Microbiology: Exam 2 Material Flashcards
0
Q
____ is the highest temperature at which any organism can live
A
Maximum temperature
1
Q
The lowest temperature at which any organism can live is known as ____.
A
Minimum Teperature
2
Q
The ____ at which any organism grows best is.
A
Optimum temperature
3
Q
Organisms that grow best at cold temperatures (below 20° C) are ____ which are also know as “cryophiles.”
A
Psychrophiles
4
Q
____ are organisms that grow best in medium temperatures (between 20°- 40°c) most pathogens are in this category.
A
Mesophiles
5
Q
Organisms that thrive best in hot temperatures (above 40° c) are known as ____.
A
Thermophiles
6
Q
The effect of light on bacterial growth is known as ____ and is ____.
A
Ultraviolet light “UV”
Bactericidal
7
Q
Ultraviolet light is named by its ____, because it’s located above violet.
A
Location
8
Q
____ will kill bacteria, but is not a sterilant.
A
Ultraviolet light.
9
Q
Diffusions through membranes is ____.
A
Osmosis
10
Q
____ is the type of solution necessary to properly study red blood cells and bacteria cells.
A
Isotonic
11
Q
The ____ is the type of solution you immerse a cell for study to ensure no change in size, shape, and volume.
A
Isotonic Solution
12
Q
The shrinkage of bacterial cells when placed in hypertonic solution is known as ____.
A
Plasmolysis
13
Q
The shrinkage of red blood cells when place in a hypertonic solution is known as ____.
A
Crenation
14
Q
____ is the excess solution compared to the original solution.
A
Hypertonic
15
Q
The bursting of bacteria cells when placed in hypotonic solution is known as ____.
A
Plasmoptysis
16
Q
The bursting of red blood cells when placed in hypotonic solution is known as ____.
A
Hemolysis
17
Q
The living together; or association of two or more organisms living together is ____.
A
Symbiosis
18
Q
Relationship between two or more organisms that is a benefit to all in the relationship is known as ____.
A
Mutualism
19
Q
The relationship between two or more organisms which is a benefit to one, with no effect on the other is know as ____.
Example: normal flora
A
Commensalism
20
Q
The organisms naturally living in and on the human body is ___.
A
Normal flora
“indigenous Flora”
21
Q
The relationship between two or more organisms which is a benefit to one, and harmful to the other is ____.
A
Parasitism
22
Q
A relationship between two or more MO’s which produces an effect, be it good or bad, not possible by each one alone is ____.
A
Synergism
23
Q
A relationship between two or more MO’s in which the presence of one inhibits the growth of the other (this also means the presence of one doesn’t necessarily kill the other either); mutual opposition or contrary action is ____.
A
Antagonism
24
An organism that kills germs is a ____.
Germicide
25
The entry, establishment, and multiplication of pathogenic organisms within the host is known as ____.
Infection
26
The mere presence of infectious material, with no reaction produced is known as ____.
Contamination
27
The ability of an organism to cause infection in man is ____.
Pathogenicity
28
80% of known organisms are ____.
Non pathogenic
29
The relative power of an organism to cause infection is known as ____.
Virulence
30
The weakening in the virulence of an organism is known as ____.
Attenuation
31
Organisms naturally living in and on a host is know as ____?
Indigenous flora
"Normal Flora"
32
Resistant (as in bacteria) to the action of a drug, or drugs is ____.
Drug fast
33
The most famous infections that is drug resistant is ____.
MRSA
34
Any MO's that cause disease in man are ____.
Pathogens
35
A ____ infection does not cause disease in man.
Non pathogenic
36
Microorganisms that produce infection only under especially favorable conditions, that is, they await the right opportunity to cause infection. Pathogens contained in a person's normal flora are usually ____ since they alone can't penetrate unbroken skin.
Opportunists
37
MO's that will cause an infection in man every time that a person is exposed to them. They are never a part of one's normal flora is the definition of ____.
Strict (obligate) pathogens
38
Any infections caused from MO's outside the body is ____.
Exogenous
39
An infection in which caused by MO's from inside the body is ____.
Endogenous
40
True or False
| Anytime you reaspirate the body you always want to reinfect the body with cavity fluid.
True
41
An infection of sudden onset and short duration is _____ infection. Meningococemia and Neisseriae meningtidis are both examples of this type of infection.
Acute
42
An infection of slow onset and long duration is a ____ infection.
Alzheimer's is the most famous disease that comes from this.
Chronic
43
Two different infections that cause by the same virus are ____ and ____.
Varicella "chicken pox"
Zoster "shingles"
44
Any infection capable of being transmitted, either directly or indirectly, from host to host. Contagious and means highly ____.
Small pox is an example of a contagious disease this
Communicable
45
An infection that is constantly present to a greater or lesser degree in a community is ____.
The Cold Flu is an example of this
Endemic
46
An infection which attacks a large number of people in a community in a short period of time is ____.
Epidemic
47
A worldwide epidemic, an infection which becomes an epidemic in a number of countries at the same time is a ____.
The Flu of 1919 is an example of this.
Pandemic
48
An infection which occurs only occasionally in a community is a ____ infection.
Legionnaires Disease is an example of this
Sporadic
49
The initial infection of a mixed infection is ___ infection
Primary
50
An infection due to two or more organisms; OR 2 or more infections occurring at the same time is known as ____ infection.
Mixed
51
The second and generally more complicated infection in a mixed infection is known as ____ infection.
HIV and Bird strain TB a examples of this
Secondary
52
An infection in which the pathogenic organisms remain confined to a particular area is _____ infection.
An accessed tooth is an example of this.
Local
53
Infection throughout the body, spread generally over the body by the bloodstream or lymphatic system is ____ infection.
Septicemia is an example of this
General
54
A condition in which bacteria are in the bloodstream but are not multiplying there is ____
Bacteremia
55
Invasion of the bloodstream by pathogenic organisms with their subsequent multiplication therein is ____.
Common name is "blood poisoning"
Septicemia
56
The present of toxins (poisonous substances) in the blood is ____.
Toxemia
57
An infection which occurs during the course of a chronic disease and causes death is a ____ infection.
Terminal
58
The presence of infectious material, without a reaction necessarily being produced. This term can also refer to inanimate objects is ____.
Fomite is the example of this
Contamination
59
The infestation of the body by macroscopic parasites; those able to be seen with the unaided eye.
Examples: maggots
Infestation
60
____ Is the ability of a microorganism to produce disease. _____ implies a wreaking or reduction in the virulence of a microorganism.
Virulence
Attenuation
61
Diseases caused by infectious agents that can be transmitted between (or are shared by) animals and humans.
Examples are: encephalitis (from migratory bird & horses) and malaria (female anopheles mosquitoes)
Zoonotic
62
A hospital acquired infection; one obtained in the hospital.
| Example is : staph
Nosocomial
63
Literally, pus in the blood; a form of septicemia cause by a cryogenic (pus forming.)
Pyemia
64
The wreaking or reduction in the virulence of a MO.
Attenuation
65
An infection that cause fever.
Pyremia
66
The poisonous substance that has been taken from the organisms that causes a type of infection and modified it.
Examples are : diphtheria and tetanus
Toxoid
67
A sudden, severe and overwhelming infection, such as spinal minigitis.
Fulminating
68
Infection throughout the body, having been spread by the bloodstream or lymphatic system.
Generalized.
69
A seemingly inactive infection; it is apparently held in check by the body's defense but may spread when the body resistance is reduced.
Examples: cold sores and syphilis
Latent
70
An infection in which the clinical symptoms are not recognized or immediately detectable.
Example: tuberculosis
Inapparent
71
An infection in which all the symptoms are easily recognized.
Example: rubella
Typical mumps
72
An infection in which all the symptoms are not easily recognizable meaning that it could be confused with another infection.
Example is : TB
Atypical
73
Rubella is a type of ____ infection.
Typical mumps
74
Tuberculosis is a ____ infection.
Inapparent
75
Cold sores and syphilis is a ____ infection.
Latent
76
Spinal meningitis is ____ infection.
Fulminating
77
Staph infection is a ____ infection.
Nosocomial
78
Encephalitis and malaria are ____ infections.
Zoonotic
79
Maggots are a form of ____.
Infestation
80
A fomite is a ____ infection.
Contamination
81
Diphtheria and tetanus are ____ infections.
Toxoid
82
Meningococemia and Neisseriare minigtidis are ____ infections.
Acute
83
Cold flu is an ____.
Endemic
84
Septicemia is a ____ infection.
General
85
Factors influencing virulence
Toxin production
86
____ are poisonous substances produced all the time and continuously released to the outside.
(Tetanus and cholera)
Exotoxins
87
Poisonous substances only released when cell producing it is destroyed.
(Spinal Meningitis)
Endotoxins
88
____ are organic catalysts, substances which speed up the rate of chemical reaction, without being destroyed or used up in the process. (Salt)
Enzymes
89
An enzyme which is the spreading factor ____ breaks down hyaluronic acid.
Hyaluranidase
90
The enzyme ____ causes plasma of blood to clot; clots plasma
Coagulase
91
The enzymes ____, or ____ dissolves blood clots, especially if the clot caused MI.
Fibrinolysin (streptokinase)
92
The slime layers ____ are jelly like material surrounding that helps protect the cell
Capsules
93
____ are the best means of protection (only found in bacillus and clostridium)
Endospores
94
____ is any bacteria that can never form endospores; OR any bacteria that can produce endospores, or one currently not producing them.
Vegetative Bacteria
95
____ currently produces endospores; occurs under adverse living conditions.
Sporulating Bacteria
96
____ is when free endospores forms a new vegetative cell when good living conditions return.
Germinating Bacteria
97
The best source for any infection is ____.
Animals or persons currently ill of the infection.
98
Another source for infection is ____.
Chronic animal or human carriers.
99
An animal or person that possesses a particular organism and transmits it to another after they have recovered, usually in about the first two weeks after they have recovered is the definition of an ____.
Active carrier
100
An animal or person that possesses a particular organism and transmits it to others even though they have never suffered from the infection which it causes is a ____.
(Example: Typhoid Mary)
Passive carrier
101
Any disease present at birth is ____.
Congenital
102
An animal or person that possesses a particular organism and transmits it to another during their recovery is a ____.
Convalescent carrier
103
The air outside in which the MO can be contained is the ____.
Environment
104
Modes of transmission
Direct transmission
| Indirect transmission
105
A lifeless inadimate object is a ____.
Fomite
106
Food (rare pork), milk, fomites, water, soil are all examples of ____.
Indirect transmission
107
Arthropods, insects (flies, Mosquitos) are ____.
Vectors
108
Not sufferers of the infection which they carry are ____. (Mosquitos, Birds, Monkies)
Biological vectors
110
Physical contact (STD's), droplet infection or droplet spray (sneezes), congenital (rubella, "German measles" "3 day measles), are methods of _____.
Direct transmission
111
Portals of entry and exits of pathogens are____.
```
Skin and mucous membranes (staph)
Respiratory Tract (TB and pneumonia)
Digestive tract (cholera, dysentery)
Genito-urinary tract "GUT" (STD's)
Placenta (Rubella "German Measles")
```
112
The substance by which the pathogen either enters or leaves the body is called ____.
Vehicle
113
Types of vehicles are:
```
Feces-dysentery, cholera
Urine -UT infections, STD's; purulent (cloudy "pus present") appearance.
Semen
Vaginal secretions-yeast infections
Sputum "phlegm"
Saliva- cytomegalovirus (CID)
Blood- hepatitis A&B
Pus & Lesion Exudate- bed sores
Tears
```
114
When an organism choose to restrict themselves to a certain part of the body is ____.
Elective localization
115
Portal of entry of the pathogens and elective localizations are:
Number of organisms
Virulence of the organisms resistance of the host
(health or illness = N(V)/r
116
Carries the pathogen on the outside of their body are ____. Roach droppings are a good example of this.
Mechanical vectors
117
Legionnaires Disease is a ____ disease.
Sporadic
118
The Flu of 1919 was a _____.
Pandemic
