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MTAP FIRST SEM 2024-2025 > MICROBIOLOGY-BACTERIAL GENETICS, METABOLISM, AND STRUCTURE > Flashcards

MICROBIOLOGY-BACTERIAL GENETICS, METABOLISM, AND STRUCTURE Flashcards

1
Q

hereditary information resides or is encoded

A

Nucleic acids

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2
Q

Q: How many major classes of nucleic acids are there?

A

Two

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3
Q

Q: What distinguishes prokaryotes from eukaryotes in terms of genetic material?

A

Prokaryotes lack membrane-bound organelles, so their genetic material is not enclosed in a nucleus, whereas eukaryotes have their genetic material enclosed in a nuclear envelope.

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4
Q

Can you name the two major classes of nucleic acids?

A

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) and RNA (Ribonucleic Acid).

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5
Q

Yes or No

Q: Do prokaryotes have DNA within a nuclear membrane?

Q: Do eukaryotes have DNA within a nuclear membrane?

A

NO

YES

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6
Q

YES OR NO

Q: Do prokaryotes undergo mitotic division?

Q: Do eukaryotes undergo mitotic division?

A

NO

YES

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7
Q

YES OR NO

Q: Is DNA associated with histones in prokaryotes?

Q: Is DNA associated with histones in eukaryotes?

A

NO

YES

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8
Q

Q: How many chromosomes do prokaryotes typically have?

Q: How many chromosomes do eukaryotes typically have?

A

ONE

MORE THAN ONE

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9
Q

YES OR NO

Q: Do prokaryotes have membrane-bound organelles?

Q: Do eukaryotes have membrane-bound organelles?

A

NO

YES

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10
Q

Q: What is the size of ribosomes in prokaryotes?

Q: What is the size of ribosomes in eukaryotes?

A

70S

80S

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11
Q

YES OR NO

Q: Do prokaryotes have a cell wall containing peptidoglycan?

Q: Do eukaryotes have a cell wall containing peptidoglycan?

A

YES

NO

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12
Q

exist as double-stranded, closed, circular, autonomously replicating extrachromosomal genetic elements.

A

Plasmids

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13
Q

The number of plasmids per bacterial cell varies.

T OR F

A

T

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14
Q

Plasmids composed of few genes.

T OR F

A

F; several genes

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15
Q

What are transposable elements often referred to as?

A

Jumping genes

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16
Q

are pieces of DNA that move from one genetic element to another (such as from a plasmid to a chromosome or vice versa).

A

Transposable elements

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17
Q

Can transposable elements replicate independently?

A

No, transposable elements are unable to replicate independently.

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18
Q

Do transposable elements exist as separate entities in the bacterial cell?

A

No, transposable elements do not exist as separate entities in the bacterial cell.

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19
Q

What are the two types of transposable elements?

A

simple transposon (or insertion sequence, IS) and composite transposon.

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20
Q

What are episomes capable of in terms of replication?

A

Episomes are capable of replicating independently of the host chromosome.

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21
Q

Are episomes considered part of the bacterial genome?

A

Yes

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22
Q

How stable are episomes compared to the chromosome?

A

Episomes are not as stable as the chromosome and may be lost during replication.

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23
Q

What is binary fission?

A

production of 2 daughter cells from one parent cell

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24
Q

What must happen to the genome during replication in binary fission?

A

Genome must be replicated so that each daughter cell receives an identical copy of functional DNA.

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25
Q

Replication must occur quickly and accurately. T OR F

A

T

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26
Q

Types of genetic exchange

A

Transformation
Transduction
Conjugation

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27
Q

is the uptake of naked (free) DNA by a recipient cell from the environment when another bacterial cell (donor) dies and undergoes lysis.

A

Transformation

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28
Q

Which bacteria are examples of those that can undergo transformation?

A

Haemophilus, Streptococcus, and Neisseria.

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29
Q

What advantages can transformation give to recipient cells?

A

antibiotic resistance and the ability to cause disease.

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30
Q

Is transformation limited to organisms of the same species?

A

No, transformation is not limited to organisms of the same species.

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31
Q

is a process where DNA from two bacteria may come together in one cell, allowing recombination.

A

Transduction

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32
Q

What mediates transduction?

A

mediated by viruses capable of infecting bacteria, known as bacteriophages.

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33
Q

What are the two types of transduction?

A

generalized transduction and specialized transduction.

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34
Q

occurs between two living cells, involves cell-to-cell contact, and requires the mobilization of the donor bacterium’s chromosome.

A

Conjugation

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35
Q

Intercellular contact is not well characterized in bacterial species. T or F

A

T

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36
Q

Which bacterium’s conjugation is mediated by a sex pilus?

A

Conjugation in E. coli is mediated by a sex pilus.

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37
Q

What must happen to plasmids during conjugation?

A

must be replicated

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38
Q

What is transposition in the context of conjugation?

A

Transposition is the process by which genetic elements, such as transposons, excise from one genomic location and integrate into another.

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39
Q

Utilization of metabolic pathways involved in the acquisition of nutrients from the environment

A

Fueling

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40
Q

a passive transport mechanism where molecules like water, oxygen, and carbon dioxide move across the bacterial cell membrane

A

Simple diffusion

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41
Q

a process that requires energy to move nutrients such as sugars, amino acids, organic acids, and inorganic ions across the cell membrane

A

Active transport

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42
Q

requires energy but chemicals transported undergoes chemical modification (sugars, purines, pyrimidines, and fatty acids)

A

Group translocation

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43
Q

Production of metabolites

A

-Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas (EMP) Pathway (glycolysis)
-Tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle

Alternate pathways:
-Entner-Doudeoroff (degrades gluconate and glucose)
-Pentose Phosphate Pathway

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44
Q

What is the primary purpose of energy production in bacterial cells?

A

Energy production provides the energy required for nearly all cellular processes, including nutrient uptake and precursor production.

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45
Q

Q: How do bacteria accomplish energy production?

A

breaking down chemical substrates through catabolism, which is coupled with oxidation-reduction reactions

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46
Q

is a process where ATP is generated from ADP

A

substrate-level phosphorylation,

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47
Q

where oxygen serves as the terminal electron acceptor

A

Aerobic respiration

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48
Q

How does anaerobic respiration differ from aerobic respiration in bacteria?

A

Anaerobic respiration uses final electron acceptors other than oxygen in the electron transport chain

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49
Q

Q: What is the purpose of biosynthesis in bacterial metabolism?

A

uses precursor products from metabolic pathways to produce a variety of building blocks such as amino acids, fatty acids, sugars, and nucleotides.

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50
Q

Q: What are some key building blocks produced during bacterial biosynthesis?

A

amino acids, fatty acids, sugars, and nucleotides.

51
Q

involves assembling building blocks into macromolecules such as lipids, lipopolysaccharides, polysaccharides, proteins, and nucleic acids.

A

Polymerization and Assembly

52
Q

Q: What types of macromolecules are formed during polymerization in bacteria?

A

lipids, lipopolysaccharides, polysaccharides, proteins, and nucleic acids.

53
Q

Q: What drives the synthesis of macromolecules in bacterial cells?

A

is driven by energy and enzymatic activity within the cell, facilitating the assembly of complex structures.

54
Q

What type of organisms are bacteria classified as?

A

single-cell prokaryotic microorganisms.

55
Q

How do fungi and parasites differ from bacteria in terms of cellular structure?

A

Fungi and parasites can be either single-cell or multicellular eukaryotic organisms, unlike bacteria, which are single-cell prokaryotes.

56
Q

dependent on host cells, infectious organisms, not considered cellular organisms

A

Viruses

57
Q

abnormal infectious proteins, not considered living cells

A

Prions

58
Q

What is the shape of cocci bacteria?

A

Circular

59
Q

What is the shape of coccobacilli bacteria?

A

ovoid

60
Q

Q: What is the characteristic shape of bacilli bacteria?

A

rod shaped

61
Q

Q: Describe the shape of fusiform bacteria.

A

have a pointed end, resembling a spindle shape.

62
Q

What are the Bacterial morphology

A
  • Cocci: circular
  • Coccobacilli: ovoid
  • Bacilli: rod shaped
  • Fusiform: pointed end
  • Curved
  • Spiral
63
Q

Q: What color do Gram-positive bacteria stain, and why?

A

Gram-positive bacteria stain deep blue or purple due to their thick peptidoglycan layer that retains the crystal violet stain.

64
Q

What color do Gram-negative bacteria stain, and why?

A

Gram-negative bacteria stain pink to red because their thinner peptidoglycan layer does not retain the crystal violet stain, but they take up the counterstain (safranin).

65
Q

Q: Who developed the Gram stain technique?

A

Hans Christian Gram

66
Q

What is the primary purpose of the Gram stain in microbiology?

A

used for the rapid presumptive identification of microorganisms and provides important clues related to the quality of the specimen.

67
Q

How do Gram-positive bacteria react to the Gram stain?

A

Gram-positive bacteria retain the basic dye (crystal violet), appearing deep blue or purple.

68
Q

Why do Gram-negative bacteria not retain the crystal violet dye?

A

Gram-negative bacteria allow the crystal violet to wash out easily with the decolorizer alcohol (acetone)

69
Q

What type of stain is the Gram stain considered, and why?

A

The Gram stain is considered a differential stain because it differentiates between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria based on their cell wall structure and staining properties.

70
Q

Identify: Gram negative or Gram positive

Outer lipid bilayer (dehydrated during decolorization)

A

Gram negative

71
Q

Identify: Gram negative or Gram positive

Thick peptidoglycan layer

A

Gram positive

72
Q

Identify: Gram negative or Gram positive

Numerous teichoic acid cross-linkages

A

Gram positive

73
Q

Identify: Gram negative or Gram positive

Thinner peptidoglycan layer

A

Gram negative

74
Q

are specifically designed for a subset of bacteria whose cell walls contain long-chain fatty acids (mycolic acid), making them resistant to decolorization even with acid alcohol decolorizers.

A

Acid-fast stains

75
Q

How does acid-fast staining work as a differential stain?

A

Acid-fast staining differentiates bacteria based on their ability to retain the primary stain even after exposure to acid alcohol decolorizers, distinguishing acid-fast positive bacilli from acid-fast negative bacilli

76
Q

Which bacteria are most commonly identified using acid-fast stains?

A

Mycobacteria

77
Q

How are bacterial cell components generally divided?

A

Bacterial cell components are divided into the outer cell structure (cell envelope and its appendages) and the cell’s interior.

78
Q

What is the primary structural component of the cell wall in bacteria?

A

peptidoglycan macromolecules, also known as the murein layer.

79
Q

Where periplasm usually found?

A

Gram-negative bacteria

80
Q

Which type of bacteria has an outer membrane

A

Gram-negative bacteria

81
Q

encloses the cytoplasm

A

cytoplasmic or cell membrane

82
Q

What is the structural composition of the outer membrane in Gram-negative bacteria?

A

bilayer structure composed of lipopolysaccharides and proteins

83
Q

protein structures that form water-filled channels, allowing controlled passage of nutrients and solutes, such as antibiotics, through the outer membrane.

A

Porins

84
Q

Essential enzymes and proteins are located in the periplasmic space?

T or F

A

T

85
Q

facilitate the attachment of the outer membrane to the peptidoglycan layer, serving as adhesins for host cell attachment or acting as transporters.

A

Murein lipoproteins

86
Q

What is the main structural component of the bacterial cell wall?

A

peptidoglycan or murein layer.

87
Q

What is the composition of the peptidoglycan layer in the bacterial cell wall?

A

composed of disaccharide-pentapeptide units, specifically N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM).

88
Q

Is cell wall thicker in gram-positive bacteria?

T or F

A

T

89
Q

What are teichoic acids composed of?

A

composed of glycerol or ribitol phosphate polymers combined with various sugars, amino acids, and amino sugars.

90
Q

In which type of bacteria are teichoic acids primarily found?

A

found in Gram-positive bacteria.

91
Q

What is the difference between teichoic acids and lipoteichoic acids in terms of their linkage?

A

Teichoic acids are sometimes linked to N-acetylmuramic acid in the cell wall, while lipoteichoic acids are linked to the underlying cellular or cytoplasmic membrane.

92
Q

What type of bacteria primarily contains mycolic acids?

A

Mycobacteria

93
Q

What are mycolic acids and where does it located

A

waxy substances within the murein layer

94
Q
A
95
Q

How do mycolic acids affect the bacterial cell wall of mycobacteria?

A

Mycolic acids make the cell wall more refractory to toxic substances

96
Q

Where is the periplasmic space typically found in bacteria?

A

gram-negative bacteria

97
Q

The periplasmic space is bounded by?

A

the internal surface of the outer membrane and the external surface of the cellular membrane.

98
Q

The periplasmic space contains?

A

murein layer

99
Q

What type of substances are found in the periplasmic space?

A

consists of gel-like substances that assist in the capture of nutrients from the environment.

100
Q

What enzymes are present in the periplasmic space, and what is their function?

A

contains enzymes involved in the degradation of macromolecules and the detoxification of environmental solutes such as antibiotics.

101
Q

In which types of bacteria is the cytoplasmic (inner) membrane found?

A

The cytoplasmic (inner) membrane is present in both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria.

101
Q

Where does cytoplasmic (inner) membrane located?

A

deepest layer of the cell envelope

102
Q

the cytoplasmic membrane is heavily laced with

A

various proteins and enzymes that are vital to cellular metabolism.

103
Q

what additional function does the cytoplasmic (inner) membrane serve?

A

osmotic barrier

104
Q

Where is the capsule located in gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria?

A

In gram-positive bacteria

105
Q

What is the primary composition of bacterial capsules?

A

composed of high molecular weight polysaccharides.

106
Q

What is the primary function of the capsule regarding the immune system?

A

The capsule protects bacteria from attack by components of the human immune system

107
Q

The capsule facilitates and maintains bacterial colonization on?

A

biologic and inanimate surfaces

108
Q

What are fimbriae or pili made of?

A

are hairlike, proteinaceous structures.

109
Q

Where do fimbriae or pili extend from and to?

A

They extend from the cell membrane into the external environment.

110
Q

What is the specific function of the sex pilus in E. coli?

A

serves as a conduit for the passage of DNA during conjugation

110
Q

What is the primary function of fimbriae or pili in bacteria?

A

serve as adhesins to help bacteria attach to animal host cell surfaces.

111
Q

composed of flagellin and are responsible for bacterial motility

A

Flagella

112
Q

single flagellum is present at one end of the bacterium.

A

Monotrichous

113
Q

flagella at both ends of the bacterium.

A

Lophotrichous

114
Q

flagella cover the entire surface of the bacterial cell.

A

Peritrichous

114
Q

What gives the cytosol its granular appearance?

A

due to polysomes and inclusions (storage or reserve granules).

115
Q

single flagellum located at both ends of the bacterial cell.

A

Amphitrichous

115
Q

is the fluid component of the cell interior where nearly all cellular functions, except those conducted by the cell membrane, occur. It contains enzymes and is the site of protein synthesis.

A

Cytosol

116
Q

What is the storage form of glucose in bacterial cells?

A

Glycogen

117
Q

function of polyphosphate granules in bacteria?

A

storage form of inorganic phosphates.

118
Q

highly coiled DNA intermixed with RNA, polyamines, and various proteins

A

Nucleoid

119
Q

Other genetic element that exist independently in the cytosol

A

Plasmids

120
Q

are highly resistant structures formed by some bacteria to survive extreme environmental conditions, such as heat, chemical exposure and etc

A

Endospores

MTAP FIRST SEM 2024-2025 (15 decks)

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