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ENT > Microbiology- ENT infections > Flashcards

Microbiology- ENT infections Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common bacterial cause of sore throat?

A

Strep. pyogenes

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2
Q

What do Group A streps look like?

A

Gram positive chains, showing Beta (complete) haemolysis on blood agar

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3
Q

What are potential acute and long term complications of strep throat?

A

Acute: peritonsillar abscess (quinsy), sinusitis, otitis media, scarlet fever.
Late: rheumatic fever (3 weeks post infection), glomerulonephritis (1-3 weeks post op)

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4
Q

What are the three main features of rheumatic fever?

A

Fever, arthritis, pericarditis

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5
Q

How does diphtheria present?

A

Sore throat (severe), lymphadenopathy, grey/white membrane across the pharynx

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6
Q

What is the causative agent in diphtheria?

A

Cornyebacterium diptheriae

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7
Q

What is the treatment for oral thrush?

A

Nystatin

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8
Q

What is the diphtheria toxin made from?

A

C. diptheriae toxin

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9
Q

How is diphtheria treated?

A

Antitoxin + erythromycin/penicillin (see antibiotic man)

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10
Q

How does acute otitis media often occur?

A

URTI which has extended up the Eustachian tube

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11
Q

Acute otitis media is often viral, with secondary bacterial infection. Which organisms are often implicated?

A

H. influenzae, strep pneumoniae, strep pyogenes

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12
Q

How is acute otitis media treated?

A

80% resolve without antibiotics. Amoxicillin is first line

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13
Q

How does acute sinusitis present?

A

Severe pain and tenderness over the sinuses; purulent nasal discharge

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14
Q

When should antibiotics be used in treating acute sinusitis, and which antibiotic should be avoided in children?

A

Reserve for serious/deteriorating cases >10 days duration. Penicillin is first line, doxycycline is 2nd but should be avoided in children

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15
Q

What is otitis externa?

A

Inflammation of the outer ear

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16
Q

How does otitis externa present?

A

Red, painful, itchy and swollen external ear canal. May be discharge or increased wax which may impair hearing

17
Q

Which organisms commonly cause otitis externa?

A

Staph aureus, Proteus spp, pseudomonas aeruginosa, aspergillus and candida

18
Q

How is otitis externa managed?

A

Topical aural toilet; swab if unresponsive, culture and direct antibiotic therapy to sensitivities

19
Q

What is the classic triad of symptoms in infectious mononucleosis?

A

Fever, lymphadenopathy and pharyngitis

20
Q

Which other symptoms/signs may be seen in infectious mononucleosis?

A

Malaise and lethargy; jaundice, rash, splenomegaly, palatal petechiae

21
Q

What causes infectious mononucleosis?

A

EBV infection of B cells

22
Q

List some potential complications of mono.

A

Anaemia, thrombocytopenia, splenic rupture, upper airway obstruction, lymphoma (esp. in immunocompromised)

23
Q

When might corticosteroids be useful in treating mono?

A

In cases of upper airway obstruction or haemolytic anaemia

24
Q

What lab tests can be used to confirm mono?

A

Blood film- atypical lymphocytes, lymphocytosis. Heterophil antibody tests. EBV IgM

25
Q

What are important differential diagnoses to consider in mono?

A

Cytomegalovirus, toxoplasmosis, HIV seroconversion illness

26
Q

How does primary gingivostomatitis present?

A

In childhood; herpetic lesions on lips, buccal mucosa, hard palate; fever; lymphadenopathy

27
Q

Which virus causes primary gingivostomatitis?

A

Herpes simplex virus Type 1

28
Q

Where does HSV1 become latent?

A

Sensory nerve roots

29
Q

Where does herpes simplex encephalitis most frequently occur?

A

Temporal lobe

30
Q

How are cold sores treated?

A

Aciclovir

31
Q

Which virus causes herpangina and hand foot and mouth?

A

Coxsackie enterovirus

32
Q

How is the cause of viral oral ulceration confirmed?

A

Swab in viral transport medium; viral PCR

ENT (21 decks)

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