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MTAP FIRST SEM 2024-2025 > DNA VIRUSES (ENVELOPED DNA VIRUSES) > Flashcards

DNA VIRUSES (ENVELOPED DNA VIRUSES) Flashcards

1
Q

Large (150-200 nm), double-stranded DNA, enveloped viruses.

A

Herpes virus

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2
Q

What are the four components of a Herpesvirus

A

Nucleic acid core
capsid,
tegument,
and the envelope.

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3
Q

An asymmetric structure made of a fibrous-like material that surrounds the capsid and contains 20 different proteins.

A

tegument

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4
Q

How many human herpes group viruses are there?

A

Eight.

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5
Q

Which viruses are included in the human herpes group?

A

-HSV types 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2),
-Varicella-zoster virus (VZV),
-Epstein-Barr virus (EBV),
-Cytomegalovirus (CMV),
-Human herpes virus types 6 (HHV-6), 7 (HHV-7), and 8 (HHV-8),
-Kaposi sarcoma–associated herpes virus (KSHV).

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6
Q

Enveloped viruses with icosahedral nucleocapsid and linear double-stranded DNA.

A

HSV types 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2), Varicella-zoster virus (VZV),
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV),
Cytomegalovirus (CMV)

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7
Q

What are some shared characteristics of HSV-1 and HSV-2?

A

-Variable host range,
-short replication cycle,
-rapid spread in cell culture,
-efficient destruction of infected cells,
-and ability to establish latency in the sensory ganglia of the CNS.

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8
Q

What types of diseases do HSV-1 and HSV-2 cause?

A

Mucous membrane and skin lesions, ocular, visceral, and CNS diseases.

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9
Q

How are HSV-1 and HSV-2 transmitted?

A

HSV-1: saliva or direct contact; HSV-2: sexual contact.

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10
Q

Where does HSV-1 infection typically occur?

A

oropharyngeal mucosa.

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11
Q

Where does HSV-2 infection typically occur?

A

At genital sites.

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12
Q

At what age does primary HSV-1 infection usually occur?

A

By the time a child reaches the age of 5 years.

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13
Q

What is a defining characteristic of herpes infection?

A

The recurrence of ulcerative anogenital skin lesions after the primary infection.

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14
Q

What is seen on a Tzanck smear in herpes infection?

A

Multinucleated giant cells.

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15
Q

What are Cowdry Type A inclusions?

A

Large, pink to purple nuclear inclusions.

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16
Q

How long do mucosal lesions from HSV-1 typically last?

A

4 to 7 days.

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17
Q

What are the common names for lesions caused by HSV-1 and HSV-2?

A

Herpes labialis, facialis, or febrilis; orolabial lesions are commonly referred to as cold sores or fever blisters.

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18
Q

Where do HSV-2 vesicles typically form in women and men?

A

In women: mucosal membranes, labia, and vagina

In men: shaft of the penis, prepuce (foreskin), and glans penis.

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19
Q

What systemic symptoms often accompany primary HSV-2 infection in women?

A

Fever, headache, malaise, and generalized myalgias.

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20
Q

What is the most commonly reported viral CNS infection?

A

HSV-1

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21
Q

What is the gold standard for herpes virus identification?

A

Cell culture.

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22
Q
A
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23
Q

What should be done with a herpes lesion or vesicle for cell culture?

A

It should be punctured, and the vesicular fluid absorbed with a swab, making sure to swab the base of the vesicle.

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24
Q

What are some cell lines used for herpes virus culture?

A

A-549, MRC-5, or Vero cell lines.

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25
Q

What is a rapid, sensitive, and inexpensive method for herpes virus diagnosis?

A

Direct antigen testing.

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26
Q

What is a more sensitive method than cell culture and antigen detection for herpes virus?

A

Nucleic acid amplification assays (PCR).

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27
Q

What is beneficial for the rapid diagnosis and treatment of herpes viral encephalitis?

A

Molecular amplification.

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28
Q

What disease is caused by VZV and characterized by a maculopapular rash?

A

Chicken pox.

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29
Q

How is VZV transmission increased during inclement months?

A

Individuals are typically in close proximity, spending more time indoors.

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30
Q

What is the mode of transmission (MOT) for VZV?

A

Person to person via respiratory secretions.

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31
Q

Where does VZV initially infect the body?

A

The conjunctiva or mucosa of the upper respiratory tract.

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32
Q

What happens four to six days after the initial VZV infection?

A

Infected T cells enter the bloodstream and cause primary viremia.

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33
Q

What occurs during secondary viremia in VZV infection?

A

Infected T cells invade the liver, spleen, and other organs, causing a second round of infection.

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34
Q

When does VZV cause the characteristic vesicular rash of chickenpox (dewdrop on a rose petal appearance)?

A

14 days after the initial infection.

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35
Q

What are the initial symptoms of VZV infection?

A

fever and malaise that appear before the onset of the maculopapular rash on the trunk and scalp.

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36
Q

reactivation of VZV, occurring in immunocompromised individuals older than 45 years old; dermatomal

A

Shingles

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37
Q

What stains can be used to identify VZV inclusions and giant cells?

A

Tzanck smear, Giemsa, or hematoxylin-eosin stain.

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37
Q

What is a painful condition that may accompany shingles?

A

Postherpetic neuralgia.

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38
Q

Is laboratory diagnosis recommended for uncomplicated cases of VZV infection in healthy individuals?

A

No, it is not recommended.

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39
Q

additional rapid method for diagnosis

A

Direct identification of viral antigens

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40
Q

What characteristic cytopathic effect (CPE) does VZV produce in cell culture?

A

Small clusters of ovoid cells in fibroid cells such as MRC-5, HF, and A549.

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41
Q

How long does it typically take for VZV to show positivity in cell culture?

A

7 to 10 days.

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42
Q
A
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43
Q
A
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44
Q

What is a simplified method of detecting VZV compared to regular cell culture?

A

Shell vial cultures.

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45
Q

What indicates a positive specimen for VZV under a fluorescent microscope?

A

Cytoplasmic, apple-green fluorescence.

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46
Q

What serologic assays are available to determine a patient’s immune status for VZV?

A

ELISA for VZV IgG and IgM antibodies.

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47
Q

What disease is commonly associated with EBV and is also known as the “kissing disease”?

A

Infectious mononucleosis (IM).

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48
Q

How is EBV typically transmitted?

A

EBV is transmitted in the saliva of infected patients, typically affecting adolescents and young adults.

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49
Q

What are the common symptoms and diseases of infectious mononucleosis caused by EBV?

A

Fever,
sore throat,
headache,
malaise, fatigue,
lymphadenopathy,
and splenomegaly.

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50
Q

Which cells does EBV primarily infect?

A

BV primarily infects lymphoid cells, especially B lymphocytes.

50
Q

What are nonspecific heterophile antibodies also known as?

A

Paul-Bunnell antibodies.

50
Q

When does the antibody (IgM) to the viral capsid antigen (VCA) appear after EBV infection?

A

Within 4 weeks after infection.

51
Q

What does the presence of IgG and IgA antibodies to the early antigen (EA) indicate?

A

It indicates an acute or recent infection.

52
Q

What is the final diagnostic serologic marker for EBV and when does it appear?

A

the antibody to the nuclear antigen (EBNA), which appears within 1 month of infection and peaks approximately 6 to 12 months after infection.

53
Q

What types of cancers are associated with EBV?

A

-Burkitt’s lymphoma (common in African people),
-Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (common in Chinese people),
-B-cell lymphomas.

54
Q

What condition associated with EBV is seen in AIDS patients?

A

Hairy leukoplakia.

55
Q

is recognized as an important agent in the development of lymphoma or other lymphoproliferative disorders in transplant recipients.

A

EBV

56
Q

What is a common cause of congenital birth defects?

A

Cytomegalovirus (CMV).

57
Q

What does the TORCH panel screen for?

A

Toxoplasma, Rubella, CMV, and HSV-1.

58
Q

How is CMV transmitted?

A

CMV is transmitted transplacentally, through organ transplants, and via human body fluids.

59
Q

What type of illness does CMV cause in immunocompromised patients?

A

CMV causes an infectious mononucleosis-like illness in immunocompromised patients.

60
Q

How is CMV identified in the laboratory?

A

CMV is identified using viral cell culture, serologic tests for IgM and IgG antibodies, direct antigen detection, and nucleic acid testing.

61
Q

What is a characteristic histopathological feature of CMV?

A

Giant cells with Owl’s eye inclusions.

62
Q

What is a unique feature of the herpes virus family?

A

Their hallmark characteristic of latency, meaning they are capable of viral recurrence or reactivation.

63
Q

What diseases are associated with HSV-1 and HSV-2?

A

HSV-1 is associated with mucous membrane disease or life-threatening encephalitis, while HSV-2 is associated with mucous membrane vesicles or aseptic meningitis.

64
Q

What condition is caused by Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV)?

A

Localized lesions, also known as shingles.

65
Q

a symptomatic shedding of virus in the oropharynx or as disseminated disease in
immunocompromised patients

A

EBV

66
Q

ecurs symptomatically as a pathogen in many tissues, such as the heart, gastrointestinal tract, lung, and brain.

A

CMV

67
Q

What do HHV-6 and HHV-7 cause in compromised hosts?

A

They cause reactivation disease.

68
Q

What is the largest and most complex of all viruses?

A

Poxviridae

69
Q

What type of genome does Poxviridae have?

A

Double-stranded DNA genome

70
Q

What is the shape and size of Poxviridae structures?

A

Oval or brick-shaped structures, 200 to 400 nm in length

71
Q

What disease caused by the Variola virus has been eradicated from the Earth?

A

Smallpox

72
Q

What is the incubation period for smallpox?

A

7-14 days

72
Q

How is the Variola virus transmitted?

A

Through aerosol or contact

73
Q

What are the two subtypes of the Variola virus?

A

Variola major and Variola minor

74
Q

What histopathological feature is associated with smallpox?

A

Guarnieri bodies

75
Q

Where is monkeypox commonly found?

A

In the tropical rain forests of Africa

76
Q

What is the host reservoir for monkeypox?

A

One or more rodent species

77
Q

What are the initial symptoms of monkeypox?

A

Fever and headache, followed by a rash and lymphadenopathy

77
Q

How long can monkeypox illness last?

A

2 to 4 weeks

78
Q

What type of lesions are caused by Molluscum contagiosum?

A

Pinkish, papular skin lesions with an umbilicated center

79
Q

-Single or small clusters of lesions
-Only host is humans

A

Molluscum contagiosum

80
Q

How is Molluscum contagiosum transmitted?

A

Through direct contact, fomites, or sexually through intimate contact

81
Q

What is the laboratory diagnosis method for Molluscum contagiosum?

A

Biopsy of the lesions and histologic examination (Henderson-Peter bodies)

82
Q

How is Orf transmitted to humans?

A

Through direct contact with infected sheep

83
Q

What symptoms are associated with Orf infection?

A

Single or multiple nodules, low-grade fever, and lymph node swelling

84
Q

How long does it usually take for Orf infection to resolve?

A

4 to 6 weeks

85
Q

What is the prototype virus of the Hepadnaviridae family?

A

Hepatitis B virus (HBV)

86
Q

How do Hepadnaviridae viruses replicate?

A

Through reverse transcription and then DNA replication

86
Q

What type of genome do Hepadnaviridae viruses have?

A

Circular, partially double-stranded DNA

86
Q

Pleomorphic, enveloped viruses containing circular, partially double-stranded DNA that
replicates through an RNA intermediate

A

HBV

87
Q

What is the incubation period for HBV?

A

Usually 1 to 3 months (10-12 weeks) , but it may be longer

88
Q

What is the primary route of transmission for HBV?

A

Percutaneous exposure to blood or blood products

89
Q

what are the initial symptoms of acute HBV infection?

A

Nonspecific, mild, flu-like symptoms

90
Q

What is a significant worldwide cause of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma?

A

Chronic HBV infection

91
Q

Fatal disease is most likely to occur in people coinfected with the?

A

hepatitis D virus (delta agent)

92
Q

What is the most reliable marker for identifying HBV infection?

A

Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)

92
Q
  • Patient has the disease (chronic, acute, or asymptomatic carrier)
  • Precedes onset of symptoms and elevation of liver enzymes
A

HbsAg

93
Q

What is the most common type of immunoassay used for HBV diagnosis?

A

EIA (Enzyme Immunoassay) format

94
Q

Can HBV be cultivated in vitro?

A

No, HBV is not cultivable in vitro

95
Q

Early in the course of disease, during acute infection

A

IgM anti-HBcAg

96
Q

The patient is in convalescence or previously vaccinated and has developed immunity

A

anti-HBsAg

97
Q

High infectivity and a chronic carrier state

A

HBeAg

98
Q

What is the best indication of active viral replication and high infectivity in HBV?

A

Presence of HBV DNA in the serum

99
Q

What molecular test can detect HBV DNA?

A

PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)

100
Q

Old infection is present

A

IgG anti-HBcAg

101
Q

Low infectivity

A

anti-HBeAg

102
Q

Describes whether the patient is diseased or immune

A

Surface antigen

103
Q

Tells us how long the infection has been present

A

Core antigen

104
Q

What autoimmune condition is associated with HBV?

A

Autoimmune vasculitides (polyarteritis nodosa)

105
Q

What are common symptoms of HBV infection?

A

Fever, anorexia, and jaundice

106
Q

What are some signs of HBV infection in bodily fluids?

A

Dark urine and pale feces

107
Q

What lab findings are elevated in HBV infection?

A

Elevated transaminase levels

108
Q

What serious liver conditions can chronic HBV infection lead to?

A

Cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma

109
Q

What is the significance of the HBV vaccine?

A

It is the first vaccine to prevent human cancer

110
Q

Small, nonenveloped, circular, double-stranded DNA viruses

A

Polyomavirus

111
Q

Which are the first human viruses identified in the Polyomaviridae family?

A

JC and BK virus

112
Q

When do infections with JC and BK viruses usually occur, and what is their clinical significance?

A

Infections usually occur during childhood and have little clinical significance

113
Q

What disease does JC virus reactivation cause?

A

Disease in the central nervous system (CNS)

114
Q

What condition does BK virus cause?

A

Hemorrhagic cystitis

115
Q

Name other viruses in the Polyomaviridae family.

A

KI virus, MC virus, and WU virus

116
Q

What type of cancer is associated with MC virus?

A

Merkel cell carcinoma

117
Q

What methods are used to detect JC virus?

A

-PCR of CSF samples,
-immunohistochemistry,
- electron microscopy of brain tissue

118
Q

How is BK virus detected?

A

PCR or cytologic examination of the urine

MTAP FIRST SEM 2024-2025 (15 decks)

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