Microbiology: Intro to Microbiology and Immunology Flashcards
The study of microorganisms. It includes eukaryotes/prokaryotes, viruses and prions, immunology, virology, mycology, parasitology, bacteriology
Microbiology
If you can see something with the naked eye, does it count as microbiology?
Nope.
These microorganisms are prokaryotes, the basic shapes are bacillus (rod), coccus (round), and spiral
Bacteria
These microorganisms are prokaryotes with a cell wall that has no peptidoglycan. They live in extreme environments. They look very similar to bateria but their DNA doesn’t match. Is penicillin useful against them?
Archea No, their cell wall does not retain it because they don’t have peptidoglycan.
These euaryotic microorganisms include mushrooms, molds, and yeasts. They come in many different shapes
Fungi
These microorganisms are eukaryotes, can be unicellular or multicellular, they are classified based upon their means of locomotion. They obtain food by ingestion or absorption through specialized structures
Protozoa
These microorganisms are unicellular and multicellular, and obtain nourishment using photosynthesis.
Algae
What do algae produce that is used by other organisms?
Carbohydrates and oxygen
These microorganisms are non-cellular entities that are parasites of cells. They consist of RNA or DNA surround by a protein coat or a lipid layer.
Viruses
These microorganisms are small protein infectious particles that cause spongiform encephalopathies (kuru and mad cow disease)
Prions
Is there currently any correlation between archea and human disease?
No.
All microorganisms have two names, _____ and ______ Names are either ____ or _______
Genus and species (Genus-species) Italicized or underlined
In the naming of microorganisms, this is the small genetic variation within the species. Some may be further classified by subtype, serotype, biotype, etc.
Strain
What percent of germs help us maintain human health?
99%
This test can be used for initial characterization of organisms on clinical specimen or grown on agar media
Gram Stain
What color are gram positive stains? What color are gram negative stains?
Blue Red/pink
After placing a slide with bacterial smear on a staining rack, what is a gram stain stained with? The stain is poured off, and the slide is flooded with….
Crystal violet Gram’s iodide
After staining a gram stain with crystal violet and flooding it with Gram’s iodide, it is decoulorized by briefly washing with what? It is then washed with water to remove acetone and then flooded with what? Finally it is washed with water and dried.
Acetone Safranin Counterstain
Why does Gram + bacteria stain blue and Gram - stain red?
Because Gram + has a peptidoglycan cell wall but gram - doesn’t
99% of diseases are caused by infection or immune dysfunction starting in the _________, the rest are genetic.
Oral Cavity
Oral microbes are an important part of our ________ but can also cause systemic disease
Normal Flora
This is an accumulation of bacteria and intracellular matrix that form the biofilm adhhering to the surfaces of teeth in the absence of effective oral hygiene.
Plaque
This type of plaque is not within the gum line This type is anaerobic and not exposed to oxygen
Supragingival Subgingival
This is plaque associated inflammation of the gingiva
Gingivitis
This is a bacterial infection-associated inflammatory disease affecting the periodontium, the tissues that surround and support the teeth, often resulting in bone loss.
Periodontitis
In the picture, these result from herpes virus
Cold Sore
These sores result from immune over reaction to injury or auto-immunity
Cold Sores
Angular cheilitis and thrush (pictured below) result from this fungal infection
Oral Candidiasis
In this disease, gingivitus starts in gums and aggressively affects tooth structure. Spirochetes are the source of the infection and normal nourishment prevents it from occurring. It was called trench mouth in WWI
Acute Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis
This oral disease has white fibrous networking, mostly no symptoms, occasional itching. If more developed, it can cause burning
Oral Lichen Planus
This can be cured with auto-immune drugs
Oral Pemphigus vulgaris
Can be cured with auto-immune drugs
Oral Pemphigoid
To study microbiology and immunology, we can:
- Identify ____ ______
- Find a causative ______ ______
- Analyze the agent at the ______ level
- Illustrate the disease _______
- Understand host _____ and _____
- Seek emerging information about the disease
- Predict its future prospective
- Risk Factors
- Causative Microbial Agent
- Gene/Molecular Level
- Mechanism
- Susceptibility and Resistance
What are some risk factors for dental caries?
- Sweet Foods
- Bad Oral Hygiene
- Crooked Teeth
- Dry Mouth
- Immune Deficiency
- Dentak Structural Defect
- Orthodontic Braces
T/F: Caries is a genetic disease
False!
How did the myth that caries is a genetic disease arise?
Golden Hamsters got caries while albino rats did not get caries
If caries is not a genetic disease, then how is it classified?
Dietary and metabolic disease
The Keys and Fitzerald Revolution led to dental caries being viewed as a transmissible _____ infection
Bacterial
In the Keys experiments, how did penicillin play a role?
Antibiotics blocked transmission (fecally/orally)
How did offspring exchange help classify dental caries?
Offspring were switched between parents, and children that became infected were ones switched to a parent with dental caries
What happened during the Great Lakes story with the ‘super soldiers’?
Soldiers with great teeth who had never had cavities were given candy and developed tooth decay in one year, further disproving the genetic theory of transmission
What are the 4 necesary conditions for developing dental caries?
- Susceptible Host
- Diet high in sugar
- S. mutans
- Time
- According to Carlsonn’s womb to tomb study, at what age can dental caries begin forming in a child?
- What happens when older adults lose their teeth?
- 6 months (when deciduous teeth begin erupting)
- They don’t get cavities until they get dentures, which have a hard surface for S. mutans to develop on
Thanks to DNA fingerprinting and bacteriocin typing, researchers were able to conclude that S. mutans is passed down through via which parent?
Mother
- Which sugar is the main culprit in dental caries
- Which other 2 play a lesser role?
- Which has no effect and is not a true sugar?
- Sucrose
- Fructose and glucose
- Maltose xylitol
- In the Turkish studies on dental caries, sucrose led to what type of caries?
- What types did fructose and glucose lead to?
- What types did maltose xylitol lead to?
- Smooth and p&f caries
- Mainly p&f caries
- None
- S. mutans sucrose metabolism produces ___________ that allows the bacterium to adhere to the tooth surface
- It also produces_____ to decay the tooth
- Insoluble glucan
- Acid
What does the stephan curve demonstrate about S. Mutans?
pH decreases and stays down much longer when consuming sugar, providing enough time for acid to decay and sticky glucan to develop. More sugar and candy increases the amount of acid.
In terms of dental caries, are you better off consuming all sugar you eat in a day at once or spread out over time?
To decrease frequency, sugar should be consumed less frequently
