Anatomic Sciences Flashcards
1
Q
Germ layer of parotid gland
A
ectoderm
2
Q
Germ layer of sublingual and submandibular salivary glands derived from
A
endoderm
3
Q
Developmental defect derviced from first branchial arch
A
mandibulofacial dysostosis
4
Q
DiGeorge syndrome
A
congenital malformation caused by underdevelopment of 3rd and 4th branchial pouches leading to absence or hypoplasia of the parathyroid glands.
Pts usu. have congenital heart defects and comprised immunity.
5
Q
hypoplasia
A
underdevelopment of a tissue or organ
6
Q
first endocrine gland to appear in embryonic dev. and develops from endoerm invaded by mesenchymal cells
A
thyroid gland
7
Q
Primary palate formation or median palatal process:
A
intermaxillary segment arises as a result of fusion of the two medial nasal processes + frontonasal
8
Q
Secondary palate formation or lateral palatal process:
A
maxillary process give rise to two palatal shelves.
Give rise to posterior 2/3 of hard palate.
9
Q
Neuroectoderm (Neural Tube) Derivatives
A
CNS Astrocytes Neurophypophysis Pineal gland Retina and optic nerve Oligodendrocytes
10
Q
Neural Crest Cell Derivatives
A
Meninges Adrenal medulla Pigment cells Pharyngeal arch carilage ENdocardial cushions Ganglia Schwann cells Parafollicular C cells
11
Q
Ectoderm
A
Nails Inner ear Outer ear lens of eye epidermis adenohypophysis hair enamel of teeth mammary glands anal canal below pecinate line parotid gland
12
Q
Mesoderm derivatives
A
Heart Blood Dermis Muscles Vessels Adrenal cortex Dura mater bone spleen kidney and ureter
13
Q
Endodermal derivatives
A
GI tract: foregut, midgut, hindgut Lung Liver Pancreas Thymus Thyroid Parathyroid Submandibular and sublingual glands Middle ear Auditory tube
14
Q
Kartagener syndrome
A
Immotile cilia syndrome.
Characterized by recurrent upper and lower respiratory tract infections.
15
Q
Golgi apparatus function is two-fold:
A
- modification of lipids and proteins–glycoproteins are assembled for extracellular use.
- storage and packaging of materials that will be exported from the cell. –“shipping department”
16
Q
O-linked glycosylations occur in
A
golgi apparatus
17
Q
N-linked glycosylations occur in
A
ER
18
Q
Lysosomes contain a wide variety of?
A
glycoprotein hydrolytic enzymes
19
Q
axoneme
A
core scaffold of euk. cilia and flagella, made from MT.
Serves as the “skeleton”of these organelles.
“9+2” arrangement= 9 pairs of doublet MT
20
Q
Cell structures that lack membranes
A
ribosomes
cytoskeleton
nucleolus
21
Q
cell structures resp. for steroid hormones
A
ER
22
Q
cell structures playing essential role in formation of ribosomes
A
Nucleolus
23
Q
Kupffer
A
specialized macrophage located in the liver. Line the sinusoids and cunction to remove bacteria and toxins that have entered blood through intestinal capillaries.
24
Q
osteoclasts
A
specialized macrophage located in the bone; bone reabsorption
25
microglial
specialized macrophages located in the nervous system
26
fibroblast produces
collagen and reticular fibers
27
Leydig produces
testosterone
28
Sertoli produces
testicular fluid, androgen binding proteins (ABPs)and hormones like inhibin
29
Tooth germ (3)
enamel organ
dental papilla
dental follicle
30
enamel organ-->_____---> root form
Hertwig's rooth sheath
31
enamel organ--->inner enamel epithelium-->____--->_____
ameloblasts--->enamel
32
Dental papilla--->_____----->_____
undifferentiated mesenchymal cells fibroblasts--->pulp
33
dental follicle ---->(3)
cementoblasts
fibroblasts--->PDL
osteoblasts-->alveolar bone
34
Protein factories of the cell
ribosomes
35
site of rRNA synthesis
nuceolus
36
The cytoplasm of osteoblasts appears to be basophilic via normal H&E stain due to the presence of large amounts of
Rough ER
37
Stained by basic dye (will appear blue or purple) is considered _____. E.g.?
basophilic; nuclues and rough ER due to high DNA/RNA content
38
Acidophilic is stained by acidic dye (red or pink) e.g.?
mitochondria, lysosome
39
Mitosis:
Requires _1__ division to complete the process.
Occurs in ___2___cells
The daughter cells have the __3__genetic information as the parent cell.
Crossing over btw c___4___occur
1. one
2. all somatic cells
3. same (2n to 2n)
4. does not
40
Meiosis:
Requires___1___divisions to complete the process
Occurs in ___2__
The daughter cells have ___3__the number of c as the parent cells
The daughter cells are genetically _4__ from the parent cell
Crossing over btw c ___ occur
1. two
2. germ cells only
3. half (2n to n)
4. different
5. does
41
Simple Squamous Epi function? e.g.?
Function in gas exchange, lines blood vessels and various membranes
aorta
alveoli in lungs
42
Simple cuboidal epi function? e.g.?
carries on secretion and absorption
Collecting ducts, proximal, distal tubules of the kidneys
thyroid follicles
43
Simple columnar epi function?e.g?
Protection, secretion and absorption
small and large intestine, gallbladder, stomach
uterine epithelium
salivary gland striated ducts
internal lining of the majority of the tubular GI tract
44
Stratified squamous epi function? e.g.?
Protects underlying cells from environmental fluctuations
epidermis of the skin (keratinized)
esophagus
45
Stratified cuboidal epi e.g.?
Ducts of the sweat glands
46
Stratified columnar epi e.g.?
| can have microvilli
large ducts of salivary glands
| male urethra
47
Pseudostratified columnar epi e.g.
| can have cilia and microvilli
upper respiratory tract
48
transitional epi function and e.g.?
Specialized to undergo distension; helps prevent urinary fluids from diffusing outwards
Bladder
Ureter
Parts of male reproductive system
49
3 layers of skin:
epidermis-avascular-5 layers
dermis-blood vessels provide nutrients to epidermis. Includes appendages of skin.
hypodermis/subdermis-subcutaneous fatty tissue-artery, vein, sweat gland, pressure receptor. Loose (areolar) CT and adipose tissue
50
5 layers of epidermis outer to inner
Stratum corneum-dead cells filled with keratin continuously shed and replaced. e.g. nails
Stratum lucidum-only in thick skin of palms and soles
Stratum granulosum-basophilic keratohyalin granules
Stratum spinosum-Dendritic cell (langerhans cells)
Stratum basale-cuboidal to columnra, site of conintuous cellular reproduction. Melanocytes . Least differentiated cells.
Bad Sprinters Get Leg Cramps
51
Dermis has what CT? and what else
Dense irregular CT
| Sensory nerve endings
52
Tactile cells/Merkel cells (sense of light touch discrimination of shapes and textures) in what epidermis layer
stratum basale
53
Dermis 2 layers
Papillary- areolar CT-Loose CT-thin and less fibrous
| Reticular layer-dense irregular CT-thick and fibrous
54
3 types of stratified squamous epi found in oral cavity
nonkeratinized > parakeratinized > orthokeratinized
55
nonkeratinized
selective barrier; acts as a cushion
| ass. with lining mucosa (soft palate, buccal and labial mucosa, ventral surface of tongue)
56
orthokeratinized
masticatory mucosa (hard palate, attached gingiva, dorsal surface of tongue)
57
parakeratinized
masticatory mucosa
| contain keratin and nuclei (unlike orthokeratinized)
58
2 layers of BM
basal layer
| reticular lamina
59
Collagen Type I
bONE
| Principal fiber of the PDL
60
Collagen Type II
carTWOilage
61
Collagen Type III
reTHREEicular
62
Collagen Type IV
Basement membrane (think floor-four)
63
BM 2 layers
1. basal lamina-includes lamina lucida and densa
| 2. reticular lamina-collagen type III and reticular fibers
64
Cartilage is composed of cells called___ that are dispersed in a firm, gel-like groud substance called___.
chondrocytes (in depressions in the matrix called lacunae); matrix
65
Cartilage does or does not have blood vessels?
No blood vessels; gets its nutrients and blood supply through the perichondrium (exception articular cartilage at the synovial join)
66
3 types of cartilage
Hyaline
Fibrocartilage
Elastic
67
Hyaline cartilage
In epiphyseal plates, covers the articular surfaces of synovial joints.
Incapable of repair when fractured.
Collagen type II
68
Fibrocartilage
Found in disc within joints (e.g. TMJ, intervertebral discs, knee joint) and articular surfaces of the clavicle and mandible.
Collagen Type I
69
Elastic cartilage
Very flexible and found in auricle of ear, external auditory meatus, auditory tube, epiglottis.
Collagen Type II
70
The matrix is mainly composed of proteoglycans, which consist of ?
glycosaminoglycans and core protein.
71
Most common types of glycosaminoglycans are
chondroitin sulfate
| keratan sulfate
72
Endochondral ossification- primary ossification responsible for
diaphyses of long bones, short bones, irregular bones
73
Endochondral ossification-secondary ossification responsible for
epiphyses of long bones and extremities of irregular and flat bones.
74
Metaphysis separates
diaphyses and epiphyses of long bones until adulthood, when they fuse.
75
Heterotopic ossification
oformation of bone outside the skeleton.
| Disease: myositis ossificans
76
Endochondral ossification
occurs in long bones, such as limbs; the bone is formed from cartilage.
Increases bone length by continued intersitital growth of cartilage which is then replaced by bone.
e.g. mandible- condyles are formed by endo oss.
77
Intramembranous ossification
mainly occurs during formation of flat bones of the skull; bone is formed from mesenchyme tissue
e.g. maxilla, frontal bone, clavicles
78
collagen fibers provide
tensiile strength
79
ground substance provide
compressive strength
80
Hyaline cartilage is in fetal skeleton. In adults, remnants are:
articular cartilage-in moveable joints
costal cariltage-sternal ends of the ribs
respiratory carilages-movable external nose and septum, larynx, trachea.
81
Aponeuroses
are flat fibrous sheets or expanded broad tendons that attach to muscles and serve as the means of origin or insertion of flat muscle.
82
Fascia secures
muscle to a tendon
83
Sharpey fibers
when a tendon or ligament is attached to the bone, the attaching fibers are called sharpey fibers.
84
Essential components of CT
Ground substance (proteoglycans-with GAGS and protein core)
fibers
cells
85
CT 2 types
Loose
| Dense-regular and irregular
86
Loose CT (areolar)
irregular or loose arrangements and few fibers.
| In papillary dermis
87
Dense regular CT
regular arrangements, tightly packed, strong, parallel collagen fibers.
e.g. tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses, fascia, cornea
88
Dense irregular CT
tightly packed, strong collagen fibers arranged in an inconsistent or irregular pattern.
Found in dermis (reticular layer), submucosa of GI tract, organ capsules, periosteum
89
Desmosomes aka anchoring junction
fasten cells together into strong sheets and attach muscle cells to each other in a muscle. Leave a space separating the plasma membranes
90
Hemidesmosome
involves attachment of a cell to an adjacent noncellular surface.
e.g. gingival epithelium or junctional epithelium
91
Tight junctions aka zonula occludens aka occluding junctions
plasma membranes of neighboring cells are tightly pressed against each other, this forms a continuous seal around the seal. Prevents leakage.
92
Gap junctions aka communicating junctions
Small channels that form direct intercellular connections through which small molecules and ions can flow. Each gap junction is formed by transmembrane proteins called connexins.
93
Adherens junction aka zonula adherens
Provide strong mechanical attachments between adjacent cells. Composed of cadherins (connected to actin filaments). Serve as a bridge connecting actin cytoskeleton of neighboring cells through direct interaction.
94
Cartilage can grow in 2 ways
1. interstitial growth
| 2. appositional growth
95
interstitial growth
growth from deep within the tissue by mitosis of each chondrocyte
96
appositional growth
layered growth on the outside of tissue from the outer layer of chondroblasts within perichondrium.
Increases bone girth by apposition of new bone subperiosteally.
97
Meissner corpuscle
tactile sensation
98
Ruffini corpuscle
tactile senation. e.g. skin stretch
99
pacinian corpuscle
around nerve to reduce sensitivity
100
Superior cervical ganglion stretches from
C1 to C2/C3
101
Superior cervical ganglion para or sym response
sympathetic
102
middle cervical ganglion located level of
the cricoid cartilage
103
inferior cervical gangion occurs at the
C7 vertebral level.
104
mesencephalic nucleus function
proprioception of the face (feeling of position of the muscles)
105
Main sensory nucleus aka chief nucleus aka pontine nucleus
discriminative touch of the face
106
Spinal nucleus
pain/temperature of the face
107
motor nucleus
supplies muscles of the 1st branchial arch
108
2 types of cementum
Acellular (primary cementum)
| Cellular (secondary cementum)
109
Acellular cementum
```
formed at slow rate
no embedded cemtocytes
usu. at coronal 2/3
thinnest at CEJ
Sharpey fiber
```
110
Cellular cementum
covers acellular cementum
faster rate
embedded cementoblasts
us. apical 1/3
111
Dental papilla-->
dentin by odontoblasts and pulp tissue
112
dental sac -->
cementum by cementoblasts
113
mesoderm of tooth-->
alveolar bone by osteoclasts
114
Enamel germ layer?
ectodermal
115
Enamel organic matrix
mainly of protein, which is rich in proline
116
enamel tufts
hypocalcified structures of enamel rods from DEJ
117
enamel spindles
short dentinal tubules near DEJ.
118
enamel lamellae
partially calcified vertical defects
119
gnarled enamel
over the cusps of teeth enamel rods appear twisted around each other in complex arrangement.
120
Structure resp. for root development
cervical loop
121
Hertwig sheath derived from
inner and outer enamel epithelium of the enamel organ.
122
Outer enamel epi
forms periphery of enamel organ.
| Outlines shape of the future developing enamel organ
123
Inner enamel epithelium
Differentiates into ameloblasts that secrete enamel
124
stratum intermedium
essential to enamel formation (prepares nutrients for the ameloblasts)
125
Stellate reticulum
Star-shaped cells
| Contains intercellular fluid
126
the epithelial rests of malassez are remnants of
hertwig epithelial root sheath
127
purpose of hertwig epithelial root sheath is to
shape the root and induce dentin formation.
128
Hertwig epithelial root sheath is characterized by
formation of cell rests (rests of malassez)
| absence of stellate reticulum and stratum intermedium
129
Dentin matrix composed of
Collagen Type I
DMP
Phosphophoryn
130
transverse temporal gyrus
primary auditory cortex
131
cingulate gyrus
emotional processing/memory
132
Uncus
primary olfactory cortex (smell)
133
Precentral gyrus
conscious motor control
134
H zone
thick filaments only
135
A zone
thick and think filaments overlap
136
I band
thin filaments
137
epithalamaus
contains pineal gland which secretes melatonin and the choroid plexus which forms CSF
138
thin filaments
troponin, tropomyosin, actin
139
thick filaments
light and heavy meromyosin
140
temporomandibular ligament
runs down and back of oblique direction limiting degree of jaw opening and initiates translation of the condyle down the aritcular eminence.
141
lymph drainage-middle part of the tongue
deep cervical chain lymph nodes
142
lymph drainage-posterior part of the tongue
retropharyngeal lymph node
143
Cervical plexus
C1-C4
Provides cutaneous innervation to skin of neck, shoulder, upper anterior chest wall.
Have 3 nerve branches-anasa cervicalis, phrinic nerve, great auricular nerve
144
Ansa cervicalis
C1-C3
| Supplies infrahyoid muscles except thyrohoid which is supplied by by C1 fibers which run with CN XII
145
Phrenic nerve
C3-C5
| supplies the diaphragm
146
Great auricular nerve
C2 and C3
| Provides sensory innervation for skin over parotid gland and mastoid process, and both surfaces of outer ear.
147
Brachial plexus
C5-C8 and T1
formed in posteror triangle of neck
Has 3 cords: posterior, lateral, medial
148
Lumbar plexus
L1-L4
formed in psoas major muscle, the lumbar plexus supplies lower abdomen and parts of the lower limb.
Main branches are femoral and obturator nerves
149
Sacral plexus
L4-L5 and S1-S4
Supplies lower back, pelvis, parts of thigh, leg and food.
Main branch is sciatic.
150
Sensory nerve fibers in dental pulp, smallest to largest dameter
C-fibers, A-delta, A-beta fibers
151
A-delta fibers
myelinated
"first pain signal"
pain to temperature
small diameter
152
C-(nerve)fibers
```
unmyelinated
"second pain"
pain, temperature, itch
polynodal because respond to several stimuli such as muchanical, chemical or thermal stimulation to pulp.
small diameter
```
153
Parietal lobe ass. with processing
tacile sensory information such as pressure, touch, pain
intelligence
language
reading
sensation
154
Frontal lob ass. with
```
thinking
behaviour
intelligence
memory
movement
```
155
Temporal lobe ass with
behaviour
hearing speech
vision
memory
156
Occipital lobe ass. with
vision
157
Dendrites send an impulse where?
toward the cell body
158
Axons send the impulse where?
away from cell body
159
diencephalon includes what 2 structures
thalamus
| hypothalamus
160
gray matter
unmyelinated nerve cell bodies
161
white matter
myelinated nerve fibers
162
ventricles
spaces filled with CSF
163
Astrocyte
provide structural supposrt
164
PNS cell types
satellite cells-support cell bodies
| Schwann cells-form myelin
165
Celiac trunk branches into
splenic
L gastic
common hepatic
166
Pernicious anemia due to
body can't absorb Vitamin B12 due to weakened stomach lining or autoimmune disease.
167
Aplastic anemia
Damage to bone marrow, can't make enough new blood cells.
168
Hemolytic anemia
due to hemolysis, abnormal breakdown of RBC>
169
In adrenergic receptors, most postganglionic sympathic synapses have what as NT?
NE
Everything else Ach
170
The esophagus _____ the diaphragm, while the aorta, azygos vein, and thoracic duct _____to it.
passes through; pass posterior
171
External intercostal muscles and subcostal muscles
raise the ribs during inspiration.
172
Internal intercostal muscles
depress the ribs during expiration.
| Mainly active during forced respiration.
173
Above superior pharyngeal constrictor
auditory tube
levator palatini muscle
ascending palatine artery
174
Between superior and middle constrictors
stylopharyngeus muscle
glossopharyngeal nerve
stylohyoid ligament
SS9
175
Between middle and inferior constrictors
Internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve
| superior laryngeal artery
176
Below inferior constrictor
reccurent laryngeal nerve
| inferior laryngeal artery
177
Right lateral excursive movements involves what muscle as prime mover?
left lateral pterygoid
178
With condylar neck fracture, muscle contractions might result in displacement of the injured condyle into the
infratemporal fossa
179
Filiform
```
Most numerous
"V" shapedparalleling sulcus terminalis on ant. 2/3
absence of taste buds
increased keratinization
Serve to grip food.
```
Trick: I ain't got no taste for phili
180
Fungiform
mushroom/knob-shaped
tip and sides of tongue
CN VII
181
Circumvallate
Largest but fest in number (7-12)
inversited V shape
ass. with ducts of Von Ebner glands
CN IX
182
Foliate
lateral margins as 2-3 vertical folds
Inn. by CN 7 and 9
Trick: exfoliate sides of body
183
Plummer-Vinson syndrome
esophageal webs, glossitis, iron deficiency anemia.
Usu. in postmenopausal women.
184
Intramembranous grows by
appositional growth only
In flat bones of skill, mx, clavicles.
does not require the existence of a cartilage bone model
185
Endochondral ossification
began as hyaline cartilage before it ossifies.
Bones at base of the skill, condyles, mn, short and long bones
both appositional and intersitital growth.
186
Osteoblasts derived from
fibroblastarthros
187
Osteoclast derived from
monocytes and mactophages
188
Osteoid vs. bone
Osteoid does not have mineralized matrix and has more water content.
189
diarthroses
freely (synoval joint)
e.g. tmj
190
synathrosis
immovable joint (fibrous joint)
ex. gomphosis-bind teeth to bony sockets, sutures of the skull, syndesmoses (btw radius and ulna).
191
Amphiarthrosis
slightly movable (cartilaginous joint)
e.g. pubic symphysis
synchondrosis-united by hyaline and permit no movement but growth in length of bone=epiphyseal cartilage eplate. sternum
symphyses-joined by plated of fibrocarilage and slighly movable-pubic symphysis and intervertebral disc.
192
Nodding yes using what joint
atlanto-occipital joint
193
Nodding no using what joint
atlantoaxial joint
194
2 types of muscle fibers
extrafusal fibers
| intrafusal fibers
195
2 types of intrafusal fibers
Nuclear bag fibers: detect fast dynamic changes, innervated by group la afferents, larger than nuclear chain, nuclei in a central "bag" region
Nuclear chain fibers-detet static changes, innervated by slower group II afferents, smaller and more numerous than bag fibers and have nuclei arranged in rows.
196
trachea histology
ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium and mucus-secreting goblet cells.
197
Type I pneumocytes
gas exchange in alveoli
198
Type II pneumocytes
production and section of surfactant
199
alveolar macrphages
or dust cells, type of macrophags found in pulmonary alveolus.
200
plicae circulares aka valves of Kerckring found in
jejunum
201
Foregut
anything above proximal duodemun and includes spleen
arterial supply:celiac trunk
para inn: vagus
venous drainage: hepatic portal system
202
Midgut
all small intestine, some of colon
arterial supply: superior mesenteric artery
venous drainage: hepatic portal system
para inn: vagus
203
Hindgut
colon, sigmoid colon, rectum
arterial supply: inferior mesenteric artery
venous drainage: hepatic portal system
para inn: S2-S4
