-# of monomers and e.g.
3-10; blood group Ag, membrane glycoproteins
Polysaccharides-# of monomers and e.g.
> 10; starch, glycogen, GAGs, cellulose, chitin
amylose
alpha-1,4-linkages
alpha amylase secreted by
parotid glands and pancreas
amylopectin
alpha-1,4 linkages and alpha-1,6 linkages
cellulose
beta-1,4 linkages
Dextrans
are polysaccharides of glucose produced extracellularly by bacteria and yeast. Enzymeused to produce dextrans is dextran sucrase, and the substrate is fructans stored intracellulary to reserve nutrients.
Saturated fat contain how many DB?
0
Essentail FA ___be synthesized because humans lack the enzymes to place DBs at certain position_____. Thus, humans must obtain them from their ___.
cannot, (omega-3 and omega-6), diet
Cells derive E from FA through?
beta-oxidation
Lipids can’t move in body so packaged in micellar structures called
lipoproteins
Lipids or proteins more dense
Proteins
*Thus, there’s a inverse relationship between lipid content and density.
Types of lipoproteins (lipid-binding proteins, responsible for the transport in the blood of triglyercides, phopholipids, cholesterol, and cholesterol esters from the liver to tissues or organs)
Chylomicron: least dense lipoprotein. contain triglyceride
VLDLs: low density. High content of triglycerides
LDLs: low-density. less triglyercide and more protein content. High cholesterol. Primary plasma carriers of cholesterol for delivery to all tissues but esp. to the liver.
HDLs: high density. lowest triglyeride and highest protein content. Produced de novo in the liver.
Most dense to least dense: HDL-LDL-VLDL-chylomicrons
Ketone bodies used by
muscles (skeletal and cardiac), BRAIN, kidneys.
*FA can’t be oxidized by brain because can’t cross BBB.
ketone bodies—?—>acetyl CoA
succinyl CoA as CoA donor and thiophorase
FA synthesis and triacylglycerol synthesis occurs in the?
cytoplasm
____ is 3-C intermediate that participates in the biosynthesis of FA but not in their breakdown.
Malonyl-CoA
*Coenzyme A does both!!
Ketosis symptoms
ketones in the urine (ketonuria)
ketone bodies in the blood (ketonemia)
potassium LOSS in the urine
fruity odor of acetone on the breath
FA synthesis takes place in ___, while FA breakdown (catabolism) occurs in the ____.
mitochondria; cytosol (cytoplasm)
2 board classes of aa:
- hydrophobic (_____) aa reside where?
- hydrophilic (____) aa reseide where
- non-polar; interior of proteins
2. polar; exterior of proteins
Essential aa
Those that cannot be synthesized
Nonessential aa
Those that are synthesized from common metabolic intermediate or from other aa.
Purely ketogenic aa
leucine, lysine
Both ketogenic and glucogenic aa
isoleucine, tryptophan, phynylalanine, tyrosine, threonine
of heme group:
myoglobin?
hemoglobin
myoglobin=1 heme group
hemoglobin=4 heme groups
aa in proteins have what configuration
L-configuration
configuration found in antibiotics and in bacterial cell walls
D-configuration
alpha-ketoglutarate gives rise to glutamate, which in turn is the precursor of
glutamine, proline, arginine
3-phosphoglycerate gives rise to serine which is the precursor of
glycine and cystein.
oxaloacetate gives rise to aspartate, which in turn is the precursor of
asparagine, methionine, threonine, lysine
pyruvate gives rise to
alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine.
ribose-5P gives rise to
histidine
Marfan Syndrome
Due to mutation in fibrillin-1.
Symptoms: heart and aortic complications; usu. tall, long limbs and fingers.
Primary Protein Structure
consists of a sequence of aa linked together by covalent peptide bonds.
Secondary Protein Structure
Refers to spatial arrangement of a pp chain determined by aa present in primary sequence.
Common types of sec. structures are alpha-helix, beta-pleated sheets and beta-hairpin turns (reverse turns).
Tertiary Protein Structure
Refers to irregular folding of a pp chain (3-dimensional conformation) .
e.g. globular, fibrous, pleated sheet
Use x-ray diffraction
Quaternary Protein Structure
Spaial arrangement of subunits in a protein that consists of more than one pp chain.
e.g. hemoglobin, Ab molecules found in blood of a mammal
Albinism is a genetic disease caused by the absence of
tyrosinase
Vitamin B1
thiamine
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
brain disorder caused by a lack of vitamin B-1 (thiamine).
Vitamin B12 aka
cobalamin.
Deficiency of Vitamin B12 causes
glossitis
Deficiency in Vitamin K
clotting disorder
Hemorrhagic disease of newborn
nutritional deficiency of vitamin K
Vitamin K is (not stored in great extent in body)
Vitamin H aka
Biotin (part of B complex group of vitamins)
Vitamin B2 aka
riboflavin
B3 aka
niacin
B9 aka
folic acid
Fat soluble vitamins meaning you can overdose on them are
Vitamin D,E,A,K
Histamine and Bradykinin causes
vasodilation of the arterioles, venous constriction, increased Pc and increased filtration out of the capillaries resulting in local edema.
Saliva characteristics in relation to ions and enzymes
high K and NCO3 concentrations low Na and Cl concentrations presence of alpha-amylase and lingual lipase Hypotonic low osmolarity
GLUT 1
mediates glucose transport into red cells and throught BBB.
GLUT 2
provides glucose to liver and pancreatic cells
GLUT 3
main transporter of neurons
GLUT 4
primarily expressed in muscle and adipose tissue and is regulated by INSULIN
GLUT 5
transporters fructose in the intestine and testis.
intensity (dB)=amplitude=
loudness
number of cycles per second=frequency (Hz)=
pitch
timbre
quality
related to presence of additional sound-wave frequencies superimposed on the principal frequency.
Isotopes have same and different what?
have same atomic number but different mass numbers, atomic weight, and neutrons.
IgG
Most common Ig; passes placenta and enters fetal circulation
IgA
second most abundant;
IgD
receptor site for B lymphocyte
IgM
Large Ab. First Ab to appear (Note: MADGE), complement activation, A and B antigens
