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Microbiology > Microbiology Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Microbiology Lecture 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

microbes

A
  • minute creatures
  • less than 1/2 a mm in size
  • not visible to naked eye
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2
Q

ubiquitous

A

they are everywhere

  • microbes
  • they are in air, water, soil, inside us
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3
Q

normal flora

A
  • under normal conditions
  • found in the gastrointestinal tract, genitourinary tract, respiratory tract, skin
  • made up of microbes that are found in our bodies under normal conditions
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4
Q

benefits of microbes

A
  • protect us from disease by suppressing growth of pathogens (normal flora)
  • pathogens do not get enough nutrients bc nutrients are being used up by the normal flora
  • E. coli in large intestine makes vitamin K used for blood clotting (part of normal flora)
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5
Q

microbes in aquatic environments

A
  • filled with unicellular algae (bottom of food chain)
  • food chain ex. unicellular algae > tiny fish > large fish > sharks
  • all the organisms depend on unicellular algae
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6
Q

unicellular algae

A
  • bottom of food chain
  • live in aquatic environment
  • autotrophs (use CO2 and water to make sugar and release O2 (Photosynthesis)
  • 80% of O2 is from unicellular algae
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7
Q

soil microbes

A
  • loaded with microbes
  • recycle chemical elements
  • decompose dead animals and plants
  • breakdown cellulose and release CO2
  • broken down cellulose is used by other plants
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8
Q

microbes in food

A
  • used to make things like
  • yogurt
  • cheese
  • bread
  • yeast + flour = dough
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9
Q

rising dough

A
  • yeast breaks down sugar in dough to release CO2 -> bubbles get trapped and cause expansion
  • causes dough to rise
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10
Q

therapeutic substances

A
  • genetic engineering is used to force E. coli to make human insulin
  • utilizing microbes
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11
Q

bioremediation

A

-microbe are used to clean up chemical pollutants (oil spills) in the environment

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12
Q

insecticide

A
  • BT toxin is sprayed on plants (utilize microbes)

- kills insects

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13
Q

sewage treatment

A

breakdown organic matter to produce methane

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14
Q

harmful aspects of microbes

A
  • cause disease like tuberculosis & lyme disease

- cause spoilage of food products (microbes break down sugar (lactose) and release acids)

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15
Q

history of microbiology

A
  • 1665- Robert hooke- plant materials (leaves and stems) little boxes called cells (not microbes)
  • 1673-1723- anton van leeuwenhoek observe microbes under the microscope
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16
Q

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

A
  • used rain water, scraping from his teeth to observe
  • he saw microbe animalcules (different shapes floating around)
  • circular, rod, spiral
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17
Q

spontaneous generation theory

A
  • life could arise from nonliving matter

- ex. decaying meat can give birth to maggots

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18
Q

Francesco Redi

A
  • tried to disprove spontaneous generation theory
  • he put decaying meat in open and closed jars
  • the closed jars didnt have maggots while the open had maggots
  • repeats experiment with fresh air
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19
Q

John Needham

A
  • heated broth and poured into containers -> few days later -> microbes were found in broth
  • people believed the broth gave birth to the microbes but the air born microbes contaminated broth
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20
Q

spallanzani

A
  • poured broth and sealed the containers -> then he heat it up -> this killed all the microbes after it was sealed
  • no microbes arose
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21
Q

theory of biogenesis

A
  • rudolph virchow

- life could arise only from pre-existing living cells

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22
Q

Disproving spontaneous generation theory

A
  • louis pasteur- father of microbiology
  • 1861
  • took a flask with a long neck and added broth -> bent the neck of the flask into an S shaped curve leaving the flask open (fresh air) -> heat broth -> microbes did not show up
  • microbes got stuck in the curve of the neck like a filter
  • successfully disproves the spontaneous generation theory
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23
Q

louis pasteur discoveries

A
  • father of microbiology due to proving the spontaneous generation theory wrong
  • microbes are ubiquitous
  • foundation for the aseptic procedure used in the lab to prevent contamination
  • fermentation -> yeast converted sugars to alcohol and CO2 in absence of O2
  • pasteurization -> beverages such as milk are heated enough to kill microbes without destroying the flavor (doesnt kill ALL microbes) -> prevents diseases from spreading from food
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24
Q

germ theory of disease

A
  • belief microbes could cause diseases
  • once fermentation was discovered they realized microbes cause changes in the body -> disease
  • 1860s- Joseph lister treated surgical wounds with disinfectant
  • 1876- robert koch proved germ theory of disease
  • animals were dying of disease
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25
Q

Robert Koch- Germ theory of disease

A
  • drew blood from animals that died of disease
  • isolated rod shaped bacterium (isolate #1)
  • grew that bacteria in lab and obtained pure culture of bacterium
  • injected bacterium into healthy animals
  • healthy animals soon became sick and died
  • isolated rod shaped bacteria in these animals (isolate #2)
  • isolate #2 came from experimental animals while #1 came from nature
  • isolates were identical proving that is was the cause of the disease
  • bacterium was identified to be bacillus anthracis (anthrax)
  • steps are known as Kochs postulates - identifies the determinant of a disease
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26
Q

Kochs postulates

A
  • used to determine causative agent of mysterious infectious disease
  • isolates bacterium from animals sick in nature
  • injects into health animals
  • compare the isolates
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27
Q

penicillin

A
  • toxic to bacteria but not human cells

- 1928- alexander fleming

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28
Q

naming organisms

A
  • 1735- carolus linnaeus
  • genus and species
  • latin
  • binomial
  • describes the organism or honors a scientist
  • underlined or italiced
  • capitalize the genus and not the genus
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29
Q

Staphylococcus aureus

A
  • part of the normal flora of the skin
  • genus- Staphylococcus (staphylo-cluster, coccus- circular)
  • species- aureus (golden brown)
  • exists in golden brown circular clusters
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30
Q

Escherichia coli

A
  • E. coli
  • genus- Escherichia (honors the scientist)
  • species- coli
  • normal flora in large intestine
  • not all E. coli is good (producing vitamins) -> some are pathogens
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31
Q

diversity of microorganisms

A
  • bacteria- prokaryotic
  • pre-nucleus- DNA is NOT surrounded by a membrane (no nucleus)
  • unicellular
  • heterotroph- get energy from organic molecules
  • cells walls made of peptidoglycan
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32
Q

fungi

A

yeasts and molds

  • eukaryotic
  • unicellular/multicellular (most multi)
  • ALL are heterotrophs
  • cells walls are made of chitin
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33
Q

eukaryotic

A

true nucleus

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34
Q

protozoa

A
  • eukaryotic
  • unicellular
  • heterotrophs
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35
Q

algae

A
  • eukaryotic
  • unicellular/multicellular
  • ALL autotrophs- photosynthesize
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36
Q

virus

A
  • acellular
  • not made up of cells (no plasma membrane, no organelles, no cytoplasm)
  • they do have DNA or RNA
  • obligate intracellular parasites (need a host cell to reproduce)
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37
Q

helminths

A
  • worms
  • multicellular
  • they are not microscopic but their eggs are
  • eggs can be observed under a microscope in spit when a person is infected
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38
Q

classification of organisms

A
  • 1969-robert whittaker classifies organisms
  • 5 kingdom system
  • based on:
  • cell type- prokaryotic/eukaryotic
  • cellular organization- unicellular/multicellular
  • nutritional requirements- photosynthetic/nonphotosynthetic
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39
Q

5 kindgoms

A
  • prokaryotae (monera)- prokaryotic ex. bacteria
  • protista- protozoa ex. ameba
  • fungi- yeasts and molds
  • plant- ferns, trees, flowering plants
  • animal- worms, insects, vertebrates
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40
Q

3 domains

A
  • based on ribosomal RNA sequence

- archaea, bacteria, eukarya

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41
Q

archaea

A
  • prokaryotic
  • unusual -> extreme environments
  • salt lakes
  • dead sea
  • do not have peptidoglycan cell wall
  • cell walls are made of pseudomurein
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42
Q

bacteria domain

A
  • prokaryotic
  • normal flora
  • pathogens
  • most organisms have peptidoglycan cell walls
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43
Q

eukarya domain

A
  • all the eukaryotic organisms
  • protozoa
  • fungi
  • plants
  • animals
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44
Q

measurement of microbes

A
  • units- micrometers
  • 1000micrometers=1mm
  • length of bacteria- 2 um to 7 um
  • diameter of bacteria- .2um to 2 um
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45
Q

bright field microscope

A
  • common
  • field is bright (background)
  • cells are darker than the background
  • stain the cells (may cause damage)
  • aka- compound microscope
  • object is magnified by two separate lenses -> ocular and objective
  • total magnification
  • resolving power is .2um
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46
Q

total magnification

A

magnification by the objective lens X magnification by the ocular lens (10x)

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47
Q

resolving power

A
  • resolution

- clarity/sharpness of image

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48
Q

oil immersion

A
  • improves the resolving power
  • 100x lens aka oil immersion objective lens
  • add a drop of oil immersion on the slide before 100x
  • light bends away from the objective lens in the absence of oil immersion
  • oil immersion causes most of the light to go through the objective lens
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49
Q

dark field microscope

A
  • cells are not stained
  • if you do not want the cells to be damaged use this
  • field is dark but object is bright
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50
Q

Treponema pallidum

A
  • spirochete
  • causes syphilis
  • destroyed by staining
  • must use dark field microscope
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51
Q

phase contrast microscope

A
  • no staining

- used to see internal structures: organelles, endospores (bright oval structure)

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52
Q

fluorescent microscope

A
  • UV is light is used to illuminate the object
  • cells are stained with fluorescent dyes
  • Auramine O is used to stain Mycobacterium tuberculosis
  • cells show up as glowing yellow objects against dark background
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53
Q

electron microscope

A
  • transmission electron microscope (TEM)
  • scanning electron microscope (SEM)
  • beam of electron is used in place of light
  • cells are stained
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54
Q

transmission electron microscope (TEM)

A
  • thin sections of the specimen are obtained and placed on a copper mesh grid
  • magnifies object 10,000X to 100,000X
  • resolving power of .0025um
  • used to observe internal structures
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55
Q

scanning electron microscope (SEM)

A
  • used to observe structures found on the surface of microbes ex. flagella
  • magnifies the object 1000x to 10,000X
  • resolving power or .02um
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56
Q

staining

A
  • dyes are salts
  • used for bright field microscope
  • positive and negative ions: either basic or acidic
  • bacterial cell is negatively charged (its attracted to positive ion) -> ionic bond is formed between the cell and the stain
  • therefore basic dyes are used to stain bacterial cells
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57
Q

basic dye

A

positive ion has the color

  • methylene blue chloride
  • used to stain the cell
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58
Q

acidic dye

A
  • negative ion has the color
  • sodium eosinate
  • negative cells are repelled by negative ions -> this stains the background
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59
Q

nigrosin

A
  • acidic dye that is used
  • negative ion has the color
  • negative cell repels negative ion
  • background is black and cells are bright (similar to dark field)
  • negative staining
60
Q

simple staining

A

-basic dye is used to stain the cell to determine the shape and arrangement of cells

61
Q

gram staining

A
  • differential staining technique that uses a primary stain and secondary counterstain to distinguish gram + or - bacteria
  • places bacteria into 2 groups
  • gram positive and negative
  • most important staining bc it helps us identify unknown bacteria
  • based on the cell wall structure of the bacterial cell
62
Q

negative staining

A
  • uses an acidic dye
  • negative ion has the color
  • when an negative cell interacts with the acidic dye the background is dyed
  • improves the contrast -> we can see the arrangement and shape of the cells
63
Q

gram positive

A
  • do one set a biochemical tests on that bacteria to figure out the genus and species
  • show up purple
  • thick cell walls (peptidoglycan) -> helps hold on to the primary stain (crystal violet)
64
Q

gram negative

A
  • do completely different set of chemical tests to identify the bacteria
  • show up pink
  • thin cell wall (only 1 or 2 layers of peptidoglycan)
  • they have a outer membrane made up of lipids which is damaged by the alcohol used during gram staining -> causes primary stain to leak out and become colorless during gram staining acetone-alcohol step
65
Q

gram staining reagent

A
  • crystal violet- primary stain
  • iodine- mordant
  • alcohol-acetone- decolorizer
  • safranin- counterstain
66
Q

steps of gram staining

A
  1. first add crystal violet as a primary stain to bacterial specimen -> this stains both + and - cells purple or blue
  2. iodine, a mordant (strengthens the ionic bond btwn the bacterial cell and crystal violet), makes dye less soluble so it adheres to cell walls -> both + or - remain purple or blue
  3. acetone-alcohol (decolorizer) washed stain away from gram neg -> gram - cells become colorless while gram + remain purple or blue (differentiation step)
  4. Safranin (basic counterstain) allows dye adherance to gram-negative cells -> gram - cells turn pink while gram + remain purple or blue
67
Q

mordant

A
  • strengthens the ionic bond between the bacterial cell and crystal violet
  • iodine
68
Q

acid fast staining

A
  • differential staining
  • two genera are acid fast:
  • myobacterium and nocardia
  • they have waxy substance known as mycolic acid (complex lipid) in their cell walls
  • acid fast staining is used to identify these two bacterium (used for tuberculosis)
69
Q

reagents for acid fast staining

A
  • carbolfuchsin- primary stain
  • acid-alcohol- decolorizer
  • methylene blue- counterstain
  • acid-fast= red
  • nonacid-fast=blue
  • both start out red due to primary stain -> decolorizer -> nonacid-fast loses color -> counterstain -> nonacid-fast turns blue -> acid-fast stays red
70
Q

capsule staining

A
  • capsule is a gelatinous substance found around the cell wall
  • cannot be stained
  • not all bacteria has capsule
  • stain the background using nigrosin
  • stain the cell body with crystal violet
  • background is black
  • capsule shows up as a clear ring around the stained cell
  • capsule is not being stained
71
Q

endospores

A
  • 2 genera of bacteria that make endospores are bacillus and clostridium
  • endospores are resistant to hostile environmental conditions (heat, UV light, disinfectant, desiccation)
  • dormant stage of the cell
  • endospores are formed within the vegetative cell (active cell)
  • once formation is complete, endospores are released into environment
  • vegetative cells make endospores when the environment lacks nutrients
72
Q

endospore staining

A
  • malachite green- primary stain
  • water- decolorizer
  • safranin- counterstain
  • endospores=green
  • vegetative cells=pink
  • both vegetative and endospores pick up primary stain -> both turn green -> water decolorizes vegetative cells -> vegetative cells pick up counterstain (safranin) and turn pink -> endospores remain green
73
Q

eukaryotic cell

A

-true nucleus

74
Q

organelle

A

specialized structure with specific function

75
Q

cilia

A

filamentous structures on the surface of the cell

  • short and numerous
  • on some eukaryotes
  • if it has cilia there are many on the surface
  • help cell move
76
Q

flagella

A
  • filamentous structures
  • long and few
  • on some eukaryotes
  • if it does have it is usually one or two
  • help cell move
77
Q

cell walls

A
  • plant cells have cullulose cell wall
  • fungi have chitin cell wall
  • animal cells have no cell wall
78
Q

glycocalyx

A
  • sugar coat
  • made up of cardohydrates
  • found on surface of plasma membrane
  • protects the cell
  • animal cells have this
79
Q

plasma membrane

A
  • proteins, lipids and carbohydrates

- encloses cytoplasm

80
Q

cytoplasm

A

-has cytoskeleton

81
Q

cytoskeleton

A
  • made up of minute filaments that form a network within the cytoplasm
  • microfilaments
  • microtubules
  • intermediate filaments
  • involved in cytoplasmic streaming- cytoplasm circulates within the cell such that the nutrients are distributed throughout the cell
82
Q

cytoplasmic streaming

A

cytoplasm circulates within the cell such that the nutrients are distributed throughout the cell

83
Q

DNA

A
  • within the nucleus
  • chromatin is made up of DNA
  • packaged into nucleosomes
  • DNA is surrounded by the nuclear envelope (membrane)
84
Q

nuclear pores

A
  • molecules move in and out of the nucleus through these
  • DNA must be packaged into nucleosomes in order to move through
  • holes in the nuclear envelope
85
Q

nucleolus

A

-ribosomal RNA is being synthesized here

86
Q

histones

A
  • proteins
  • segments of DNA are wrapped around histone proteins
  • histone + DNA = nucleosome
87
Q

nucleosomes

A
  • segments of DNA are wrapped around histone proteins
  • these are packages
  • move through the nuclear pores
  • DNA + histone = nucleosome
88
Q

ER

A
  • made up of flat membrane sacs
  • make up network throughout cytoplasm
  • rough- ribosomes are attached to the surface & proteins are synthesized
  • smooth- no ribosomes attached- lipids are being synthesized
89
Q

ribosomes

A
  • free in the cytoplasm
  • show up as dots in a micrograph
  • attached to rough ER
  • made up of 2 subunits
  • each subunit is made up of proteins and ribosomal RNA
  • eukaryotic cells has 80s ribosome
  • larger and denser than prokaryotic ribosomes (which is 70s)
90
Q

golgi complex

A
  • made up of flat membrane sacs (4-6)
  • proteins and lipids made in the ER are transported into the golgi complex
  • modifies molecules
  • transports molecules to other parts of the cell once they are modified
  • ex. lipid is added to protein to make lipoprotein
91
Q

mitochondria

A
  • cellular respiration
  • makes ATP
  • power house of the cell
  • two membranes: outer (smooth) inner (folded)
  • innermost (matrix)- has enzymes needed for kreb cycle, 70S ribosomes, & has DNA*
  • folds: cristae
92
Q

cholorplast

A
  • found in plant cells
  • specialize in carrying out photosynthesis
  • has chlorophyll- green pigment
  • 2 membranes
  • thylakoids- membrane sacs that have the chlorophyll
  • has DNA and 70S ribosomes
93
Q

lysosomes

A
  • membrane bound vesicles
  • made up of membranes
  • membrane bags filled with digestive enzymes
  • white blood cells have a large # of lysosomes
  • specialize in destroying microbes
94
Q

vacuole

A
  • cavity surrounded by a membrane
  • plant cells have large water vacuole
  • when they are filled with water it makes the leaves and stems more rigid
95
Q

centriole

A
  • cylindrical structure
  • usually cell has 2
  • made up of proteins
  • associated with cell division
96
Q

helminths

A
  • worms
  • multicellular
  • eukaryotic
  • animal kingdom
  • do not have a well developed nervous system or digestive system
  • they do have a complex reproductive system
  • platyhelminthes (flatworms) and nematodes (round worms)
97
Q

platyhelminthes

A
  • trematodes (flukes)

- cestodes (tapeworms)

98
Q

trematodes

A
  • flukes
  • flat leaf like body
  • hermaphroditic- both male and female reproductive organs (testes and ovaries)
  • intermediate host- immature worm (larvae) lives here, asexual reproduction takes place here
  • definitive host- mature worm (adult) lives here, sexual reproduction takes place here
99
Q

paragoniumus westermani

A
  • lung fluke
  • bronchioles of infected humans and other animals
  • 12mm long
  • lives for 4-5 years
  • chest pain, cough
  • treated with praziquantel
100
Q

life cycle of paragoniumus westermani (lung fluke)

A
  • adult worm lives in lungs of infected humans (definitive host)
  • eggs are released in the lungs
  • eggs end up in the suptum and spit
  • if it is swallowed the eggs end up in the feces
  • if the eggs then end up in the water larvae will penetrate into a snail (intermediate host)
  • larvae undergo asexual reproduction within the snail
  • larvae exit the snail and enter creyfish (intermediate host) -> forms a cyst
  • cyst has the resting baby worm -> if people eat this contaminated creyfish it will go into the human digestive tract and lungs
  • cycle repeats
101
Q

cestodes

A
  • intestinal parasites
  • tape worms
  • head- scolex
  • scolex- has hooks an suckers -> help attachment to the host
  • segmented body
  • segments- proglottids
  • hermaphroditic
102
Q

taenia saginata

A
  • beef tapeworm
  • can be as long as 18ft
  • can live for 25 years
  • adult- lives in intestinal tract of human (definitive host)
  • eggs are released in feces
  • cattle- ingest (intermediate host)
  • larvae- cysts in the muscles (cysticerci) of cattle
  • transmitted to humans when we eat undercooked contaminated beef
  • intestinal tract- scolex comes out- develops into an adult worm
  • repeat
  • diagnosis- presence of eggs in feces
  • symptoms- not much, abdominal discomfort
  • treated with niclosamide
103
Q

taenia solium

A
  • tapeworm
  • adult- lives in infected humans (definitive host)
  • eggs- found in feces
  • ingested by pigs (intermediate host)
  • larvae- cysts in the pigs muscles
  • undercooked contaminated pork spreads to humans
  • more dangerous bc humans can also become intermediate hosts -> *EGGS AND LARVAE ARE INFECTIOUS
  • larvae cysts can form in humans in muscles, brain -> neurocysticercosis
104
Q

neurocysticercosis

A
  • swiss cheese brain
  • holes in the brain
  • when taenia solium eggs develop into larvae and form cysts in the brain
  • symptoms- headaches, convulsions, coma, death
  • can occur with poor sanitary practices
  • common in mexico, south america
105
Q

echinococcus granulosus

A
  • tapeworm
  • definitive host- dogs, coyotes
  • eggs are released in feces
  • can move to humans (or other animals) due to poor sanitary practices (intermediate host)
  • larvae forms cysts in liver or lungs
  • cysts are known as *hydatid cysts
  • humans are a dead end to the life cycle of the worm -> humans are not eaten by other organisms (top of food chain) -> worm stays within human
  • common in sheep herding population
106
Q

nematodes

A
  • roundworms

- dioecious- male and female worms

107
Q

enterobious vermicularis

A
  • pinworm
  • nematode
  • roundworm
  • lives in intestinal tract of humans
  • female worm migrates to anus and releases eggs in perianal area
  • itching in the area
  • eggs can end up in sheets, clothing, air -> spreads
  • treated with mebendazole
108
Q

ascaris lumbricoides

A
  • nematode, roundworm
  • in small intestine
  • feed on semidigested food
  • eggs are released in feces
  • larvae come out of eggs in intestinal tract and migrate to the lungs
  • if there are too many larvae in the lungs they move back to the intestinal tract and become adult worms
  • causes obstruction of the intestinal tract
109
Q

necator americanus

A
  • lives in intestinal tract
  • eggs are released in feces
  • eggs are not infectious
  • larvae come out in the soil
  • larvae penetrate the skin (bottom of someones foot) and go into the intestinal tract
  • attaches to the intestinal wall -> drink blood
  • causes anemia
  • prevented by wearing shoes
  • common in south east
110
Q

trichinella spiralis

A
  • undercooked encysted pork
  • larvae come out in the intestinal tract when ingested
  • female releases larvae -> worms dont release eggs they release larvae!
  • larvae form cysts in the diaphragm muscles -> interferes with breathing
  • pigs- get infested by eating contaminated pork or garbage
111
Q

protozoa

A
  • unicellular- eukaryotic
  • live in soil, water, within the bodies of humans and animals
  • pathogenic protozoa exist in two stages
  • trophozoites- metabolically active, produce, motile, inside the host
  • cyst- metabolically inactive, dormant, outside the host
112
Q

entamoeba histolytica

A
  • pseudopods
  • ameba
  • lives in intestinal tract
  • cysts are released in the feces
  • asymptomatic in the people who have cysts
  • if the cysts are ingested trophozoites will be present in intestinal tract
  • feed on cells lining the intestinal tract, red blood cells
  • dysentery- bloody diarrhea
113
Q

pseudopods

A
  • when the plasma membrane folds outward and make a finger like projection
  • ameba uses this to crawl
  • “fake feet”
114
Q

Giardia lamblia

A
  • flagella
  • tear drop shape
  • 2 nuclei
  • lives in intestinal tract- asymptomatic carriers
  • cysts are released in the feces
  • flagella in the cyst is inside the cell
  • cysts are transfers through contaminated food and water
  • when its ingested the trophozoites attach themselves to intestinal wall
  • abdominal pain, diarrhea, **weight loss
  • metronidazole- treatment drug
  • common for wilderness water
115
Q

balantidium coli

A
  • cilia for movement
  • paramecium
  • 2 nuclei
    1. macronucleus- controls protein synthesis
    2. micronucleus- transmits genetic information
  • cysts are transmitted in contaminated food or water
  • trophozoites infect when they are ingested
  • causes dysentery
116
Q

Paramecium

A
  • nonpathogenic
  • protozoa
  • has cilia
  • macronucleus
  • micronucleus (not visable)
117
Q

hemoflagellates

A
  • long, slender body
  • undulating (wavy) membrane
  • flagellum
  • one nucleus
  • no cyst phase only trophozoite
  • ex. trypanoasoma gambiense
  • causes african sleeping sickness
  • transmitted by tsetse fly
  • grows in bloodstream
  • causes damage to the nervous system
  • drowsiness, coma, death
118
Q

trypanosoma cruzi

A
  • hemoflagellate
  • transmitted by kissing bug
  • bugs live in the crack of mud huts
  • mexico, south america
  • damages the nerves
  • grows in the blood stream
  • causes chagas disease
  • causes mega colon, ega esophagus -> constipation
  • flagellum
  • blue dot on one end -> mitochondrial DNA
119
Q

Plasmodium

A
  • pathogenic protozoa
  • causes malaria
  • transmitted by mosquito
  • causes chills, fever, vomiting
  • complex lifecycle
  • chloroquine- treatment
  • sexual reproduction takes place in mosquito- definitive host
  • humans- intermediate host (asexual reproduction)
  • life cycle:
    1. sporozoite stage in salivary gland of the mosquito
    2. sporozoites are released into the blood of person that is bit -> end up in liver
    3. reproduce and become merozoites -> penetrate the RBC
    3. ring stage grows and reproduces in RBC -> produces merozoites
    4. RBC breaks down and merozoites are released in blood -> infect other RBC -> some merozoites differentiate into gametocytes (female and male)
    5. when another mosquito bites this person the mosquito picks up the gametocytes
    6. gametocyte goes into intentional tract of mosquito -> unite and form a zygote
    7. zygote differentiates into sporozoite -> sporozoite migrate to salivary glands of mosquito
    8. repeat
120
Q

mycology

A
  • study of fungi

- myo- fungi

121
Q

fungi

A
  • heterotrophs- need organic molecules for energy
  • absorb nutrients
  • make asexual spores
  • sexually reproduce
  • 2 types: yeast and molds
122
Q

yeast

A
  • unicellular
  • oval or circular in shape
  • many reproduce by budding
  • sometimes the buds fail to separate from the parent -> pseudohyphae are formed
  • Candida albicans make pseudohyphae (part of the normal flora of intestinal tract of humans)
123
Q

molds

A
  • multicellular
  • filamentous
  • filaments are called hyphae
  • fragments of hypha can grow into a fungus
124
Q

hyphae

A

two types:

  • septate hyphae- segmented by cross walls
  • coenocytic hyphae- no segmentation
125
Q

dimorphic fungi

A
  • grow mold-like @ 25C outside the body

- grow yeast-like @ 37C inside the body

126
Q

arthrospores

A
  • septate hyphae becomes fragmented into single cells
  • have thick cell walls
  • Coccidioidea immitis makes arthrospores
127
Q

sporangiophore

A
  • circular
  • enclosed in a sac (sporangium)
  • sac bursts and they are all released
  • Rhizopus makes sporangiophores
128
Q

Conidiophore

A
  • produced by penicillium
  • formed in circular chains of conidia
  • not enclosed in a sac
129
Q

sexual reproduction of reproduction

A
  • two different strains (subspecies) need to be in the same area
    • and - -> ex. Rhizopus + and Rhizopus - can mate
    • strain makes pheromones- proteins while - doesnt
  • attract negative strain with pheromones- mate -> negative strain grows towards the + due to pheromones
    • and - fuse to make zygote
  • zygote differentiates into a sexual spore
  • depends on environmental conditions -> fungi makes sexual spores during nutrient depletion
  • if the environment has nutrients they just make asexual spores
130
Q

3 groups of fungi

A
  • based on sexual spores

- zygomycota

131
Q

zygomycota

A
  • make asexual spores -> sporangiospores
  • also make sexual spores -> zygospores
  • they have coenocytic hyphae (not segmented)
  • ex. rhizopus
132
Q

life cycle of rhizopus

A

-zygomycota
Asexual Reproduction
1. fungus grows and produced asexual spores (sporangiospores) in a sac (sporangium)
2. sac bursts and the sporangiospores are released
3. if sporangiospores end up in an environment that has nutrients they germinate -> grow into fungi
Sexual Reproduction
1. + and - strains come together -> zygote -> zygospore
2. if zygospore ends up in an environment that has nutrients it will germinate -> fungus

133
Q

Ascomycota

A
  • some molds and some yeasts
  • molds- septate hyphae
  • molds produce asexual spore- conidiospores
  • yeats reproduce by budding
  • both yeast and molds produce sexual spores- ascopspores
  • ex. Penicillium
134
Q

life cycle of penicillium

A

Asexual Reproduction
1. Produce conidiophore (asexual)
2. conidiophore released
3. if there are nutirents they germinate -> fungi
Sexual reproduction
1. + and - strains come together and from and zygote
2. zygote germinates into ascospores
3. ascospores are enclose in a sac (ascus)
4. sac bursts and ascospores are released
5. if there are nutrients they will germinate into fungus

135
Q

basidiomycota

A
  • mushrooms
  • septate hyphae
  • asexual reproduce by fragmentation of hyphae
  • fungi produce sexual spores- basidiospores
136
Q

life cycle of basidiomycota

A

Asexual Reproduction
1. fungus grows
2. piece of hyphae ends up in an environment with nutrients -> becomes fungus
Sexual Reproduction
1. + and - strains come together -> zygote
2. zygote grows into fruiting structure -> mushroom
3. basidiospores are formed and released
4. if there are nutrients the basidiospores will germinate -> fungi

137
Q

Mycoses

A
  • fungal disease
  • systemic mycoses- deep within the body
  • caused by inhaling fungal spores
  • starts in the lungs and spreads
  • ex. histoplasmosis, coccidioidomycosis
138
Q

histoplasmosis

A
  • minor respiratory infection
  • if immune system is weak- spreads to liver, spleen bone marrow
  • a type of systemic mycoses
  • caused by histoplasma capsulatum
  • a dimorphic fungus
  • it produced conidiospore
  • found in soil enriched with bird droppings
139
Q

coccidioidomycosis

A
  • systemic mycoses
  • caused by coccidiodes immitis
  • arthrospores found in soil (southwest) cause this
  • when it is inhaled it can be grow in the lungs
  • cough, chest pain
  • treated by amphotericin B
140
Q

cutaneous mycosis

A
  • -affects the hair, nail, skin
  • ringworm, tineas
  • caused by the fungi- dermatophytes
  • produce keratinase- breaks down keratin
  • tinea pedia- atheletes foot:
  • caused by trichophyton rubrum- itching, scaling skin
  • spread by direct contact, shower room floors
141
Q

opportunistic mycosis

A
  • ex. candidiasis
  • caused by candida albicans
  • part of the normal flora
  • if your immune system is weak -> can cause thrush
  • thrush- candida infection of the oral cavity
  • common in people with AIDS, newborns
142
Q

amanita phalloides

A
  • mushroom
  • called death angel
  • produces a neurotoxin
  • causes hallucinations
  • causes damage of the liver
  • causes death within a week due to liver damage
143
Q

calviceps purpurea

A
  • grows on grains- like rye
  • a mold
  • produces a toxin called ergot
  • causes ergotism when ingested
  • causes hallucinations
  • causes constriction of the capillaries -> leads to gangrene
  • common in the middle ages due to eating contaminated food
144
Q

dinoflagellates

A
  • algae
  • live in aquatic environments
  • have two flagellum
  • aka plankton- free floating
  • many different species
  • ex. Alexandrium- produces a neurotoxin
  • mollusks (clams) eat dinoflagellates -> toxin is concentrated in the clams -> if people eat the clams they will get paralytic shellfish poisoning
  • symptoms- numbness of mouth and lips (not serious)
  • neurotoxin is heat stable (not destroyed by heat)
  • condition is prevented by not collecting clams during red tide
145
Q

algae

A
  • carryout photosynthesis
  • eukaryotic
  • live in aquatic environments
146
Q

diatoms

A
  • algae
  • photosynthesis
  • in ponds, lakes, oceans
  • common
  • cell walls made up of silica
  • bottom of food chain

Microbiology (8 decks)

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