Microbiology Chapter 1 Flashcards by C C

Microorganism

an organism too small to be seen with the unaided eye

e.g. bacteria, fungi, protozoans, viruses

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Daily Applications of Microbes Include:

1) assisting in recycling of nutrients
2) commercial applications
3) food industry
4) recombinant technology
5) pathogens

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Nomenclature System

Established by Linnaeus

Scientific naming of organisms includes two names: genus + sp. epithet

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Genus is

capitalized & italicized

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Species is

lower cased & italicized

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Current classification scheme was proposed by

Carl Woese (1978)

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Name the Three domains under Carl Woese system

1) Bacteria
2) Archaea
3) Eukarya: protists, fungi, plants, animals

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Name Characteristics of Bacteria

1) are prokaryotes
2) peptidoglycan cells
3) binary fission
4) obtain energy from organic or inorganic chemicals (chemiosynthesis) and use solar energy (photosynthesis)

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Name Major Bacteria Shapes

1) cocci- round, spherical
2) bacilli- rod shaped
3) spiral

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Name Characteristics of Archaea

1) are also prokaryotes
2) lack peptidoglycan in cell walls
3) live in very extreme environments (e.g. methanogens, halophiles, thermophiles)

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Name Characteristics of Fungi

1) are eukaryotes
2) have chitin in cell walls
3) use organic chemicals for energy
4) molds and mushrooms are multicellular, consists of masses of mycelia, composed of filaments called hyphae
* yeasts are unicellular

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Name Characteristics of Protozoa

1) eukaryotes
2) absorbe or ingest organic chemicals
3) are motile via pseudopods, cilia, flagella
4) may or may not be parasitic
5) may reproduce sexually or asexually

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Name Characteristics of Algae

1) eukaryotes
2) cellulose cell walls
3) photosynthesis for energy
4) sexual and asexual reproductive forms
5) produce molecular oxygen and organic compounds

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Name Characteristics of Viruses

1) are acellular
2) core is composed of DNA or RNA
3) core is surrounded by protein coat
4) coat me be enclosed in lipid envelope
5) replicated only when they are living in a host cell
“use the cellular machinery of other organisms”

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Robert Hooke

Living things are composed of boxes or cells

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Cell theory

all living things are composed of cells and come from preexisting cells

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Spontaneous Generation

Living organisms arise from nonliving matter

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Francesco Redi

1668

filled jars with decaying meat and covered some with net

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John Needham

1745

put nutrient heated nutrient broth in sealed flasks, observed microbial growth

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Lazzaro Spallanzani

1765

also put boiled nutrient broth in sealed flasks observed no microbial growth because broth was heated in flasks

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Name creator of theory of Biogenesis

Rudolf Virchow (1858)

Biogenesis

living organisms arise from preexisting life

Louis Pasteur

1861

demonstrated that microorganisms are present in the air

Pasteur’s Conclusions

microbes can be present in nonliving matter
with enough heat microbes can be destroyed
methods are possible to prevent microbes from nutritional environments

Aseptic Techniques

techniques in place to prevent unwanted microbial contamination

Golden age of Microbiology

1857-1914

Fermentation

conversion of sugar to alcohol to make beer and wine necessary microbe=yeast necessary conditions= lack of air (no oxygen)

Pasteurization

- application of a high heat for a short time | - enough heat to kill spoilage bacteria without evaporating alcohol

Germ Theory of Disease

belief that many microorganisms are the cause of many diseases

Koch's Postulates

experimental steps to prove that a specific microbe causes a specific disease

Vaccination

process of conferring immunity (resistance to a particular disease)

Vaccine

Culture of avirulent microorganism used for preventive inoculations Modern vaccines also include killed pathogens, isolated pathogenic components, recombinant DNA techniques

Chemotherapy

treatment with chemicals | e.g. synthetic drugs or antibiotics

Paul Erlich

- first proposed development of "magic bullet" that could destroy a pathogen without harming the host - led to development of sulfonamides

Alexander Fleming 1928

penicillium fungus makes antibiotic called penicillin that kills staph. aureus produced in 1940s

Virology

study of viruses | -first discovered by Dmitiri Iwanowski in 1892, was searching for cause of tobacco mosaic disease

Genomics

study of an organism's genes; has provided new tools for classifying microorganisms

Recombinant DNA

DNA that is made from two different sources | -1960: Paul Berg inserted animal DNA into bacterial DNA and bacteria produced an animal protein

Microbial Genetics

study of how microbes inherit traits

Molecular Biology

study of how DNA directs protein synthesis

Microbial Ecology

- study of relationship between microbes and the environment | - bacteria recycle C, nutrients, S, and P that can be used by plants and animals

Bioremediation

-use of microbial metabolism to remove pollutants (bacteria degrade/detoxify pollutant such as oil and mercury)

Biotechnology

use of microbes to produce foods and chemicals

Normal Microbiota

microbes that are normally present in/on the human body - once called flora because though bacteria were plants - can prevent growth of pathogens or growth factors

Resistance

- ability of body to ward off diseases | - factors in include physical, chemical, specific or nonspecific, artificial

Biofilms

microbes can attach to solid surfaces and grow into masses

EID

emerging infectious diseases | new diseases and diseases increasing in incidence

Epidemic

any excessive and related incidence of a particular disease above normal expectations

Pandemic

an epidemic that extends beyond confines of a wide area (e.g. continent)

List examples of EIDs

Avian influenza A, MRSA, WNV, BSE