Microbiology Lecture 1 Flashcards
microbes
- minute creatures
- less than 1/2 a mm in size
- not visible to naked eye
ubiquitous
they are everywhere
- microbes
- they are in air, water, soil, inside us
normal flora
- under normal conditions
- found in the gastrointestinal tract, genitourinary tract, respiratory tract, skin
- made up of microbes that are found in our bodies under normal conditions
benefits of microbes
- protect us from disease by suppressing growth of pathogens (normal flora)
- pathogens do not get enough nutrients bc nutrients are being used up by the normal flora
- E. coli in large intestine makes vitamin K used for blood clotting (part of normal flora)
microbes in aquatic environments
- filled with unicellular algae (bottom of food chain)
- food chain ex. unicellular algae > tiny fish > large fish > sharks
- all the organisms depend on unicellular algae
unicellular algae
- bottom of food chain
- live in aquatic environment
- autotrophs (use CO2 and water to make sugar and release O2 (Photosynthesis)
- 80% of O2 is from unicellular algae
soil microbes
- loaded with microbes
- recycle chemical elements
- decompose dead animals and plants
- breakdown cellulose and release CO2
- broken down cellulose is used by other plants
microbes in food
- used to make things like
- yogurt
- cheese
- bread
- yeast + flour = dough
rising dough
- yeast breaks down sugar in dough to release CO2 -> bubbles get trapped and cause expansion
- causes dough to rise
therapeutic substances
- genetic engineering is used to force E. coli to make human insulin
- utilizing microbes
bioremediation
-microbe are used to clean up chemical pollutants (oil spills) in the environment
insecticide
- BT toxin is sprayed on plants (utilize microbes)
- kills insects
sewage treatment
breakdown organic matter to produce methane
harmful aspects of microbes
- cause disease like tuberculosis & lyme disease
- cause spoilage of food products (microbes break down sugar (lactose) and release acids)
history of microbiology
- 1665- Robert hooke- plant materials (leaves and stems) little boxes called cells (not microbes)
- 1673-1723- anton van leeuwenhoek observe microbes under the microscope
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
- used rain water, scraping from his teeth to observe
- he saw microbe animalcules (different shapes floating around)
- circular, rod, spiral
spontaneous generation theory
- life could arise from nonliving matter
- ex. decaying meat can give birth to maggots
Francesco Redi
- tried to disprove spontaneous generation theory
- he put decaying meat in open and closed jars
- the closed jars didnt have maggots while the open had maggots
- repeats experiment with fresh air
John Needham
- heated broth and poured into containers -> few days later -> microbes were found in broth
- people believed the broth gave birth to the microbes but the air born microbes contaminated broth
spallanzani
- poured broth and sealed the containers -> then he heat it up -> this killed all the microbes after it was sealed
- no microbes arose
theory of biogenesis
- rudolph virchow
- life could arise only from pre-existing living cells
Disproving spontaneous generation theory
- louis pasteur- father of microbiology
- 1861
- took a flask with a long neck and added broth -> bent the neck of the flask into an S shaped curve leaving the flask open (fresh air) -> heat broth -> microbes did not show up
- microbes got stuck in the curve of the neck like a filter
- successfully disproves the spontaneous generation theory
louis pasteur discoveries
- father of microbiology due to proving the spontaneous generation theory wrong
- microbes are ubiquitous
- foundation for the aseptic procedure used in the lab to prevent contamination
- fermentation -> yeast converted sugars to alcohol and CO2 in absence of O2
- pasteurization -> beverages such as milk are heated enough to kill microbes without destroying the flavor (doesnt kill ALL microbes) -> prevents diseases from spreading from food
germ theory of disease
- belief microbes could cause diseases
- once fermentation was discovered they realized microbes cause changes in the body -> disease
- 1860s- Joseph lister treated surgical wounds with disinfectant
- 1876- robert koch proved germ theory of disease
- animals were dying of disease