Anatomic Sciences Flashcards
Germ layer of parotid gland
ectoderm
Germ layer of sublingual and submandibular salivary glands derived from
endoderm
Developmental defect derviced from first branchial arch
mandibulofacial dysostosis
DiGeorge syndrome
congenital malformation caused by underdevelopment of 3rd and 4th branchial pouches leading to absence or hypoplasia of the parathyroid glands.
Pts usu. have congenital heart defects and comprised immunity.
hypoplasia
underdevelopment of a tissue or organ
first endocrine gland to appear in embryonic dev. and develops from endoerm invaded by mesenchymal cells
thyroid gland
Primary palate formation or median palatal process:
intermaxillary segment arises as a result of fusion of the two medial nasal processes + frontonasal
Secondary palate formation or lateral palatal process:
maxillary process give rise to two palatal shelves.
Give rise to posterior 2/3 of hard palate.
Neuroectoderm (Neural Tube) Derivatives
CNS Astrocytes Neurophypophysis Pineal gland Retina and optic nerve Oligodendrocytes
Neural Crest Cell Derivatives
Meninges Adrenal medulla Pigment cells Pharyngeal arch carilage ENdocardial cushions Ganglia Schwann cells Parafollicular C cells
Ectoderm
Nails Inner ear Outer ear lens of eye epidermis adenohypophysis hair enamel of teeth mammary glands anal canal below pecinate line parotid gland
Mesoderm derivatives
Heart Blood Dermis Muscles Vessels Adrenal cortex Dura mater bone spleen kidney and ureter
Endodermal derivatives
GI tract: foregut, midgut, hindgut Lung Liver Pancreas Thymus Thyroid Parathyroid Submandibular and sublingual glands Middle ear Auditory tube
Kartagener syndrome
Immotile cilia syndrome.
Characterized by recurrent upper and lower respiratory tract infections.
Golgi apparatus function is two-fold:
- modification of lipids and proteins–glycoproteins are assembled for extracellular use.
- storage and packaging of materials that will be exported from the cell. –“shipping department”
O-linked glycosylations occur in
golgi apparatus
N-linked glycosylations occur in
ER
Lysosomes contain a wide variety of?
glycoprotein hydrolytic enzymes
axoneme
core scaffold of euk. cilia and flagella, made from MT.
Serves as the “skeleton”of these organelles.
“9+2” arrangement= 9 pairs of doublet MT
Cell structures that lack membranes
ribosomes
cytoskeleton
nucleolus
cell structures resp. for steroid hormones
ER
cell structures playing essential role in formation of ribosomes
Nucleolus
Kupffer
specialized macrophage located in the liver. Line the sinusoids and cunction to remove bacteria and toxins that have entered blood through intestinal capillaries.
osteoclasts
specialized macrophage located in the bone; bone reabsorption
microglial
specialized macrophages located in the nervous system
fibroblast produces
collagen and reticular fibers
Leydig produces
testosterone
Sertoli produces
testicular fluid, androgen binding proteins (ABPs)and hormones like inhibin
Tooth germ (3)
enamel organ
dental papilla
dental follicle
enamel organ–>_____—> root form
Hertwig’s rooth sheath
enamel organ—>inner enamel epithelium–>____—>_____
ameloblasts—>enamel
Dental papilla—>_____—–>_____
undifferentiated mesenchymal cells fibroblasts—>pulp
dental follicle —->(3)
cementoblasts
fibroblasts—>PDL
osteoblasts–>alveolar bone
Protein factories of the cell
ribosomes
site of rRNA synthesis
nuceolus
The cytoplasm of osteoblasts appears to be basophilic via normal H&E stain due to the presence of large amounts of
Rough ER
Stained by basic dye (will appear blue or purple) is considered _____. E.g.?
basophilic; nuclues and rough ER due to high DNA/RNA content
Acidophilic is stained by acidic dye (red or pink) e.g.?
mitochondria, lysosome
Mitosis:
Requires _1__ division to complete the process.
Occurs in ___2___cells
The daughter cells have the __3__genetic information as the parent cell.
Crossing over btw c___4___occur
- one
- all somatic cells
- same (2n to 2n)
- does not
Meiosis:
Requires___1___divisions to complete the process
Occurs in ___2__
The daughter cells have ___3__the number of c as the parent cells
The daughter cells are genetically _4__ from the parent cell
Crossing over btw c ___ occur
- two
- germ cells only
- half (2n to n)
- different
- does
Simple Squamous Epi function? e.g.?
Function in gas exchange, lines blood vessels and various membranes
aorta
alveoli in lungs
Simple cuboidal epi function? e.g.?
carries on secretion and absorption
Collecting ducts, proximal, distal tubules of the kidneys
thyroid follicles
Simple columnar epi function?e.g?
Protection, secretion and absorption
small and large intestine, gallbladder, stomach
uterine epithelium
salivary gland striated ducts
internal lining of the majority of the tubular GI tract
Stratified squamous epi function? e.g.?
Protects underlying cells from environmental fluctuations
epidermis of the skin (keratinized)
esophagus
Stratified cuboidal epi e.g.?
Ducts of the sweat glands
Stratified columnar epi e.g.?
can have microvilli
large ducts of salivary glands
male urethra
Pseudostratified columnar epi e.g.
can have cilia and microvilli
upper respiratory tract
transitional epi function and e.g.?
Specialized to undergo distension; helps prevent urinary fluids from diffusing outwards
Bladder
Ureter
Parts of male reproductive system
3 layers of skin:
epidermis-avascular-5 layers
dermis-blood vessels provide nutrients to epidermis. Includes appendages of skin.
hypodermis/subdermis-subcutaneous fatty tissue-artery, vein, sweat gland, pressure receptor. Loose (areolar) CT and adipose tissue
5 layers of epidermis outer to inner
Stratum corneum-dead cells filled with keratin continuously shed and replaced. e.g. nails
Stratum lucidum-only in thick skin of palms and soles
Stratum granulosum-basophilic keratohyalin granules
Stratum spinosum-Dendritic cell (langerhans cells)
Stratum basale-cuboidal to columnra, site of conintuous cellular reproduction. Melanocytes . Least differentiated cells.
Bad Sprinters Get Leg Cramps
Dermis has what CT? and what else
Dense irregular CT
Sensory nerve endings
Tactile cells/Merkel cells (sense of light touch discrimination of shapes and textures) in what epidermis layer
stratum basale
Dermis 2 layers
Papillary- areolar CT-Loose CT-thin and less fibrous
Reticular layer-dense irregular CT-thick and fibrous
3 types of stratified squamous epi found in oral cavity
nonkeratinized > parakeratinized > orthokeratinized
nonkeratinized
selective barrier; acts as a cushion
ass. with lining mucosa (soft palate, buccal and labial mucosa, ventral surface of tongue)
orthokeratinized
masticatory mucosa (hard palate, attached gingiva, dorsal surface of tongue)
parakeratinized
masticatory mucosa
contain keratin and nuclei (unlike orthokeratinized)
2 layers of BM
basal layer
reticular lamina
Collagen Type I
bONE
Principal fiber of the PDL
Collagen Type II
carTWOilage
Collagen Type III
reTHREEicular
Collagen Type IV
Basement membrane (think floor-four)
BM 2 layers
- basal lamina-includes lamina lucida and densa
2. reticular lamina-collagen type III and reticular fibers
Cartilage is composed of cells called___ that are dispersed in a firm, gel-like groud substance called___.
chondrocytes (in depressions in the matrix called lacunae); matrix
Cartilage does or does not have blood vessels?
No blood vessels; gets its nutrients and blood supply through the perichondrium (exception articular cartilage at the synovial join)
3 types of cartilage
Hyaline
Fibrocartilage
Elastic
Hyaline cartilage
In epiphyseal plates, covers the articular surfaces of synovial joints.
Incapable of repair when fractured.
Collagen type II
Fibrocartilage
Found in disc within joints (e.g. TMJ, intervertebral discs, knee joint) and articular surfaces of the clavicle and mandible.
Collagen Type I
Elastic cartilage
Very flexible and found in auricle of ear, external auditory meatus, auditory tube, epiglottis.
Collagen Type II
The matrix is mainly composed of proteoglycans, which consist of ?
glycosaminoglycans and core protein.
Most common types of glycosaminoglycans are
chondroitin sulfate
keratan sulfate
Endochondral ossification- primary ossification responsible for
diaphyses of long bones, short bones, irregular bones
Endochondral ossification-secondary ossification responsible for
epiphyses of long bones and extremities of irregular and flat bones.
Metaphysis separates
diaphyses and epiphyses of long bones until adulthood, when they fuse.
Heterotopic ossification
oformation of bone outside the skeleton.
Disease: myositis ossificans
Endochondral ossification
occurs in long bones, such as limbs; the bone is formed from cartilage.
Increases bone length by continued intersitital growth of cartilage which is then replaced by bone.
e.g. mandible- condyles are formed by endo oss.
Intramembranous ossification
mainly occurs during formation of flat bones of the skull; bone is formed from mesenchyme tissue
e.g. maxilla, frontal bone, clavicles
collagen fibers provide
tensiile strength
ground substance provide
compressive strength
Hyaline cartilage is in fetal skeleton. In adults, remnants are:
articular cartilage-in moveable joints
costal cariltage-sternal ends of the ribs
respiratory carilages-movable external nose and septum, larynx, trachea.
Aponeuroses
are flat fibrous sheets or expanded broad tendons that attach to muscles and serve as the means of origin or insertion of flat muscle.
Fascia secures
muscle to a tendon
Sharpey fibers
when a tendon or ligament is attached to the bone, the attaching fibers are called sharpey fibers.
Essential components of CT
Ground substance (proteoglycans-with GAGS and protein core)
fibers
cells
CT 2 types
Loose
Dense-regular and irregular
Loose CT (areolar)
irregular or loose arrangements and few fibers.
In papillary dermis
Dense regular CT
regular arrangements, tightly packed, strong, parallel collagen fibers.
e.g. tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses, fascia, cornea
Dense irregular CT
tightly packed, strong collagen fibers arranged in an inconsistent or irregular pattern.
Found in dermis (reticular layer), submucosa of GI tract, organ capsules, periosteum
Desmosomes aka anchoring junction
fasten cells together into strong sheets and attach muscle cells to each other in a muscle. Leave a space separating the plasma membranes
Hemidesmosome
involves attachment of a cell to an adjacent noncellular surface.
e.g. gingival epithelium or junctional epithelium
Tight junctions aka zonula occludens aka occluding junctions
plasma membranes of neighboring cells are tightly pressed against each other, this forms a continuous seal around the seal. Prevents leakage.
Gap junctions aka communicating junctions
Small channels that form direct intercellular connections through which small molecules and ions can flow. Each gap junction is formed by transmembrane proteins called connexins.
Adherens junction aka zonula adherens
Provide strong mechanical attachments between adjacent cells. Composed of cadherins (connected to actin filaments). Serve as a bridge connecting actin cytoskeleton of neighboring cells through direct interaction.
Cartilage can grow in 2 ways
- interstitial growth
2. appositional growth
interstitial growth
growth from deep within the tissue by mitosis of each chondrocyte
appositional growth
layered growth on the outside of tissue from the outer layer of chondroblasts within perichondrium.
Increases bone girth by apposition of new bone subperiosteally.
Meissner corpuscle
tactile sensation
Ruffini corpuscle
tactile senation. e.g. skin stretch
pacinian corpuscle
around nerve to reduce sensitivity
Superior cervical ganglion stretches from
C1 to C2/C3
Superior cervical ganglion para or sym response
sympathetic
middle cervical ganglion located level of
the cricoid cartilage
inferior cervical gangion occurs at the
C7 vertebral level.
mesencephalic nucleus function
proprioception of the face (feeling of position of the muscles)
Main sensory nucleus aka chief nucleus aka pontine nucleus
discriminative touch of the face
Spinal nucleus
pain/temperature of the face
motor nucleus
supplies muscles of the 1st branchial arch
2 types of cementum
Acellular (primary cementum)
Cellular (secondary cementum)
Acellular cementum
formed at slow rate no embedded cemtocytes usu. at coronal 2/3 thinnest at CEJ Sharpey fiber
Cellular cementum
covers acellular cementum
faster rate
embedded cementoblasts
us. apical 1/3
Dental papilla–>
dentin by odontoblasts and pulp tissue
dental sac –>
cementum by cementoblasts
mesoderm of tooth–>
alveolar bone by osteoclasts
Enamel germ layer?
ectodermal
Enamel organic matrix
mainly of protein, which is rich in proline
enamel tufts
hypocalcified structures of enamel rods from DEJ
enamel spindles
short dentinal tubules near DEJ.
enamel lamellae
partially calcified vertical defects
gnarled enamel
over the cusps of teeth enamel rods appear twisted around each other in complex arrangement.
Structure resp. for root development
cervical loop
Hertwig sheath derived from
inner and outer enamel epithelium of the enamel organ.
Outer enamel epi
forms periphery of enamel organ.
Outlines shape of the future developing enamel organ
Inner enamel epithelium
Differentiates into ameloblasts that secrete enamel
stratum intermedium
essential to enamel formation (prepares nutrients for the ameloblasts)
Stellate reticulum
Star-shaped cells
Contains intercellular fluid
the epithelial rests of malassez are remnants of
hertwig epithelial root sheath
purpose of hertwig epithelial root sheath is to
shape the root and induce dentin formation.
Hertwig epithelial root sheath is characterized by
formation of cell rests (rests of malassez)
absence of stellate reticulum and stratum intermedium
Dentin matrix composed of
Collagen Type I
DMP
Phosphophoryn
transverse temporal gyrus
primary auditory cortex
cingulate gyrus
emotional processing/memory
Uncus
primary olfactory cortex (smell)
Precentral gyrus
conscious motor control
H zone
thick filaments only
A zone
thick and think filaments overlap
I band
thin filaments
epithalamaus
contains pineal gland which secretes melatonin and the choroid plexus which forms CSF
thin filaments
troponin, tropomyosin, actin
thick filaments
light and heavy meromyosin
temporomandibular ligament
runs down and back of oblique direction limiting degree of jaw opening and initiates translation of the condyle down the aritcular eminence.
lymph drainage-middle part of the tongue
deep cervical chain lymph nodes
lymph drainage-posterior part of the tongue
retropharyngeal lymph node
Cervical plexus
C1-C4
Provides cutaneous innervation to skin of neck, shoulder, upper anterior chest wall.
Have 3 nerve branches-anasa cervicalis, phrinic nerve, great auricular nerve
Ansa cervicalis
C1-C3
Supplies infrahyoid muscles except thyrohoid which is supplied by by C1 fibers which run with CN XII
Phrenic nerve
C3-C5
supplies the diaphragm
Great auricular nerve
C2 and C3
Provides sensory innervation for skin over parotid gland and mastoid process, and both surfaces of outer ear.
Brachial plexus
C5-C8 and T1
formed in posteror triangle of neck
Has 3 cords: posterior, lateral, medial
Lumbar plexus
L1-L4
formed in psoas major muscle, the lumbar plexus supplies lower abdomen and parts of the lower limb.
Main branches are femoral and obturator nerves
Sacral plexus
L4-L5 and S1-S4
Supplies lower back, pelvis, parts of thigh, leg and food.
Main branch is sciatic.
Sensory nerve fibers in dental pulp, smallest to largest dameter
C-fibers, A-delta, A-beta fibers
A-delta fibers
myelinated
“first pain signal”
pain to temperature
small diameter
C-(nerve)fibers
unmyelinated "second pain" pain, temperature, itch polynodal because respond to several stimuli such as muchanical, chemical or thermal stimulation to pulp. small diameter
Parietal lobe ass. with processing
tacile sensory information such as pressure, touch, pain
intelligence
language
reading
sensation
Frontal lob ass. with
thinking behaviour intelligence memory movement
Temporal lobe ass with
behaviour
hearing speech
vision
memory
Occipital lobe ass. with
vision
Dendrites send an impulse where?
toward the cell body
Axons send the impulse where?
away from cell body
diencephalon includes what 2 structures
thalamus
hypothalamus
gray matter
unmyelinated nerve cell bodies
white matter
myelinated nerve fibers
ventricles
spaces filled with CSF
Astrocyte
provide structural supposrt
PNS cell types
satellite cells-support cell bodies
Schwann cells-form myelin
Celiac trunk branches into
splenic
L gastic
common hepatic
Pernicious anemia due to
body can’t absorb Vitamin B12 due to weakened stomach lining or autoimmune disease.
Aplastic anemia
Damage to bone marrow, can’t make enough new blood cells.
Hemolytic anemia
due to hemolysis, abnormal breakdown of RBC>
In adrenergic receptors, most postganglionic sympathic synapses have what as NT?
NE
Everything else Ach
The esophagus _____ the diaphragm, while the aorta, azygos vein, and thoracic duct _____to it.
passes through; pass posterior
External intercostal muscles and subcostal muscles
raise the ribs during inspiration.
Internal intercostal muscles
depress the ribs during expiration.
Mainly active during forced respiration.
Above superior pharyngeal constrictor
auditory tube
levator palatini muscle
ascending palatine artery
Between superior and middle constrictors
stylopharyngeus muscle
glossopharyngeal nerve
stylohyoid ligament
SS9
Between middle and inferior constrictors
Internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve
superior laryngeal artery
Below inferior constrictor
reccurent laryngeal nerve
inferior laryngeal artery
Right lateral excursive movements involves what muscle as prime mover?
left lateral pterygoid
With condylar neck fracture, muscle contractions might result in displacement of the injured condyle into the
infratemporal fossa
Filiform
Most numerous "V" shapedparalleling sulcus terminalis on ant. 2/3 absence of taste buds increased keratinization Serve to grip food.
Trick: I ain’t got no taste for phili
Fungiform
mushroom/knob-shaped
tip and sides of tongue
CN VII
Circumvallate
Largest but fest in number (7-12)
inversited V shape
ass. with ducts of Von Ebner glands
CN IX
Foliate
lateral margins as 2-3 vertical folds
Inn. by CN 7 and 9
Trick: exfoliate sides of body
Plummer-Vinson syndrome
esophageal webs, glossitis, iron deficiency anemia.
Usu. in postmenopausal women.
Intramembranous grows by
appositional growth only
In flat bones of skill, mx, clavicles.
does not require the existence of a cartilage bone model
Endochondral ossification
began as hyaline cartilage before it ossifies.
Bones at base of the skill, condyles, mn, short and long bones
both appositional and intersitital growth.
Osteoblasts derived from
fibroblastarthros
Osteoclast derived from
monocytes and mactophages
Osteoid vs. bone
Osteoid does not have mineralized matrix and has more water content.
diarthroses
freely (synoval joint)
e.g. tmj
synathrosis
immovable joint (fibrous joint)
ex. gomphosis-bind teeth to bony sockets, sutures of the skull, syndesmoses (btw radius and ulna).
Amphiarthrosis
slightly movable (cartilaginous joint)
e.g. pubic symphysis
synchondrosis-united by hyaline and permit no movement but growth in length of bone=epiphyseal cartilage eplate. sternum
symphyses-joined by plated of fibrocarilage and slighly movable-pubic symphysis and intervertebral disc.
Nodding yes using what joint
atlanto-occipital joint
Nodding no using what joint
atlantoaxial joint
2 types of muscle fibers
extrafusal fibers
intrafusal fibers
2 types of intrafusal fibers
Nuclear bag fibers: detect fast dynamic changes, innervated by group la afferents, larger than nuclear chain, nuclei in a central “bag” region
Nuclear chain fibers-detet static changes, innervated by slower group II afferents, smaller and more numerous than bag fibers and have nuclei arranged in rows.
trachea histology
ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium and mucus-secreting goblet cells.
Type I pneumocytes
gas exchange in alveoli
Type II pneumocytes
production and section of surfactant
alveolar macrphages
or dust cells, type of macrophags found in pulmonary alveolus.
plicae circulares aka valves of Kerckring found in
jejunum
Foregut
anything above proximal duodemun and includes spleen
arterial supply:celiac trunk
para inn: vagus
venous drainage: hepatic portal system
Midgut
all small intestine, some of colon
arterial supply: superior mesenteric artery
venous drainage: hepatic portal system
para inn: vagus
Hindgut
colon, sigmoid colon, rectum
arterial supply: inferior mesenteric artery
venous drainage: hepatic portal system
para inn: S2-S4
