Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PCOA > Microbiology/ Immunology > Flashcards

Microbiology/ Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

Prokaryotes that may cause infection

A

Bacteria, rickettsia, and chlamydia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Infectious diseases of the resp tract are most commonly caused by

A

Viruses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What infection causes more deaths per year than any other bacterial cause?

A

M. tuberculosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The majority of skin and soft tissue infections are caused by

A

Normal skin flora- staphylococcal and streptococcal species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Prokaryotes

A

Organisms lacking a nucleus and organelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Cell walls

A

Generally present in prokaryotes and may be present in eukaryotes. Cell walls protect the microorganism, thus enhancing its survival as well as determining the shape of the micoorganism.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Viruses

A

Extremely small microbes that are essentially fragments of nucleic acid packaged in a protein shell
Viruses are not living organisms
Their viral nucleic acid is either DNA or RNA, but not both.
Sole activity is replication which can only take place in living cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Bacilli

A

Bacteria rods, may be single or form long chains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Cocci

A

Bacteria spheres, may exist in pairs (diplococci), chains (streptococci), or clusters (staphylococc i)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Spirochettes

A

Curved/spiral bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Flagella

A

Tail like feature that bacteria may possess for motion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Pili

A

Hair-like structure on bacteria for attachment to host cell surfaces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Plasmids

A

Small circular molecules of DNA that can replicate independent of the chromosomal DNA. Plasmids have implications relative to conveying resistanceto other bacterial strains through the transfer of genetic information.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Spores

A

Some bacteria may produce spores that are highly resistant to environmental changes
Notable spore producing bacteria are Clostridium and Bacillus species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Capsule

A

May surround bacteria and make it less susceptible to destruction by host organism defenses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Mycoplasmas

A

The smallest, free-living microbes
They lack the bilayered cytoplasmic membrane found in other bacteria, but do not need a host for replication (distinguishes them from viruses)
Do not have cell wall but are bounded by a limiting lipid membrane
Resistant to acid-staining techniques
Obligate intracellular parasites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Unlike other prokaryotes, rickettsiae ad chlamydia require hosts for

A

metabolic and reproductive activities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Growth curve of bacteria

A

4 phase
Lag phase- bacteria adapt to their new environment
Logarithmic phase- bacteria double during each reproductive period involving chromosomal duplication and binary fission. Period where symptoms begin to appear. The host is most susceptible to abx at this stage
Stationary phase- reproduction and death rates stabilize.
Decline phase- exponential decline in bacterial numbers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Viral replication cycle

A

Attachment and penetration followed by biosynthesis, maturation, and release

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Lysogeny

A

When a virus integrates into the host cells DNA rendering them immune to normal host cell defenses.
May establish a latent or dormant stage of the virus within cells that can later reactivate the virus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Fungi groups

A

Yeast and molds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Hyphae

A

Long chains of intertwined filaments of fungi.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What distinguishes fungi from bacteria?

A

Fungi possesses a rigid cell wall and are very large

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Opportunistic pathogens

A

Fungi and other organisms that are normally not pathogenic that cause infectious disease in immunocompromised patients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Fungi reproduction

A

Both sexual and asexual

Fungi are aerobic organisms except the facultative yeast which can grow in both aerobic and anaerobic environments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Protozoa

A

Single spore eukaryores that belong in the animal kingdome
Lack cell walls, ingest food particles, and move about ffreely.
Most are harmless, except Plasmodium and Giardia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Metazoans

A

Helminths (flukes, flatworms, tapeworms) are multicellular organisms with well developed organ structures. Cannot multiple in their hosts and require reexposure for spread of disease.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Most important nonspecific barrier

A

Skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Lysozyme

A

Nonspecific destructive enzyme found in human saliva and tears

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Complement proteins

A

More than 30 proteins circulating in the blood and involved in both nonspecific and specific host immunity.
On invasion, complement may bind to microbial proteins through a process referred to as phagocytosis. Interferons are another form of nonspecific immunity because they trigger the immune system and inhibit viral reproduction.
NK cells function to destroy foreign cells while sparing host cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Inflammation

A

Nonspecific immune system
Blood vessels dilate therefore increasing capillary permeability. This action is followed by plasma flow and migration of leukocytes (white blood cells) into the tissue and fluid accumulation
Cytokines are also integrally involved in the inflammatory response, including fever development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Fever

A

Controlled by the hypothalamus, defined as a body temp above 37.5 C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Proinflammatory cytokines

A

Interleukins (IL-1, IL-6), TNF-alpha

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Leukocytes

A

Neutrophils (60%)
Monocytes (5%)
Contain enzymes that digest foreign materials after engulfing the invader

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Macrophages

A

Mature monocytes
May initiate the inflammatory response, release cytokines and neutrophil recruitment
Also function as phagocytes in the lymphatic system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Antigens

A

Chemicals that trigger specific immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What are the foundational cell line to specific immunity?

A

Lymphocytes (30% of leukocytes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

B vs T lymphocytes

A

B lymphocytes are largest responsible for antibody mediated immunity
T lymphocytes are largely responsible for cell mediated immunity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Immunoglobulin

A

=antibody

40
Q

Opsonization

A

Enhancement of phagocytosis by antibodies or complement

41
Q

T-lymphocytes

A

Originate in the thymus and populate lymph nodes, the spleen, the tonsils, and other lymphoid tissues

42
Q

AMI is used in both viral and bacterial host defense while CMI is essential to

A

viral host defense

43
Q

Vaccines

A

Stimulate antibody production as well as T-lymphocytes within the immune system

44
Q

Acute phase response

A

Incubation period, prodromal period, acme period
During this phase selected plasma proteins may be produced in the liver (C-reactive protein, serum amyloid A protein). Elevations in these proteins and globulins may be useful as an indicator of disease and are responsible for increases in the erythrocyte sedimentation rate lab test

45
Q

Bacterial causes of URI

A

Streptococcus pyogenes and group A streptococcus

46
Q

Strep throat is caused by

A

Streptococcus pyogenes

47
Q

Epiglottitis is caused by

A

Haemophilus influenzae

48
Q

Otitis media is caused by

A

S. pneumonia

49
Q

Pneumonia

A

Inflammation of the bronchial tubes and lungs

50
Q

CAP bacteria

A

Often pneumococcus, staph aureus

51
Q

Atypical CAP

A

Mycoplasma, pneumonia, legionella, pneumophila

52
Q

Athletes foot is caused by

A

trichophyton species

53
Q

Common organisms related to bladder infections

A

Proteus mirabilis and E. coli

54
Q

Syphilis

A

Caused by treponema pallidum
Primary- painless ulcers/chancres on external genitalia and mouth
Secondary- involves many bodily organs spread through the lymph system and circulating blood
Tertiary syphilis- can slowly produce an inflammatory reaction in virtually any organ

55
Q

Primary target of HIV in humans

A

CD4 cells (helper T cells)

56
Q

Categories of immune cells

A

Lymphoid (B-lymphocytes, T-lymphocytes, NK cells)

Myeloid- monocytes, macrophages, eosinophils, neutrophils, basophils

57
Q

Innate immunity refers to

A

the primitive immune response driven by monocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils which recognize pathogens through cell surface interactions and phagocytize them.

58
Q

Antibody chains

A

Antibodies can produce one of 5 different classes of heavy chains (alpha, gamma, delta, epsilon, mu)
and either kappa or lambda light chains. Two identical light and heavy chains comprise a single antibody molecule

59
Q

B-lymphocytes produce _________ as a primary antibody (humoral) response

A

IgM and then can produce any one of the 5 classes of antibodies in subsequent humoral responses depending on the types of cytokine molecules detected by the B-lymphocyte

60
Q

Epitopes

A

A discrete portion of the antigen that antibodies recognize and bind to

61
Q

Antibody-epitope binding leads to

A

B-lymphocyte activation involving internalization, processing, and subsequent presentation of antigen with MHC surface molecules as well as production of cytokines, cytokine receptors, and secreted antibodies.

62
Q

B-lymphocytes present antigens in the context of MHC surface receptors to

A

T-lymphocytes which then become activated

63
Q

In addition to antigen recognition, antibodies also

A

have an effector function in which they bind fragment crystallizable (Fc) receptors on the surface of monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, mast cells, and T-lymphocytes. These receptors are bound by the Fc region of the antibody, comprised of the constant and class-specific region of the heavy chains

64
Q

4 types of hypersensitivity

A 
type I (immediate hypersensitivity or allergy)
type II (cytotoxic or antibody-dependent [tissue antigen] hypersensitivity)
type III (antibody-dependent [soluble antigen] hyper-sensitivity)
type IV (delayed-type hypersensitivity).
65
Q

Myeloid cells

A

myeloid cells are either antigen-presenting cells (APCs), such as monocytes and macrophages, or granulocytes, such as eosinophils, neutrophils, and basophils.

66
Q

Function of memory B-cells

A

Antibody production, antigen presentation

67
Q

Function of plasma cells

A

Antibody production

68
Q

Function of cytotoxic T cells

A

killing of infected cells

69
Q

Function of helper t cells

A

B cell activation

70
Q

Function of Suppressor T cells

A

reduction of B and T cells immune responses

71
Q

Function of NK cells

A

Killing of tumor cells and virus infected cells

72
Q

Function of eosinophils

A

Granule-mediated killing of extracellular pathogens (parasites)

73
Q

Function of monocytes and macrophages

A

Antigen presentation, phagocytosis

74
Q

Function of neutrophils

A

Phagocytosis, granule-mediated killing

75
Q

Function of mast cells

A

Inflammation, allergy

76
Q

Function of basophils

A

Inflammation, allergy

77
Q

Function of platelets

A

Blood clotting, inflammation

78
Q

Primary lymphoid organs

A

Bone marrow and thymus

Produce naive B and T lymphocytes and NK cells

79
Q

Hematopoietic stem cells

A

Differentiate into B cells or NK cells. In the bone marrow

Differentiate into T cells in the thymus

80
Q

Secondary lymphoid organs and tissues

A

Spleen, lymph nodes, and mucosa associate lymphoid tissues such as tonsils and Peyer’s patches.

81
Q

What happens when a naive lymphocyte enters the secondary lymphoid tissue?

A

It recognizes a specific antigen presented by APC such as a macrophage. The antigen-MHC complex is bound by an antigen receptor on the lymphocyte (TCR or BCR). The engagement of the antigen-MHC complex and the antigen receptor causes a cascade of events involving production and secretion of cytokines and chemokines
This process, called clonal selection is necessary for lymphocyte maturation

82
Q

Do plasma cells proliferate?

A

No, their function is to produce large amounts of antibodies

83
Q

MHC molecule

A 
MHC class I- found on the cell surface on most cells in the body. Present intracellular antigens (antigens from pathogens that live and reproduce inside the host cell)
MHC class II- found on the cell surface of APCs and present phagocytosed or internalized antigens from external pathogens
84
Q

When is the t lymphocyte activated?

A

When the TCR-MHC interaction takes place

85
Q

T helper cells express _____ cell surface markers

A

CD4 in conjunction with the TCR and recognize antigens in the context of MHC class II molecules on APCs

86
Q

Cytotoxic T cells express______

A

CD8 cell surface molecules in conjunction with the TCR and recognize MHC class I molecules on infected cells

87
Q

Antibody structure

A

The antibody is composed of 4 chains linked together by covalent bonds: 2 heavy and 2 light chains
The variable regions (VL and VH) of the light and heavy chains form an antigen-binding site. Therefore, each antibody has 2 antibody binding sites.

88
Q

Cleavage of an antibody molecule with the cysteine protease papain yields

A

2 antigen-binding (fab) fragments consisting of one light chain, the VH and CH1 of one heavy vhain, and one fragment crystallizable

89
Q

Fab fragments functions

A

to bind antigen because they contain an intact antigen-binding site.

90
Q

Fc fragment functions

A

As an effector portion of the antibody

91
Q

IgA

A

can be found in the serum, but most often this class of antibody is found as a dimer in mucosal secretions such as saliva, colostrum, milk, tracheobronchial secretions, and urogenital secretions. In its dimerized form, it is referred to as secretory IgA (sIgA).

92
Q

IgG

A

the predominant class of antibody found in serum, with four subclasses of IgG molecules. IgG collectively is the major antibody class of secondary (memory) humoral responses. It plays a major role in imparting passive immunity to newborns for the first few months of life because maternal IgG passes across the placenta to the fetus.

93
Q

IgD

A

constitutes a small portion of immunoglobulin found in the serum; however, it is usually found in large quantities on the membrane of B-lymphocytes. The precise function of IgD is unknown, but it may play a role in antigen-triggered lymphocyte differentiation.

94
Q

IgE

A

least represented antibody class found in the serum. Like IgD, it is overwhelmingly membrane associated, although IgE is found on the surface of mast cells and basophils. Some evidence indicates that this class of antibody participates in immune responses to helminthic parasites; however, in developed countries, it is most associated with allergy-related diseases such as asthma and hay fever.

95
Q

IgM

A

is found as a pentamer in serum and as a monomer on the cell membrane of B-lymphocytes. It is found on the surface of naive B-lymphocytes and is the antibody class produced in a primary humoral response.

96
Q

Groups of cytokines

A

Interleukins, TNFs, IFNs, growth factors, chemokines, and colony-stimulating factors

PCOA (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions