Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

biology > Microbiology Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Microbiology Chapter 1 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Microorganism

A

an organism too small to be seen with the unaided eye

e.g. bacteria, fungi, protozoans, viruses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Daily Applications of Microbes Include:

A

1) assisting in recycling of nutrients
2) commercial applications
3) food industry
4) recombinant technology
5) pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Nomenclature System

A

Established by Linnaeus

Scientific naming of organisms includes two names: genus + sp. epithet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Genus is

A

capitalized & italicized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Species is

A

lower cased & italicized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Current classification scheme was proposed by

A

Carl Woese (1978)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Name the Three domains under Carl Woese system

A

1) Bacteria
2) Archaea
3) Eukarya: protists, fungi, plants, animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Name Characteristics of Bacteria

A

1) are prokaryotes
2) peptidoglycan cells
3) binary fission
4) obtain energy from organic or inorganic chemicals (chemiosynthesis) and use solar energy (photosynthesis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Name Major Bacteria Shapes

A

1) cocci- round, spherical
2) bacilli- rod shaped
3) spiral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Name Characteristics of Archaea

A

1) are also prokaryotes
2) lack peptidoglycan in cell walls
3) live in very extreme environments (e.g. methanogens, halophiles, thermophiles)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Name Characteristics of Fungi

A

1) are eukaryotes
2) have chitin in cell walls
3) use organic chemicals for energy
4) molds and mushrooms are multicellular, consists of masses of mycelia, composed of filaments called hyphae
* yeasts are unicellular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Name Characteristics of Protozoa

A

1) eukaryotes
2) absorbe or ingest organic chemicals
3) are motile via pseudopods, cilia, flagella
4) may or may not be parasitic
5) may reproduce sexually or asexually

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Name Characteristics of Algae

A

1) eukaryotes
2) cellulose cell walls
3) photosynthesis for energy
4) sexual and asexual reproductive forms
5) produce molecular oxygen and organic compounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Name Characteristics of Viruses

A

1) are acellular
2) core is composed of DNA or RNA
3) core is surrounded by protein coat
4) coat me be enclosed in lipid envelope
5) replicated only when they are living in a host cell
“use the cellular machinery of other organisms”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Robert Hooke

A

Living things are composed of boxes or cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Cell theory

A

all living things are composed of cells and come from preexisting cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Spontaneous Generation

A

Living organisms arise from nonliving matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Francesco Redi

A

1668

filled jars with decaying meat and covered some with net

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

John Needham

A

1745

put nutrient heated nutrient broth in sealed flasks, observed microbial growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Lazzaro Spallanzani

A

1765

also put boiled nutrient broth in sealed flasks observed no microbial growth because broth was heated in flasks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Name creator of theory of Biogenesis

A

Rudolf Virchow (1858)

22
Q

Biogenesis

A

living organisms arise from preexisting life

23
Q

Louis Pasteur

A

1861

demonstrated that microorganisms are present in the air

24
Q

Pasteur’s Conclusions

A
  • microbes can be present in nonliving matter
  • with enough heat microbes can be destroyed
  • methods are possible to prevent microbes from nutritional environments
25
Q

Aseptic Techniques

A

techniques in place to prevent unwanted microbial contamination

26
Q

Golden age of Microbiology

A

1857-1914

27
Q

Fermentation

A

conversion of sugar to alcohol to make beer and wine
necessary microbe=yeast
necessary conditions= lack of air (no oxygen)

28
Q

Pasteurization

A
  • application of a high heat for a short time

- enough heat to kill spoilage bacteria without evaporating alcohol

29
Q

Germ Theory of Disease

A

belief that many microorganisms are the cause of many diseases

30
Q

Koch’s Postulates

A

experimental steps to prove that a specific microbe causes a specific disease

31
Q

Vaccination

A

process of conferring immunity (resistance to a particular disease)

32
Q

Vaccine

A

Culture of avirulent microorganism used for preventive inoculations
Modern vaccines also include killed pathogens, isolated pathogenic components, recombinant DNA techniques

33
Q

Chemotherapy

A

treatment with chemicals

e.g. synthetic drugs or antibiotics

34
Q

Paul Erlich

A
  • first proposed development of “magic bullet” that could destroy a pathogen without harming the host
  • led to development of sulfonamides
35
Q

Alexander Fleming 1928

A

penicillium fungus makes antibiotic called penicillin that kills staph. aureus
produced in 1940s

36
Q

Virology

A

study of viruses

-first discovered by Dmitiri Iwanowski in 1892, was searching for cause of tobacco mosaic disease

37
Q

Genomics

A

study of an organism’s genes; has provided new tools for classifying microorganisms

38
Q

Recombinant DNA

A

DNA that is made from two different sources

-1960: Paul Berg inserted animal DNA into bacterial DNA and bacteria produced an animal protein

39
Q

Microbial Genetics

A

study of how microbes inherit traits

40
Q

Molecular Biology

A

study of how DNA directs protein synthesis

41
Q

Microbial Ecology

A
  • study of relationship between microbes and the environment

- bacteria recycle C, nutrients, S, and P that can be used by plants and animals

42
Q

Bioremediation

A

-use of microbial metabolism to remove pollutants (bacteria degrade/detoxify pollutant such as oil and mercury)

43
Q

Biotechnology

A

use of microbes to produce foods and chemicals

44
Q

Normal Microbiota

A

microbes that are normally present in/on the human body

  • once called flora because though bacteria were plants
  • can prevent growth of pathogens or growth factors
45
Q

Resistance

A
  • ability of body to ward off diseases

- factors in include physical, chemical, specific or nonspecific, artificial

46
Q

Biofilms

A

microbes can attach to solid surfaces and grow into masses

47
Q

EID

A

emerging infectious diseases

new diseases and diseases increasing in incidence

48
Q

Epidemic

A

any excessive and related incidence of a particular disease above normal expectations

49
Q

Pandemic

A

an epidemic that extends beyond confines of a wide area (e.g. continent)

50
Q

List examples of EIDs

A

Avian influenza A, MRSA, WNV, BSE

biology (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions