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Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

Gram positive stains?

A

Purple

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2
Q

What stains pink?

A

Gram negative

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3
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

Harmful organism

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4
Q

Definition of commensal?

A

Organism that is part of normal flora

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5
Q

Opportunistic pathogen?

A

Probably only cause infection in immunocompromised individuals

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6
Q

What is a contaminant?

A

Organism that has got into culture by accident

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7
Q

Definition of pathogenicity?

A

Ability of a microorganism to produce disease

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8
Q

Virulence?

A

Degree of pathogenicity of an organism

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9
Q

How do bacteria replicate?

A

Binary fission

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10
Q

3 types of atmosphere?

A

Anaerobic - no O2
Aerobic- O2
Microaerophillic - Reduced O2, enriched CO2

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11
Q

Which type of bacteria produces exotoxin and where?

A

Gram positive

- Produced inside of cell and exported out

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12
Q

Which type of bacteria produces endotoxin? Where?

A

Gram negative bacteria

-Part of gram negative bacterial cell wall

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13
Q

Example of moulds and how the reproduce?

A

Aspergillus

Produce spores and hyphae

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14
Q

Types of fungi?

A

Moulds

Yeasts

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15
Q

Example of yeasts and how they reproduce?

A

Candida

Single cells that reproduce by budding

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16
Q

What is candida?

A

Yeast

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17
Q

What is aspergillus?

A

Mould

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18
Q

Fact file on streptococcus?

  • Appearance
  • Gram
  • Atmosphere
  • Types in test
A

Aerobic

  • Cocci chains
  • Gram positive
  • Alpha haemolysis = partial = strep pneumoniae, strep viridans
  • Beta haemolysis= Complete= Group A Strep, Group B strep
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19
Q

What disease are included in strep pneumoniae?

A

Meningitis

Pneumonia

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20
Q

What diseases are included in strep viridans?

A

Endocarditis

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21
Q

Give the 3 types of gram positive bacteria?

A

Streptococcus
Enterococcus
Staphylococcus

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22
Q

Factfile on enterococcus?

  • Gram
  • Appearance
  • Haemolysis?
A

Gram positive

  • Aerobic
  • Cocci chains
  • Non-haemolytic
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23
Q

What is the cause of UTIs and normal gut commensal?

A

Enterococcus

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24
Q

Factfile on staphylococcus?
-Test
appearance
Gram

A

-Cocci clusters
-Gram positive
-Coagulase positive (golden)= staph aureus
Coagulase negative (white) = Staoh epidermidis

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25
Q

Where is staph aureus found, treatment and what it commonly causes?

A
  • Wounds, infection
  • Flucloxacillin
  • Common cause of bacteraemia (bac in blood)
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26
Q

Explain the process of fever?

A
  • Antigen attacks macrophage
  • Releases cytokines
  • Travel to anterior hypothalamus of brain
  • Stimulates production of prostaglandin E
  • Resets bodies thermal set point
  • Body perceives it is cold, shivers to conserve heat
  • FEVER- growth of pathogens slows if temperature increases
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27
Q

Physiological use of fever?

A

If temperature increases the growth of pathogens slows

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28
Q

Diplococci fact file?
Atmosphere
Gram
Example

A

Gram negative

  • Aerobic
  • Neisseria gonnhoroea/meningitidis
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29
Q

Coliforms fact file?

A

Gram negative bacilli

  • Aerobic bit also can be anaerobic
  • E coli, klebsiella, proteus
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30
Q

Examples of coliforms?

A

Klebsiella
E coli
Proteus

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31
Q

Examples of Diplococci?

A

Neisseria gonnhoroea

Neisseria meningitidis

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32
Q

Examples of gut pathogens?

A

Salmonella
Shigella
E colo 0157

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33
Q

What is the first line AB for coliforms?

A

Gentamicin

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34
Q

Fact file on strict aerobes?

A

Gram negative bacilli
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Legionella pneumophilia

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35
Q

What causes food poisoning?

A

Campylobacter

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36
Q

What does helicobacter Pylori cause?

A

Gastritis

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37
Q

Examples of spiral/curved gram negative bacilli?

A

Campylobacter

Heliobacter pylori

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38
Q

What is haemophillius influenzae?

A

Small gram negative bacillus

Common cause of chest infection, especially in COPD exacerbations

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39
Q

Example of a gram positive anaerobic bacilli?

A

Clostridium spp.

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40
Q

What is a gram positive anaerobic bacillus?

A

Part of normal gut flora

- produces spores and exotoxin that causes severe tissue damage

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41
Q

Examples of gram negative anaerobic bacilli?

A

Bacteroides spp.

42
Q

When are bacteroides spp. pathogenic?

A

When found in environments that arent the gut

43
Q

First line treatment for anaerobes?

A

Metrondiazole

44
Q

Examples of anaerobes?

A

Clostridium spp.

Bacteroides spp.

45
Q

Examples of gram negative bacteria?

A 
Coliforms 
Strict aerobes 
H. Influenzae 
Bacteroides 
Diplococci
46
Q

Bacteria in TB?

A

Mycobacteria

  • Thick waxy outercoat
  • Ziehl neelson stain
47
Q

What DNA do bacteria have?

A

Chromosomes and plasmid

48
Q

3 methods of gene transfer?

A

Transformation
Conjugation
Transduction

49
Q

Transformation?

A

DNA from dead bacteria taken up by living bacteria and incorporated into plasmids or bacterial chromosome

50
Q

Conjugation?

A

Sex pilus (fimbria) produced by one bacteria through which plasmid DNA can be transferred

51
Q

Transduction?

A

Viruses infecting bacteria can transfer bits of DNA from one bacterium to another

52
Q

5 I’s of infection?

A 
Ingestion 
Inhalation 
Inoculation 
Intercourse 
(Mother) to Infant
53
Q

Standard infection precautions?

A

All patients all the time

  • Wash hands
  • Sharps
  • Clinical waste
  • PPE
54
Q

Transmission based infection precautions?

A

Added for known suspected infection

-Eg hasmat suits, facemasks

55
Q

Antibiotics definition?

A

Drugs that are used to treat or prevent infection caused by micro-organisms (NOT Antibodies)

56
Q

Bactericidal?

A

Kill bacteria

57
Q

Bacteriostatic?

A

Inhibit bacterial growth

58
Q

Antibiotics that work on the cell wall?

A

Penicillin
Cephalosporins - Ceftriaxone
Glycopeptides - vancomycin

59
Q

What class of AB is ceftriaxone?

A

Cephalosporins

60
Q

How to tell difference between gram negative and positive organisms?

A

Cell wall has thicker layer of peptidoglycan in gram positive AND a single phospholipid bilayer

61
Q

Mechanism of penicillins?

A

Inhibit cell wall synthesis by preventing cross-linking of peptidoglycan subunits

62
Q

Penicillin is not a beta-lactam AB? True or False

A

FALSE

Beta-lactam AB

63
Q

How is penicillin excreted?

A

Rapidly through kidneys

64
Q

Examples of penicillin AB’s?

A

Flucloxacillin, Co-amoxiclav, amoxicillin

65
Q

What is flucloxacillin used for?

A

Skin and soft tissue infection
Wound infection
Cellulitis

66
Q

Mechanisms of cephalosporins?

A

Inhibit synthesis of cell wall
They are bactericidal
Excreted by kidneys

67
Q

Examples of beta-lactam AB’s?

A

Penicillin

Cephalosporins

68
Q

Risk of cephalosporins?

A

May induce clostridium difficile infection so their use is limited in hospitals

69
Q

How are penicillin and cephalosporins the same?

A
  • Bactericidal
  • Inhibit cell wall synthesis
  • Beta-lactam AB
  • Excreted through kidneys (Pen more rapidly)
70
Q

Mechanism of Glycopeptides?

A

Cell wall active ABs
Binds to end of growing chain, prevents cross-linking and weakens bacterial cell wall
-Bactericidal
-Excreted in urine

71
Q

Example of glycopeptide?

A

Vancomycin

72
Q

What are glycopeptides only active against?

A

Organisms with gram positive cell walls

73
Q

ABs that work on the cell wall?

A

Glycopeptides
Penicllin
Cephalosporins

74
Q

Examples of macrolides?

A

Erythromycin
Clarithromycin
Aziothromycin

75
Q

Example of a tetracycline?

A

Doxycycline

76
Q

Example of aminoglycosides?

A

Gentamicin

77
Q

How do macrolides, aminglycosides and tetracyclines work generally?

A

The attach to bacterial ribosomes

78
Q

Macrolides and tetracyclines are bacteriocidal/bacteriostatic?

A

Bacteriostatic

79
Q

Aminoglycosides are bactericidal/bacteriocidal?

A

Bactericidal

80
Q

Mechanism of macrolides?

A

They pass through cell membranes very easily (lipophillic)

-Excreted via biliary tract

81
Q

Risk factors of tetracyclines?

A

Broad spectrum- can destroy intestinal flora

-can permenantly stain teeth of children

82
Q

How is doxycycline excreted?

A

Via biliary tract

83
Q

Mechanism of aminoglycosides?

A

Inhibit protein synthesis but are bactericidal
Mainly active against gram negative aerobic organisms
eg coliforms, pseudomonas
-Excreted in urine

84
Q

Risk factors of aminoglycosides?

A

High toxicity

-Kidney damage and damage of CN VII(deafness and dizziness)

85
Q

AB’s that act on bacterial DNA?

A

Metrondiazole
Trimethoprim
Fluroquinolones

86
Q

Fact file on metrondiazole?

  • Mechanism
  • Treats
  • Interacts with?
A
  • Causes strand breakage of bacterial DNA
  • True anaerobic infections
  • Interacts with alcohol
87
Q

What does trimethoprim inhibit?

A

Bacterial folic acid synthesis

88
Q

Examples of fluroquinolones?

A

Ciprofloxacin

Levofloxacin

89
Q

What do fluoroquinolones do? Mechanism? Excreted?

A

Prevent supercoiling of bacterial DNA

  • Bactericidal
  • Excreted in urine
90
Q

Why are fluorquinolones restricted in their use?

A

May cause C.difficile

91
Q

Risk factors of fluoroquinolones?

A

Weakens tendons

Causes seizures

92
Q

General side effects of ABs?

A

Nausea
Vomiting
Diarrhoea
Can affect absorption of oral contraceptives

93
Q

Side effects of ciprofloxacin?

A

Tendonitis

94
Q

Which ABs should be avoided only in the first 3 months of pregnancy?

A

Metrondiazole

Trimethoprim

95
Q

Which ABs should be avoided in pregnancy?

A

Gentamicin
Tetracyclin
Fluoroquinolones
(metrondiazole/trimethoprim first trimester)

96
Q

How AB resistance occurs?

A
  • Changes in bacterial DNA can causes change in gene product which is a target of ABs
  • Destruction of AB, bacteria can code for enzymes that chemically degrade or inactivate the AB
  • Increased efflux (pump AB out of cell)
97
Q

Stages of viral replication?

A

-Attachment
-Entry - endocytosis
-Uncoating - viral nucleic acid released from capsid
-Nucleic acid and protein synthesis - host ribosomes used or polymerases
-Assembly = nucleic acid and proteins packed together
-Release =
Budding- Viruses released with envelope
derived from host cell membrane
Lysis- Virus accumulates until cell bursts,
kills cell

98
Q

Virus detection?

A

PCR

Antigen detection

99
Q

Examples of neutralising ABs and what they do?

A

IgG
IgM
Prevent virus binding to cellular receptors

100
Q

What do cytoxic T lymphocytes do in virus immunity?

A

Recognise proteins on cell surfaces as foreign and signals infected cell to commit suicide in order to prevent formation of new viruses

Principles Collated Flashcards (13 decks)

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