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PCOA > Anat/Phys > Flashcards

Anat/Phys Flashcards

1
Q

Integumentary system

A

Skin, nails, hair, sebaceous and sweat glands

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2
Q

Epidermis

A

Nonvascular layer of the skin that is made of stratified squamous epithelium.
Epidermis layers, from deep to superficial, are the stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, and stratum corneum.

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3
Q

Dermis

A

Consists of dense, irregular connective tissue that is highly vascular and rich in lymphatics and cutaneous nerves

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4
Q

Hypodermis

A

Looser connective tissue layer that facilitates movement of the overlying skin

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5
Q

For clinical purposes, the skin is

A

highly absorptive and facilitates the uptake of topically applied medications, such as salves and ointments. Also, subcutaneous medications may be administered to vascular-rich deep connective tissue through hypodermic injections.

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6
Q

Skeletal muscle cells

A

Skeletal muscle cells are multinucleated, voluntary, and highly involved in the movement of the skeleton and the musculoskeletal system.

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7
Q

Cardiac muscle cells

A

Striated and involuntary and are found in the heart. They are responsible for the contraction of the heart.

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8
Q

Smooth muscle cells

A

Uninucleated and involuntary. Smooth muscle is located in the walls of hollow organs, such as, the stomach, intestines, bladder, blood vessels, and uterus.

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9
Q

Myofilaments

A

Linearly organized protein strands in the cytoplasm of the muscle cell.
Each myofibril contains cross-striated regions of alternating light and dark bands. A-bands consist of overlapping thin actin filaments and thick myosins. The light bands, or striations are called I-bands.

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10
Q

Sliding filament theory of muscle contraction

A

Suggests that the thick and thin myofilaments interdigitate and slide between and with one another during muscle contraction. Calcium and ATP are vital in producing muscle contraction.

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11
Q

Tendons

A

Attach muscle to bone

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12
Q

Neuromuscular junction

A

Skeletal muscle fibers require neuronal input to contract or act. Efferent axons terminate on skeletal muscle cells at specialized synaptic sites of contact called motor end plates or the neuromuscular junction.
The motor end plate synapse is where the axon terminal releases a neurotransmitter (usually acetylcholine) into the synaptic cleft.

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13
Q

Osteocytes

A

Mature bone cells that are trapped in lacunae and maintain bone matrix

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14
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Multinucleated bone cells that digest and remodel bone matrix

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15
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Young bone cells actively build the bone matrix.

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16
Q

Joints

A

Attach bones to one another.

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17
Q

Classification of bones

A

Short, long, irregular, and flat

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18
Q

Ligaments

A

Dense, regular connective tissue bands that hold joints together.

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19
Q

Moveable joints

A

Ball and socket, hinge, sliding, peg in socket

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20
Q

Red bone marrow

A

Contains sinusoidal-line blood vessels and primitive blood-forming cells that divide and differentiate into mature blood corpuscles

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21
Q

Axial skeleton

A

Consists of the skull and vertebral column

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22
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

Contains the upper and lower extremities and the pectoral and pelvic girdles.

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23
Q

Intima

A

The innermost epithelial layer of blood vessels. The flat, plate-like squamous cells of the intima facilitate the flow of blood and prevent clotting.
Mechanical damage or the accumulation of calcium and fatty deposits in the intima may cause blood clots, which may cause cerebral accidents (strokes) or CAD.

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24
Q

Media

A

Middle layer of blood vessels and is the thickest layer in arteries. the media may contain several laminae of elastic fibers.

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25
Q

Adventitia

A

The outer layer of predominantly connective tissue. The adventitia of veins may contain one or more longitudinally arranged smooth muscle layers and may contain scant or rich laminae of elastic fibers.

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26
Q

Veins

A

Accompany arteries.

Usually have larger diameters and thinner walls

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27
Q

Capillaries

A

The smallest blood vessels

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28
Q

Where to oxygen and COs diffuse in the blood?

A

Oxygen and carbon dioxide readily diffuse from the blood cells and plasma across the thin, simple squamous endothelial layer of the intima into the connective tissue and the surrounding tissue fluid.

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29
Q

Layers of the heart

A

Epicardium- outer layer of mesotheliuim and connective tissue
Myocardium- a middle layer of several laminae of cardiac muscle
Endocardium- inner layer of simple squamous epithelium

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30
Q

Deoxygenated blood goes into what area of the heart

A

Great blood vessels bring deoxygenated blood into the right atrium

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31
Q

Arteries carry

A

Oxygenated and deoxygenated blood away from the heart.

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32
Q

Right atrium

A

Receives deoxygenated blood from the head, neck, and upper extremities through the superior vena cava
Contracts to force blood to the right ventricle through the tricuspid valve

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33
Q

Right ventricle

A

Contracts to force blood through the pulmonary semilunar valve to the pulmonary trunk. The pulmonary trunk divides the right and left pulmonary arteries, which direct blood to the right and left lungs.

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34
Q

Left atrium

A

Oxygenated blood (from the lungs) is sent to the left atrium through the four pulmonary veins

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35
Q

Left ventricle

A

Contraction of the left atrium propels oxygenated blood through the mitral or bicuspid valve to the left ventricle. Contraction of the left ventricle projects oxygenated blood through the aortic valve into the aorta and its branches. The cardiac musculature of the left ventricle is 3 times thicker than that of the right ventricle

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36
Q

Left ventricle

A

Contraction of the left atrium propels oxygenated blood through the mitral or bicuspid valve to the left ventricle. Contraction of the left ventricle projects oxygenated blood through the aortic valve into the aorta and its branches. The cardiac musculature of the left ventricle is 3 times thicker than that of the right ventricle

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36
Q

Left ventricle

A

Contraction of the left atrium propels oxygenated blood through the mitral or bicuspid valve to the left ventricle. Contraction of the left ventricle projects oxygenated blood through the aortic valve into the aorta and its branches. The cardiac musculature of the left ventricle is 3 times thicker than that of the right ventricle

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36
Q

Left ventricle

A

Contraction of the left atrium propels oxygenated blood through the mitral or bicuspid valve to the left ventricle. Contraction of the left ventricle projects oxygenated blood through the aortic valve into the aorta and its branches. The cardiac musculature of the left ventricle is 3 times thicker than that of the right ventricle

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37
Q

Components of the cardiac conducting system

A

Sinoatrial node
Atrioventricular node
atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His)
Purkinje fibers

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38
Q

What serves as the hearts natural pacemaker?

A

The sinoatrial node which is located in the right atrium

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39
Q

The cardiac conduction system facilitates the synchronous contraction of

A

Atria before ventricles

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40
Q

What produces lymphocytes?

A

The lymph nodes, spleen, thymus gland, and tonsils

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41
Q

What produces T-lymphocytes?

A

The thymus gland produces T-lymphocytes which are distributed to other lymphatic organs after maturation

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42
Q

What is the largest lymph organ?

A

The spleen
Its function is to store and destroy old red blood corpuscles, filter the blood, product white blood cells, and store blood for emergency perfusion

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43
Q

Lymph fluid is returned to the venous system through

A

The thoracic duct and the right lymph duct. An excess of lymph fluid is a type of edema

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44
Q

Largest lymph vessels in the body

A

Thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct

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45
Q

Lymph is composed of

A

leukocytes and plasma-like tissue fluid

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46
Q

Lymph vessels consists of

A

Intima media and adventitia

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47
Q

An enlarged spleen may indicate

A

The presence of infection

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48
Q

Purpose of the respiratory system

A

Filter, humidify, and transmit air to the lungs, where it oxygenates blood.

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49
Q

How does the respiratory system oxygenate blood?

A

Through thin walled pulmonary alveoli and alveolar sacs

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50
Q

How are the lungs divided in to lobes?

A

The left lung is divided into two lobes by the oblique fissure.
The right lung is divided into 3 lobes by the horizontal and oblique fissures

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51
Q

Blood-air barrier

A

The pulmonary alveolus consists of a single layer of simple squamous epithelium (pulmonary epithelium) , which is adjacent to a basement membrane and against another layer of simple squamous epithelium (endothelium) if the capillary

52
Q

Oxygen passes in the lungs from

A

A region of higher concentration in the pulmonary alveolus through the blood-air-barrier to an area of lesser concentration in the blood of the capillary where hemoglobin is oxygenated. CO2 is more highly concentrated in the blood and travels by diffusion through the blood-air barrier to the lumen of the pulmonary alveolus, where it is exhausted.

53
Q

Diaphragm

A

The major muscle of respiration and is located between the thorax and the abdomen. Contraction of this muscle causes an increase in thoracic volume and inhalation of air, whereas relaxation of the diaphragm forces CO2-laden air out of the lungs in exhalation

54
Q

The diaphragm separates

A

The abdomen from the thorax

55
Q

Parietal peritoneum

A

Lines the inner surface of posterior abdominal walls

56
Q

Visceral peritoneum

A

Lines the outer surface of select abdominal organs

57
Q

Peritoneal cavity

A

The place located between the visceral and parietal peritonea

58
Q

Retroperitoneal structures

A

Several organs that are not entirely enclosed in the peritoneum and are located behind it.
Duodenum, pancreas, kidneys, ascending colon, and descending colon

59
Q

Accessory glands of the digestive system

A

Salivary glands, liver, gall bladder, and pancreas

60
Q

The process of digestion begins in

A

the mouth where carbohydrates are broken down by amylase

61
Q

Largest visceral organ

A

Liver

62
Q

The liver receives blood from the

A

portal vein . The blood contains nutrients absorbed from the stomach and intestines

63
Q

The liver is an important ______ organ and secretes ______

A

Exocrine, bile

64
Q

Bile

A

A fatty emulsifier that is secreted from the liver and stored and concentrated in the gall bladder

65
Q

Common hepatic duct

A

Right and left hepatic ducts unite to form the common hepatic duct. The common hepatic duct from the liver joins the cystic duct of the gall bladder to form the common bile duct

66
Q

Common bile duct

A

Attaches to the descending portion of the duodenum

67
Q

Important functions of the liver

A

Production of proteins, vitamin storage, control of carbohydrate metabolism, and removal of drugs and hormones from the blood.
Production of bile

68
Q

Hepatic porta

A

Contains the portal vain, hepatic artery, and common bile duct. The liver gives off two excretory ducts, the right and left hepatic ducts, from hepatic lobes of the same name.

69
Q

Liver dual blood supply

A

Through the portal vain and the hepatic artery. The portal vein is formed as a result of juncture of the superior mesenteric and splenic veins. The portal vein supplies venous blood from the small and large intestines to the liver as a component of the hepatic triad. The liver is also supplied with arterial blood through the proper hepatic branch of the celiac trunk.

70
Q

The pancreas is composed of

A

The head, neck, body, and tail

71
Q

The pancreas is both

A

endocrine and exocrine in function, producing pancreatic enzymes as well as the hormone insulin. The islet pancreatic cells secrete insulin.

72
Q

Hormones of the intestinal mucosa

A

Secretin, gastrin, cholecystokinin, and enterocrinin

73
Q

A major part of digestion occurs in the stomach where:

A

hydrochloric acid is secreted through the gastric mucosal glands under the influence of the vagus nerve

74
Q

Regions of the stomach

A

Cardiac, fundic, corpus (body), and pyloric regions

75
Q

Site of hiatal hernia

A

Esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm

A vagotomy can be performed to alleviate excessive or uncontrolled HCl acid secretion through the gastric glands.

76
Q

Small intestine components

A

Duodenum, jejunum, ileum

77
Q

The chemical environment of the duodenum is

A

basic

78
Q

The second part (descending) duodenum receives both

A

Common bile and main pancreatic ducts through the hepatopancreatic ampulla

79
Q

Jejunum

A

The second region of the small intestine. It contains numerous mucosal villi but no submucosal glands

80
Q

Ileum

A

Contains numerous lymph modules, called Peyers patches.

81
Q

Function of the large intestine

A

Remove water, store, and compact fecal materials, absorb vitamins
Contains no villi and the connective tissue is filled with many lymphocytes.

82
Q

Regions of the colon

A

Cecum, appendix, ascending, transverse, and descending, sigmoid, rectum, anus

83
Q

Cecum

A

Region of the colon.

Sac-like and is located in the lower right quadrant. Continuous with the ileum

84
Q

Ascending colon

A

Retroperitoneal
The right colic flexure is the location where the ascending colon makes an abrupt turn to the left to become the transverse colon.

85
Q

Transverse colon

A

Forms an abrupt downward turn in the left upper abdominal quadrant as the left colic (splenic) flexure in the region of the spleen and left kidney. Connected to the greater curvature of the stomach through the greater omentum.

86
Q

Descending colon

A

Retroperitoneal and directed inferiorly until it reaches the pelvic brim to become the sigmoid colon

87
Q

Descending abdominal aorta

A

Celiac trunk
Superior mesenteric artery
Inferior mesenteric artery

88
Q

Celiac trunk

A

Supplies the stomach and part of the pancreas, liver, and duodenum with blood

89
Q

Superior mesenteric artery

A

Supplies the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, ascending colon, and transverse colon with blood

90
Q

Inferior mesenteric artery

A

Supplies the descending and sigmoid colons with blood

91
Q

CNS cell types

A

Neuron and neuroglia

Neurons are responsible for producing an action potential

92
Q

Types of neurons

A

Multipolar, pseudounipolar, and bipolar

93
Q

Neurons contain

A

a perikaryon (cell body), axon, and dendrite

94
Q

Axons

A

Long nerve cell processes of uniform diameter that generally carry efferent neuronal activity away from the cell body to other neurons or effector organs such as the muscle cell Axons may be myelinated or unmyelinated.

95
Q

Myelin

A

A protein-fatty insulating material. The action potential of myelinated axons is faster than that of unmyelinated axons`

96
Q

Dendrites

A

Shorter, branching neuronal processes that generally receive nerve impulses from other cells through synaptic junctions.

97
Q

The change in resting potential to the action potential of the axon in facilitated by

A

the movement of sodium and potassium ions through gated sodium and potassium channels on the surface of the plasma membrane of the axon

98
Q

Neuronal synapse

A

The point of contact between neurons in which an action potential is transmitted from one nerve cell to another.

99
Q

The axon terminal of one neuron synapses on the

A

Cell body or dendrites of another neuron

100
Q

What releases neurotransmitters?

A

The axon terminal of a given cell

101
Q

Glial cells

A

Small nerve cells that are mechanically and metabolically supportive and protective of neurons. Types of glial cells include astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and ependymal cells

102
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

Made up of an outer layer of gray matter (neurons and glial cells) and an inner layer of deep white matter (glial cells and myelinated axonal fibers). The cerebral cortex is convoluted and has many bump-like gyri and shallow groove-like indentations referred to as sulci

103
Q

Frontal lobe

A

Functions to provide higher cortical activity or mental integration

104
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Processes sensory information including taste, touch, and temperature
Reading comprehension and elucidation are also associated with the parietal lobe

105
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Functions in language, memory, and auditory information processing
Contains deep gray matter called amygdala nucleus
An important emotional center and is closely associated with the hippocampus, an important learning and memory module

106
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Considered a primary and secondary visual center where light comes into consciousness

107
Q

Limbic lobe

A

Closely related to the amygdala and is concerned with emotional expressions such as fear, aversion, and attraction

108
Q

Brain stem

A

Includes the diencephalon, mesencephalon, metencephalon, and medulla oblongata

109
Q

Pain comes into consciousness at

A

thalamic levels

110
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Functions to regulate a plethora of hormones and several visceral activities such as appetite, thirst, sex drive, electrolyte balance, and blood sugar.
Malfunctions of the hypothalamus have been suggested in anorexia, obesity, and precocious puberty

111
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

Contains nuclei important to control cardiac function and respiration. Malfunction have been associated in SIDS

112
Q

Cranial nerves

A

12 pairs of cranial nerves are attached to the brain
Some are purely sensory and receive only afferent information.
Others are all motor and provide efferent impulses
Several are both

113
Q

The spinal cord is connected to the brain by

A

the medulla oblongata

114
Q

Central canal

A

Deep in the gray matter of the spinal cord and houses cerebrospinal fluid.

115
Q

In the spinal cord, each pair of dorsal and ventral roots units to form

A

a single mixed (sensory-motor) spinal nerve. Dorsal root fibers are efferent or sensory. Ventral root fibers are motor or efferent.

116
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, suprarenal gland, ovaries (testes in male)

117
Q

Hormones produced in the pituitary gland

A 
Anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)- follicular-stimulating hormone, thyrotrophic-stimulating hormone, growth hormone, luteinizing hormone, interstitial cell-stimulating hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotrophic hormone
Posterior lobe (neurohypophysis)- vasopressin and oxytocin
118
Q

Structural unit of the thyroid gland

A

Thyroid follicle. Thyroid follicle cells secrete thyroxin into the colloid substance, where it is stored for future release into the bloodstream

119
Q

Thyroxin regulates

A

General cell metabolism

120
Q

The thyroid gland produces

A

Thyroxin and calcitonin

121
Q

Parathyroid glands secrete

A

Parathyroid hormone, which regulates the amount of calcium in the bloodstream

122
Q

The adrenal cortex secretes

A

glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and androgens

123
Q

Glucocorticoids control the

A

Level of glucose in the blood plasma

124
Q

Mineralocorticoids regulate

A

Concentration of electrolytes

125
Q

Adrenal medulla cells secrete

A

Epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine

126
Q

The ovarian follicle secretes

A

Estrogen and progesterone during the ovarian cycle.

127
Q

Progesterone is responsible for

A

Maintaining the lining of the uterus during pregnancy

128
Q

Excretory part of the kidney

A

Tubular nephron

PCOA (6 decks)

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