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PCOA > Biochemistry > Flashcards

Biochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

4 elements of protein structure

A

Primary- linear amino acid sequence
Secondary- alpha helices and beta-pleated sheets
Tertiary- Folding protein into 3 dimensional shape
Quaternary- multisubunit protein complex

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2
Q

Enzymes are characterized by

A

Specificity, high rate of activity, affinity for their specific substrate (Km), and the maximal rate of reaction when substrate is present in excess concentration (Vmax)

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3
Q

Coenzymes

A

Most vitamins and certain metals act as coenzymes that facilitate enzyme catalytic activity

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4
Q

Carbohydrates are stored as

A

glycogen in the liver and muscle

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5
Q

DNA and RNA 3 main components

A

Purine or pyrimidine base molecule, sugar, phosphoric acid molecule

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6
Q

Protein synthesis occurs

A

on the ribosome where mRNA carries the message and directs the order of AA in the protein, tRNA delivers each amino acid per code, and rRNA catalyzes the assembly of amino acids into protein

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7
Q

4 major biomolecules

A

carbohydrates, amino acids, fatty acids, nucleotides

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8
Q

Biomolecules are building blocks for

A

polysaccharides, lipids, proteins, and polynucleotides

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9
Q

Proteins

A

Form the structural backbone of cells and tissues and are responsible for enzymatic reactions, membrane transport, hormonal regulation, immune system, and transmission of cell to cell messages

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10
Q

All amino acids contain

A

An amino group and a carboxylic acid group and fall into 2 large groupings (primary and secondary amines)

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11
Q

Primary amine

A

nitrogen atom has only one bond to the carbon

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12
Q

Secondary amine

A

Nitrogen atom is bonded to two carbon atoms

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13
Q

Basic amino acids

A

Lysine, arginine, and histidine

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14
Q

Acidic amino acids

A

Glutamate and aspartate

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15
Q

9 essential amino acids

A

histine, leucine, isoleucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine

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16
Q

AA of the urea cycle

A

Urea cycle- conversion of ammonia to urea

arginine, ornithine, and citrulline

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17
Q

Urea cycle

A

Conversion of ammonia to urea
Main pathway for excretion of nitrogen waste product from protein metabolism. Coordinated in the cytoplasm and mitochondria of the cell.

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18
Q

Peptide bond

A

formed between two AA and is the primary element of peptide and protein structure.
Formed in the ribosome
In bond formation direction, loses water, in bond hydrolysis direction gains water

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19
Q

Sickle cell anemia

A

SNP replacing glutamic acid with valine

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20
Q

No post-translational modification of which AA have been identified?

A

Ala, Gly, Ile, or Val

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21
Q

Composition of carbohydrates

A

Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

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22
Q

During fasting, glycogen can be

A

hydrolyzed to release glucose and maintain blood sugar levels

23
Q

ABO human blood types

A

Specific glycosylation of cell surface proteins (glycoproteins) as well as the same specific glycosylation of membrane lipids is the base of human blood groups.

24
Q

Lipids include

A

fatty acids, cholesterol, essential vitamins, and glycerides

25
Q

Long chain fatty acids/ phospholipids are precursors for

A

prostaglandins and leukotrienes

26
Q

Difference between a nucleoside and a nucleotide

A

Nucleoside- deoxyribose and nitrogenous base pair (AT or CG)

Nucleotide- one to three phosphate groups are added

27
Q

Exons

A

Sections of DNA that carry specific genes

28
Q

Introns

A

Sections of DNA that carry no genetic information

29
Q

Enzymes

A

Basically catalysts, assist in chemical reactions but are not consumed in the reaction. Accelerate the chemistry of getting from a substrate to a product.
Accomplish this by lowering the activation energy.

30
Q

Key elements of enzyme-assisted reactions

A

Specificity- only one or a limited number of closely related substrates
Acceleration- Reaction occurs manifold over what would normally occur

31
Q

Stearic or induced fit

A

The active site of an enzyme is spatially configured to accept only one substrate configuration or a very limited number. This model involves molecular size, orientation or reactive groups, ionic and hydrogen bonding, and possibly movement of the enzyme protein backbone. This model has replaced the original lock and key model of enzyme activity.

32
Q

How do enzymes accomplish their goals? Many explanations exist, but they fall into the following basic categories:

A

Stearic or induced fit
Localized chemistry
Transition state

33
Q

An enzyme without its cofactor is an

A

Apoenzyme or apoprotein

34
Q

Niacin

A

Can be converted into 2 coenzymes- NAD and NADP

35
Q

Cofactors

A

Coenzymes that are metals

36
Q

Fat soluble vitamins

A

A, D, E, K

37
Q

Deficiency associated with Vitamin A

A

Night blindness

38
Q

Deficiency associated with vitamin D

A

Rickets

39
Q

Deficiency associated with B2 or B3

A

Pellagra

40
Q

Deficiency associated with B1/thiamine

A

Beriberi

41
Q

First order reaction

A

Substrate goes to product without interaction of another molecule, except the enzyme
V=ds/dt=ks

42
Q

Glycolysis

A

Carbohydrate metabolism

30-32 moles ATP per mole of glucose

43
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

Glucose can be synthesized from noncarbohydrate precursors predominantly in the liver

44
Q

Precursor molecules to glucose

A

Lactate, pyruvate, glycerol, and keto-acids

45
Q

Ketone bodies

A

Acetoacetate, beta-hydroxybutyrate, and acetone
Concentrations can rise in ketosis or ketoacidosis
Brain and heart use ketone bodies as a direct energy source through reconversion to acetyl-coa

46
Q

Propionyl vs acetyl-CoA

A

If the original fatty acid molecule contains an even number of carbons, then acetyl-CoA is the only product. If the fatty acid chain contains an odd number of carbons, then the terminal product is propionyl-CoA.

47
Q

Cause of DNA damage, missing base

A

Removal or purine nucleotides by heat or acid

48
Q

Cause of DNA damage, altered base

A

Alkylating agents, ionizing radiation

49
Q

Cause of DNA damage, wrong base

A

Deamination

50
Q

Cause of DNA damage, deletion or insertion

A

Intercalating chemicals

51
Q

Cause of DNA damage, cyclobutyl dimer

A

UV irradiation

52
Q

Cause of DNA damage, strand breaks

A

Ionizing radiation, chemicals

53
Q

Cause of DNA damage, strand-cross linking

A

Chemicals

PCOA (6 decks)

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