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Microbiology > Microbiology: Exam 2 Material > Flashcards

Microbiology: Exam 2 Material Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

____ is the highest temperature at which any organism can live

A

Maximum temperature

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1
Q

The lowest temperature at which any organism can live is known as ____.

A

Minimum Teperature

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2
Q

The ____ at which any organism grows best is.

A

Optimum temperature

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3
Q

Organisms that grow best at cold temperatures (below 20° C) are ____ which are also know as “cryophiles.”

A

Psychrophiles

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4
Q

____ are organisms that grow best in medium temperatures (between 20°- 40°c) most pathogens are in this category.

A

Mesophiles

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5
Q

Organisms that thrive best in hot temperatures (above 40° c) are known as ____.

A

Thermophiles

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6
Q

The effect of light on bacterial growth is known as ____ and is ____.

A

Ultraviolet light “UV”

Bactericidal

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7
Q

Ultraviolet light is named by its ____, because it’s located above violet.

A

Location

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8
Q

____ will kill bacteria, but is not a sterilant.

A

Ultraviolet light.

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9
Q

Diffusions through membranes is ____.

A

Osmosis

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10
Q

____ is the type of solution necessary to properly study red blood cells and bacteria cells.

A

Isotonic

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11
Q

The ____ is the type of solution you immerse a cell for study to ensure no change in size, shape, and volume.

A

Isotonic Solution

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12
Q

The shrinkage of bacterial cells when placed in hypertonic solution is known as ____.

A

Plasmolysis

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13
Q

The shrinkage of red blood cells when place in a hypertonic solution is known as ____.

A

Crenation

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14
Q

____ is the excess solution compared to the original solution.

A

Hypertonic

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15
Q

The bursting of bacteria cells when placed in hypotonic solution is known as ____.

A

Plasmoptysis

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16
Q

The bursting of red blood cells when placed in hypotonic solution is known as ____.

A

Hemolysis

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17
Q

The living together; or association of two or more organisms living together is ____.

A

Symbiosis

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18
Q

Relationship between two or more organisms that is a benefit to all in the relationship is known as ____.

A

Mutualism

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19
Q

The relationship between two or more organisms which is a benefit to one, with no effect on the other is know as ____.
Example: normal flora

A

Commensalism

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20
Q

The organisms naturally living in and on the human body is ___.

A

Normal flora

“indigenous Flora”

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21
Q

The relationship between two or more organisms which is a benefit to one, and harmful to the other is ____.

A

Parasitism

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22
Q

A relationship between two or more MO’s which produces an effect, be it good or bad, not possible by each one alone is ____.

A

Synergism

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23
Q

A relationship between two or more MO’s in which the presence of one inhibits the growth of the other (this also means the presence of one doesn’t necessarily kill the other either); mutual opposition or contrary action is ____.

A

Antagonism

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24
Q

An organism that kills germs is a ____.

A

Germicide

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25
Q

The entry, establishment, and multiplication of pathogenic organisms within the host is known as ____.

A

Infection

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26
Q

The mere presence of infectious material, with no reaction produced is known as ____.

A

Contamination

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27
Q

The ability of an organism to cause infection in man is ____.

A

Pathogenicity

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28
Q

80% of known organisms are ____.

A

Non pathogenic

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29
Q

The relative power of an organism to cause infection is known as ____.

A

Virulence

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30
Q

The weakening in the virulence of an organism is known as ____.

A

Attenuation

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31
Q

Organisms naturally living in and on a host is know as ____?

A

Indigenous flora

“Normal Flora”

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32
Q

Resistant (as in bacteria) to the action of a drug, or drugs is ____.

A

Drug fast

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33
Q

The most famous infections that is drug resistant is ____.

A

MRSA

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34
Q

Any MO’s that cause disease in man are ____.

A

Pathogens

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35
Q

A ____ infection does not cause disease in man.

A

Non pathogenic

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36
Q

Microorganisms that produce infection only under especially favorable conditions, that is, they await the right opportunity to cause infection. Pathogens contained in a person’s normal flora are usually ____ since they alone can’t penetrate unbroken skin.

A

Opportunists

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37
Q

MO’s that will cause an infection in man every time that a person is exposed to them. They are never a part of one’s normal flora is the definition of ____.

A

Strict (obligate) pathogens

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38
Q

Any infections caused from MO’s outside the body is ____.

A

Exogenous

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39
Q

An infection in which caused by MO’s from inside the body is ____.

A

Endogenous

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40
Q

True or False

Anytime you reaspirate the body you always want to reinfect the body with cavity fluid.

A

True

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41
Q

An infection of sudden onset and short duration is _____ infection. Meningococemia and Neisseriae meningtidis are both examples of this type of infection.

A

Acute

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42
Q

An infection of slow onset and long duration is a ____ infection.
Alzheimer’s is the most famous disease that comes from this.

A

Chronic

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43
Q

Two different infections that cause by the same virus are ____ and ____.

A

Varicella “chicken pox”

Zoster “shingles”

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44
Q

Any infection capable of being transmitted, either directly or indirectly, from host to host. Contagious and means highly ____.
Small pox is an example of a contagious disease this

A

Communicable

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45
Q

An infection that is constantly present to a greater or lesser degree in a community is ____.
The Cold Flu is an example of this

A

Endemic

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46
Q

An infection which attacks a large number of people in a community in a short period of time is ____.

A

Epidemic

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47
Q

A worldwide epidemic, an infection which becomes an epidemic in a number of countries at the same time is a ____.
The Flu of 1919 is an example of this.

A

Pandemic

48
Q

An infection which occurs only occasionally in a community is a ____ infection.
Legionnaires Disease is an example of this

A

Sporadic

49
Q

The initial infection of a mixed infection is ___ infection

A

Primary

50
Q

An infection due to two or more organisms; OR 2 or more infections occurring at the same time is known as ____ infection.

A

Mixed

51
Q

The second and generally more complicated infection in a mixed infection is known as ____ infection.
HIV and Bird strain TB a examples of this

A

Secondary

52
Q

An infection in which the pathogenic organisms remain confined to a particular area is _____ infection.
An accessed tooth is an example of this.

A

Local

53
Q

Infection throughout the body, spread generally over the body by the bloodstream or lymphatic system is ____ infection.
Septicemia is an example of this

A

General

54
Q

A condition in which bacteria are in the bloodstream but are not multiplying there is ____

A

Bacteremia

55
Q

Invasion of the bloodstream by pathogenic organisms with their subsequent multiplication therein is ____.
Common name is “blood poisoning”

A

Septicemia

56
Q

The present of toxins (poisonous substances) in the blood is ____.

A

Toxemia

57
Q

An infection which occurs during the course of a chronic disease and causes death is a ____ infection.

A

Terminal

58
Q

The presence of infectious material, without a reaction necessarily being produced. This term can also refer to inanimate objects is ____.
Fomite is the example of this

A

Contamination

59
Q

The infestation of the body by macroscopic parasites; those able to be seen with the unaided eye.
Examples: maggots

A

Infestation

60
Q

____ Is the ability of a microorganism to produce disease. _____ implies a wreaking or reduction in the virulence of a microorganism.

A

Virulence

Attenuation

61
Q

Diseases caused by infectious agents that can be transmitted between (or are shared by) animals and humans.
Examples are: encephalitis (from migratory bird & horses) and malaria (female anopheles mosquitoes)

A

Zoonotic

62
Q

A hospital acquired infection; one obtained in the hospital.

Example is : staph

A

Nosocomial

63
Q

Literally, pus in the blood; a form of septicemia cause by a cryogenic (pus forming.)

A

Pyemia

64
Q

The wreaking or reduction in the virulence of a MO.

A

Attenuation

65
Q

An infection that cause fever.

A

Pyremia

66
Q

The poisonous substance that has been taken from the organisms that causes a type of infection and modified it.
Examples are : diphtheria and tetanus

A

Toxoid

67
Q

A sudden, severe and overwhelming infection, such as spinal minigitis.

A

Fulminating

68
Q

Infection throughout the body, having been spread by the bloodstream or lymphatic system.

A

Generalized.

69
Q

A seemingly inactive infection; it is apparently held in check by the body’s defense but may spread when the body resistance is reduced.
Examples: cold sores and syphilis

A

Latent

70
Q

An infection in which the clinical symptoms are not recognized or immediately detectable.
Example: tuberculosis

A

Inapparent

71
Q

An infection in which all the symptoms are easily recognized.
Example: rubella

A

Typical mumps

72
Q

An infection in which all the symptoms are not easily recognizable meaning that it could be confused with another infection.
Example is : TB

A

Atypical

73
Q

Rubella is a type of ____ infection.

A

Typical mumps

74
Q

Tuberculosis is a ____ infection.

A

Inapparent

75
Q

Cold sores and syphilis is a ____ infection.

A

Latent

76
Q

Spinal meningitis is ____ infection.

A

Fulminating

77
Q

Staph infection is a ____ infection.

A

Nosocomial

78
Q

Encephalitis and malaria are ____ infections.

A

Zoonotic

79
Q

Maggots are a form of ____.

A

Infestation

80
Q

A fomite is a ____ infection.

A

Contamination

81
Q

Diphtheria and tetanus are ____ infections.

A

Toxoid

82
Q

Meningococemia and Neisseriare minigtidis are ____ infections.

A

Acute

83
Q

Cold flu is an ____.

A

Endemic

84
Q

Septicemia is a ____ infection.

A

General

85
Q

Factors influencing virulence

A

Toxin production

86
Q

____ are poisonous substances produced all the time and continuously released to the outside.
(Tetanus and cholera)

A

Exotoxins

87
Q

Poisonous substances only released when cell producing it is destroyed.
(Spinal Meningitis)

A

Endotoxins

88
Q

____ are organic catalysts, substances which speed up the rate of chemical reaction, without being destroyed or used up in the process. (Salt)

A

Enzymes

89
Q

An enzyme which is the spreading factor ____ breaks down hyaluronic acid.

A

Hyaluranidase

90
Q

The enzyme ____ causes plasma of blood to clot; clots plasma

A

Coagulase

91
Q

The enzymes ____, or ____ dissolves blood clots, especially if the clot caused MI.

A

Fibrinolysin (streptokinase)

92
Q

The slime layers ____ are jelly like material surrounding that helps protect the cell

A

Capsules

93
Q

____ are the best means of protection (only found in bacillus and clostridium)

A

Endospores

94
Q

____ is any bacteria that can never form endospores; OR any bacteria that can produce endospores, or one currently not producing them.

A

Vegetative Bacteria

95
Q

____ currently produces endospores; occurs under adverse living conditions.

A

Sporulating Bacteria

96
Q

____ is when free endospores forms a new vegetative cell when good living conditions return.

A

Germinating Bacteria

97
Q

The best source for any infection is ____.

A

Animals or persons currently ill of the infection.

98
Q

Another source for infection is ____.

A

Chronic animal or human carriers.

99
Q

An animal or person that possesses a particular organism and transmits it to another after they have recovered, usually in about the first two weeks after they have recovered is the definition of an ____.

A

Active carrier

100
Q

An animal or person that possesses a particular organism and transmits it to others even though they have never suffered from the infection which it causes is a ____.
(Example: Typhoid Mary)

A

Passive carrier

101
Q

Any disease present at birth is ____.

A

Congenital

102
Q

An animal or person that possesses a particular organism and transmits it to another during their recovery is a ____.

A

Convalescent carrier

103
Q

The air outside in which the MO can be contained is the ____.

A

Environment

104
Q

Modes of transmission

A

Direct transmission

Indirect transmission

105
Q

A lifeless inadimate object is a ____.

A

Fomite

106
Q

Food (rare pork), milk, fomites, water, soil are all examples of ____.

A

Indirect transmission

107
Q

Arthropods, insects (flies, Mosquitos) are ____.

A

Vectors

108
Q

Not sufferers of the infection which they carry are ____. (Mosquitos, Birds, Monkies)

A

Biological vectors

110
Q

Physical contact (STD’s), droplet infection or droplet spray (sneezes), congenital (rubella, “German measles” “3 day measles), are methods of _____.

A

Direct transmission

111
Q

Portals of entry and exits of pathogens are____.

A 
Skin and mucous membranes (staph)
Respiratory Tract (TB and pneumonia)
Digestive tract (cholera, dysentery) 
Genito-urinary tract "GUT" (STD's)
Placenta (Rubella "German Measles")
112
Q

The substance by which the pathogen either enters or leaves the body is called ____.

A

Vehicle

113
Q

Types of vehicles are:

A 
Feces-dysentery, cholera
Urine -UT infections, STD's; purulent (cloudy "pus present") appearance.
Semen
Vaginal secretions-yeast infections
Sputum "phlegm" 
Saliva- cytomegalovirus (CID)
Blood- hepatitis A&B
Pus & Lesion Exudate- bed sores
Tears
114
Q

When an organism choose to restrict themselves to a certain part of the body is ____.

A

Elective localization

115
Q

Portal of entry of the pathogens and elective localizations are:

A

Number of organisms
Virulence of the organisms resistance of the host
(health or illness = N(V)/r

116
Q

Carries the pathogen on the outside of their body are ____. Roach droppings are a good example of this.

A

Mechanical vectors

117
Q

Legionnaires Disease is a ____ disease.

A

Sporadic

118
Q

The Flu of 1919 was a _____.

A

Pandemic

Microbiology (6 decks)

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