Anat/Phys Flashcards
Integumentary system
Skin, nails, hair, sebaceous and sweat glands
Epidermis
Nonvascular layer of the skin that is made of stratified squamous epithelium.
Epidermis layers, from deep to superficial, are the stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, and stratum corneum.
Dermis
Consists of dense, irregular connective tissue that is highly vascular and rich in lymphatics and cutaneous nerves
Hypodermis
Looser connective tissue layer that facilitates movement of the overlying skin
For clinical purposes, the skin is
highly absorptive and facilitates the uptake of topically applied medications, such as salves and ointments. Also, subcutaneous medications may be administered to vascular-rich deep connective tissue through hypodermic injections.
Skeletal muscle cells
Skeletal muscle cells are multinucleated, voluntary, and highly involved in the movement of the skeleton and the musculoskeletal system.
Cardiac muscle cells
Striated and involuntary and are found in the heart. They are responsible for the contraction of the heart.
Smooth muscle cells
Uninucleated and involuntary. Smooth muscle is located in the walls of hollow organs, such as, the stomach, intestines, bladder, blood vessels, and uterus.
Myofilaments
Linearly organized protein strands in the cytoplasm of the muscle cell.
Each myofibril contains cross-striated regions of alternating light and dark bands. A-bands consist of overlapping thin actin filaments and thick myosins. The light bands, or striations are called I-bands.
Sliding filament theory of muscle contraction
Suggests that the thick and thin myofilaments interdigitate and slide between and with one another during muscle contraction. Calcium and ATP are vital in producing muscle contraction.
Tendons
Attach muscle to bone
Neuromuscular junction
Skeletal muscle fibers require neuronal input to contract or act. Efferent axons terminate on skeletal muscle cells at specialized synaptic sites of contact called motor end plates or the neuromuscular junction.
The motor end plate synapse is where the axon terminal releases a neurotransmitter (usually acetylcholine) into the synaptic cleft.
Osteocytes
Mature bone cells that are trapped in lacunae and maintain bone matrix
Osteoclasts
Multinucleated bone cells that digest and remodel bone matrix
Osteoblasts
Young bone cells actively build the bone matrix.
Joints
Attach bones to one another.
Classification of bones
Short, long, irregular, and flat
Ligaments
Dense, regular connective tissue bands that hold joints together.
Moveable joints
Ball and socket, hinge, sliding, peg in socket
Red bone marrow
Contains sinusoidal-line blood vessels and primitive blood-forming cells that divide and differentiate into mature blood corpuscles
Axial skeleton
Consists of the skull and vertebral column
Appendicular skeleton
Contains the upper and lower extremities and the pectoral and pelvic girdles.
Intima
The innermost epithelial layer of blood vessels. The flat, plate-like squamous cells of the intima facilitate the flow of blood and prevent clotting.
Mechanical damage or the accumulation of calcium and fatty deposits in the intima may cause blood clots, which may cause cerebral accidents (strokes) or CAD.
Media
Middle layer of blood vessels and is the thickest layer in arteries. the media may contain several laminae of elastic fibers.
Adventitia
The outer layer of predominantly connective tissue. The adventitia of veins may contain one or more longitudinally arranged smooth muscle layers and may contain scant or rich laminae of elastic fibers.
Veins
Accompany arteries.
Usually have larger diameters and thinner walls
Capillaries
The smallest blood vessels
Where to oxygen and COs diffuse in the blood?
Oxygen and carbon dioxide readily diffuse from the blood cells and plasma across the thin, simple squamous endothelial layer of the intima into the connective tissue and the surrounding tissue fluid.
Layers of the heart
Epicardium- outer layer of mesotheliuim and connective tissue
Myocardium- a middle layer of several laminae of cardiac muscle
Endocardium- inner layer of simple squamous epithelium
Deoxygenated blood goes into what area of the heart
Great blood vessels bring deoxygenated blood into the right atrium
Arteries carry
Oxygenated and deoxygenated blood away from the heart.
Right atrium
Receives deoxygenated blood from the head, neck, and upper extremities through the superior vena cava
Contracts to force blood to the right ventricle through the tricuspid valve
Right ventricle
Contracts to force blood through the pulmonary semilunar valve to the pulmonary trunk. The pulmonary trunk divides the right and left pulmonary arteries, which direct blood to the right and left lungs.
Left atrium
Oxygenated blood (from the lungs) is sent to the left atrium through the four pulmonary veins
Left ventricle
Contraction of the left atrium propels oxygenated blood through the mitral or bicuspid valve to the left ventricle. Contraction of the left ventricle projects oxygenated blood through the aortic valve into the aorta and its branches. The cardiac musculature of the left ventricle is 3 times thicker than that of the right ventricle
Left ventricle
Contraction of the left atrium propels oxygenated blood through the mitral or bicuspid valve to the left ventricle. Contraction of the left ventricle projects oxygenated blood through the aortic valve into the aorta and its branches. The cardiac musculature of the left ventricle is 3 times thicker than that of the right ventricle
Left ventricle
Contraction of the left atrium propels oxygenated blood through the mitral or bicuspid valve to the left ventricle. Contraction of the left ventricle projects oxygenated blood through the aortic valve into the aorta and its branches. The cardiac musculature of the left ventricle is 3 times thicker than that of the right ventricle
Left ventricle
Contraction of the left atrium propels oxygenated blood through the mitral or bicuspid valve to the left ventricle. Contraction of the left ventricle projects oxygenated blood through the aortic valve into the aorta and its branches. The cardiac musculature of the left ventricle is 3 times thicker than that of the right ventricle
Components of the cardiac conducting system
Sinoatrial node
Atrioventricular node
atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His)
Purkinje fibers
What serves as the hearts natural pacemaker?
The sinoatrial node which is located in the right atrium
The cardiac conduction system facilitates the synchronous contraction of
Atria before ventricles
What produces lymphocytes?
The lymph nodes, spleen, thymus gland, and tonsils
What produces T-lymphocytes?
The thymus gland produces T-lymphocytes which are distributed to other lymphatic organs after maturation
What is the largest lymph organ?
The spleen
Its function is to store and destroy old red blood corpuscles, filter the blood, product white blood cells, and store blood for emergency perfusion
Lymph fluid is returned to the venous system through
The thoracic duct and the right lymph duct. An excess of lymph fluid is a type of edema
Largest lymph vessels in the body
Thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct
Lymph is composed of
leukocytes and plasma-like tissue fluid
Lymph vessels consists of
Intima media and adventitia
An enlarged spleen may indicate
The presence of infection
Purpose of the respiratory system
Filter, humidify, and transmit air to the lungs, where it oxygenates blood.
How does the respiratory system oxygenate blood?
Through thin walled pulmonary alveoli and alveolar sacs
How are the lungs divided in to lobes?
The left lung is divided into two lobes by the oblique fissure.
The right lung is divided into 3 lobes by the horizontal and oblique fissures
Blood-air barrier
The pulmonary alveolus consists of a single layer of simple squamous epithelium (pulmonary epithelium) , which is adjacent to a basement membrane and against another layer of simple squamous epithelium (endothelium) if the capillary
Oxygen passes in the lungs from
A region of higher concentration in the pulmonary alveolus through the blood-air-barrier to an area of lesser concentration in the blood of the capillary where hemoglobin is oxygenated. CO2 is more highly concentrated in the blood and travels by diffusion through the blood-air barrier to the lumen of the pulmonary alveolus, where it is exhausted.
Diaphragm
The major muscle of respiration and is located between the thorax and the abdomen. Contraction of this muscle causes an increase in thoracic volume and inhalation of air, whereas relaxation of the diaphragm forces CO2-laden air out of the lungs in exhalation
The diaphragm separates
The abdomen from the thorax
Parietal peritoneum
Lines the inner surface of posterior abdominal walls
Visceral peritoneum
Lines the outer surface of select abdominal organs
Peritoneal cavity
The place located between the visceral and parietal peritonea
Retroperitoneal structures
Several organs that are not entirely enclosed in the peritoneum and are located behind it.
Duodenum, pancreas, kidneys, ascending colon, and descending colon
Accessory glands of the digestive system
Salivary glands, liver, gall bladder, and pancreas
The process of digestion begins in
the mouth where carbohydrates are broken down by amylase
Largest visceral organ
Liver
The liver receives blood from the
portal vein . The blood contains nutrients absorbed from the stomach and intestines
The liver is an important ______ organ and secretes ______
Exocrine, bile
Bile
A fatty emulsifier that is secreted from the liver and stored and concentrated in the gall bladder
Common hepatic duct
Right and left hepatic ducts unite to form the common hepatic duct. The common hepatic duct from the liver joins the cystic duct of the gall bladder to form the common bile duct
Common bile duct
Attaches to the descending portion of the duodenum
Important functions of the liver
Production of proteins, vitamin storage, control of carbohydrate metabolism, and removal of drugs and hormones from the blood.
Production of bile
Hepatic porta
Contains the portal vain, hepatic artery, and common bile duct. The liver gives off two excretory ducts, the right and left hepatic ducts, from hepatic lobes of the same name.
Liver dual blood supply
Through the portal vain and the hepatic artery. The portal vein is formed as a result of juncture of the superior mesenteric and splenic veins. The portal vein supplies venous blood from the small and large intestines to the liver as a component of the hepatic triad. The liver is also supplied with arterial blood through the proper hepatic branch of the celiac trunk.
The pancreas is composed of
The head, neck, body, and tail
The pancreas is both
endocrine and exocrine in function, producing pancreatic enzymes as well as the hormone insulin. The islet pancreatic cells secrete insulin.
Hormones of the intestinal mucosa
Secretin, gastrin, cholecystokinin, and enterocrinin
A major part of digestion occurs in the stomach where:
hydrochloric acid is secreted through the gastric mucosal glands under the influence of the vagus nerve
Regions of the stomach
Cardiac, fundic, corpus (body), and pyloric regions
Site of hiatal hernia
Esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm
A vagotomy can be performed to alleviate excessive or uncontrolled HCl acid secretion through the gastric glands.
Small intestine components
Duodenum, jejunum, ileum
The chemical environment of the duodenum is
basic
The second part (descending) duodenum receives both
Common bile and main pancreatic ducts through the hepatopancreatic ampulla
Jejunum
The second region of the small intestine. It contains numerous mucosal villi but no submucosal glands
Ileum
Contains numerous lymph modules, called Peyers patches.
Function of the large intestine
Remove water, store, and compact fecal materials, absorb vitamins
Contains no villi and the connective tissue is filled with many lymphocytes.
Regions of the colon
Cecum, appendix, ascending, transverse, and descending, sigmoid, rectum, anus
Cecum
Region of the colon.
Sac-like and is located in the lower right quadrant. Continuous with the ileum
Ascending colon
Retroperitoneal
The right colic flexure is the location where the ascending colon makes an abrupt turn to the left to become the transverse colon.
Transverse colon
Forms an abrupt downward turn in the left upper abdominal quadrant as the left colic (splenic) flexure in the region of the spleen and left kidney. Connected to the greater curvature of the stomach through the greater omentum.
Descending colon
Retroperitoneal and directed inferiorly until it reaches the pelvic brim to become the sigmoid colon
Descending abdominal aorta
Celiac trunk
Superior mesenteric artery
Inferior mesenteric artery
Celiac trunk
Supplies the stomach and part of the pancreas, liver, and duodenum with blood
Superior mesenteric artery
Supplies the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, ascending colon, and transverse colon with blood
Inferior mesenteric artery
Supplies the descending and sigmoid colons with blood
CNS cell types
Neuron and neuroglia
Neurons are responsible for producing an action potential
Types of neurons
Multipolar, pseudounipolar, and bipolar
Neurons contain
a perikaryon (cell body), axon, and dendrite
Axons
Long nerve cell processes of uniform diameter that generally carry efferent neuronal activity away from the cell body to other neurons or effector organs such as the muscle cell Axons may be myelinated or unmyelinated.
Myelin
A protein-fatty insulating material. The action potential of myelinated axons is faster than that of unmyelinated axons`
Dendrites
Shorter, branching neuronal processes that generally receive nerve impulses from other cells through synaptic junctions.
The change in resting potential to the action potential of the axon in facilitated by
the movement of sodium and potassium ions through gated sodium and potassium channels on the surface of the plasma membrane of the axon
Neuronal synapse
The point of contact between neurons in which an action potential is transmitted from one nerve cell to another.
The axon terminal of one neuron synapses on the
Cell body or dendrites of another neuron
What releases neurotransmitters?
The axon terminal of a given cell
Glial cells
Small nerve cells that are mechanically and metabolically supportive and protective of neurons. Types of glial cells include astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and ependymal cells
Cerebral cortex
Made up of an outer layer of gray matter (neurons and glial cells) and an inner layer of deep white matter (glial cells and myelinated axonal fibers). The cerebral cortex is convoluted and has many bump-like gyri and shallow groove-like indentations referred to as sulci
Frontal lobe
Functions to provide higher cortical activity or mental integration
Parietal lobe
Processes sensory information including taste, touch, and temperature
Reading comprehension and elucidation are also associated with the parietal lobe
Temporal lobe
Functions in language, memory, and auditory information processing
Contains deep gray matter called amygdala nucleus
An important emotional center and is closely associated with the hippocampus, an important learning and memory module
Occipital lobe
Considered a primary and secondary visual center where light comes into consciousness
Limbic lobe
Closely related to the amygdala and is concerned with emotional expressions such as fear, aversion, and attraction
Brain stem
Includes the diencephalon, mesencephalon, metencephalon, and medulla oblongata
Pain comes into consciousness at
thalamic levels
Hypothalamus
Functions to regulate a plethora of hormones and several visceral activities such as appetite, thirst, sex drive, electrolyte balance, and blood sugar.
Malfunctions of the hypothalamus have been suggested in anorexia, obesity, and precocious puberty
Medulla oblongata
Contains nuclei important to control cardiac function and respiration. Malfunction have been associated in SIDS
Cranial nerves
12 pairs of cranial nerves are attached to the brain
Some are purely sensory and receive only afferent information.
Others are all motor and provide efferent impulses
Several are both
The spinal cord is connected to the brain by
the medulla oblongata
Central canal
Deep in the gray matter of the spinal cord and houses cerebrospinal fluid.
In the spinal cord, each pair of dorsal and ventral roots units to form
a single mixed (sensory-motor) spinal nerve. Dorsal root fibers are efferent or sensory. Ventral root fibers are motor or efferent.
Endocrine glands
Pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, suprarenal gland, ovaries (testes in male)
Hormones produced in the pituitary gland
Anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)- follicular-stimulating hormone, thyrotrophic-stimulating hormone, growth hormone, luteinizing hormone, interstitial cell-stimulating hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotrophic hormone Posterior lobe (neurohypophysis)- vasopressin and oxytocin
Structural unit of the thyroid gland
Thyroid follicle. Thyroid follicle cells secrete thyroxin into the colloid substance, where it is stored for future release into the bloodstream
Thyroxin regulates
General cell metabolism
The thyroid gland produces
Thyroxin and calcitonin
Parathyroid glands secrete
Parathyroid hormone, which regulates the amount of calcium in the bloodstream
The adrenal cortex secretes
glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and androgens
Glucocorticoids control the
Level of glucose in the blood plasma
Mineralocorticoids regulate
Concentration of electrolytes
Adrenal medulla cells secrete
Epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine
The ovarian follicle secretes
Estrogen and progesterone during the ovarian cycle.
Progesterone is responsible for
Maintaining the lining of the uterus during pregnancy
Excretory part of the kidney
Tubular nephron
