Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Principles Collated Flashcards > Microbiology > Flashcards

Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

Gram positive stains?

A

Purple

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What stains pink?

A

Gram negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

Harmful organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Definition of commensal?

A

Organism that is part of normal flora

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Opportunistic pathogen?

A

Probably only cause infection in immunocompromised individuals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is a contaminant?

A

Organism that has got into culture by accident

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Definition of pathogenicity?

A

Ability of a microorganism to produce disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Virulence?

A

Degree of pathogenicity of an organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How do bacteria replicate?

A

Binary fission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

3 types of atmosphere?

A

Anaerobic - no O2
Aerobic- O2
Microaerophillic - Reduced O2, enriched CO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Which type of bacteria produces exotoxin and where?

A

Gram positive

- Produced inside of cell and exported out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Which type of bacteria produces endotoxin? Where?

A

Gram negative bacteria

-Part of gram negative bacterial cell wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Example of moulds and how the reproduce?

A

Aspergillus

Produce spores and hyphae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Types of fungi?

A

Moulds

Yeasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Example of yeasts and how they reproduce?

A

Candida

Single cells that reproduce by budding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is candida?

A

Yeast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is aspergillus?

A

Mould

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Fact file on streptococcus?

  • Appearance
  • Gram
  • Atmosphere
  • Types in test
A

Aerobic

  • Cocci chains
  • Gram positive
  • Alpha haemolysis = partial = strep pneumoniae, strep viridans
  • Beta haemolysis= Complete= Group A Strep, Group B strep
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What disease are included in strep pneumoniae?

A

Meningitis

Pneumonia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What diseases are included in strep viridans?

A

Endocarditis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Give the 3 types of gram positive bacteria?

A

Streptococcus
Enterococcus
Staphylococcus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Factfile on enterococcus?

  • Gram
  • Appearance
  • Haemolysis?
A

Gram positive

  • Aerobic
  • Cocci chains
  • Non-haemolytic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the cause of UTIs and normal gut commensal?

A

Enterococcus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Factfile on staphylococcus?
-Test
appearance
Gram

A

-Cocci clusters
-Gram positive
-Coagulase positive (golden)= staph aureus
Coagulase negative (white) = Staoh epidermidis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Where is staph aureus found, treatment and what it commonly causes?

A
  • Wounds, infection
  • Flucloxacillin
  • Common cause of bacteraemia (bac in blood)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Explain the process of fever?

A
  • Antigen attacks macrophage
  • Releases cytokines
  • Travel to anterior hypothalamus of brain
  • Stimulates production of prostaglandin E
  • Resets bodies thermal set point
  • Body perceives it is cold, shivers to conserve heat
  • FEVER- growth of pathogens slows if temperature increases
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Physiological use of fever?

A

If temperature increases the growth of pathogens slows

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Diplococci fact file?
Atmosphere
Gram
Example

A

Gram negative

  • Aerobic
  • Neisseria gonnhoroea/meningitidis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Coliforms fact file?

A

Gram negative bacilli

  • Aerobic bit also can be anaerobic
  • E coli, klebsiella, proteus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Examples of coliforms?

A

Klebsiella
E coli
Proteus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Examples of Diplococci?

A

Neisseria gonnhoroea

Neisseria meningitidis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Examples of gut pathogens?

A

Salmonella
Shigella
E colo 0157

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is the first line AB for coliforms?

A

Gentamicin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Fact file on strict aerobes?

A

Gram negative bacilli
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Legionella pneumophilia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What causes food poisoning?

A

Campylobacter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What does helicobacter Pylori cause?

A

Gastritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Examples of spiral/curved gram negative bacilli?

A

Campylobacter

Heliobacter pylori

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is haemophillius influenzae?

A

Small gram negative bacillus

Common cause of chest infection, especially in COPD exacerbations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Example of a gram positive anaerobic bacilli?

A

Clostridium spp.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is a gram positive anaerobic bacillus?

A

Part of normal gut flora

- produces spores and exotoxin that causes severe tissue damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Examples of gram negative anaerobic bacilli?

A

Bacteroides spp.

42
Q

When are bacteroides spp. pathogenic?

A

When found in environments that arent the gut

43
Q

First line treatment for anaerobes?

A

Metrondiazole

44
Q

Examples of anaerobes?

A

Clostridium spp.

Bacteroides spp.

45
Q

Examples of gram negative bacteria?

A 
Coliforms 
Strict aerobes 
H. Influenzae 
Bacteroides 
Diplococci
46
Q

Bacteria in TB?

A

Mycobacteria

  • Thick waxy outercoat
  • Ziehl neelson stain
47
Q

What DNA do bacteria have?

A

Chromosomes and plasmid

48
Q

3 methods of gene transfer?

A

Transformation
Conjugation
Transduction

49
Q

Transformation?

A

DNA from dead bacteria taken up by living bacteria and incorporated into plasmids or bacterial chromosome

50
Q

Conjugation?

A

Sex pilus (fimbria) produced by one bacteria through which plasmid DNA can be transferred

51
Q

Transduction?

A

Viruses infecting bacteria can transfer bits of DNA from one bacterium to another

52
Q

5 I’s of infection?

A 
Ingestion 
Inhalation 
Inoculation 
Intercourse 
(Mother) to Infant
53
Q

Standard infection precautions?

A

All patients all the time

  • Wash hands
  • Sharps
  • Clinical waste
  • PPE
54
Q

Transmission based infection precautions?

A

Added for known suspected infection

-Eg hasmat suits, facemasks

55
Q

Antibiotics definition?

A

Drugs that are used to treat or prevent infection caused by micro-organisms (NOT Antibodies)

56
Q

Bactericidal?

A

Kill bacteria

57
Q

Bacteriostatic?

A

Inhibit bacterial growth

58
Q

Antibiotics that work on the cell wall?

A

Penicillin
Cephalosporins - Ceftriaxone
Glycopeptides - vancomycin

59
Q

What class of AB is ceftriaxone?

A

Cephalosporins

60
Q

How to tell difference between gram negative and positive organisms?

A

Cell wall has thicker layer of peptidoglycan in gram positive AND a single phospholipid bilayer

61
Q

Mechanism of penicillins?

A

Inhibit cell wall synthesis by preventing cross-linking of peptidoglycan subunits

62
Q

Penicillin is not a beta-lactam AB? True or False

A

FALSE

Beta-lactam AB

63
Q

How is penicillin excreted?

A

Rapidly through kidneys

64
Q

Examples of penicillin AB’s?

A

Flucloxacillin, Co-amoxiclav, amoxicillin

65
Q

What is flucloxacillin used for?

A

Skin and soft tissue infection
Wound infection
Cellulitis

66
Q

Mechanisms of cephalosporins?

A

Inhibit synthesis of cell wall
They are bactericidal
Excreted by kidneys

67
Q

Examples of beta-lactam AB’s?

A

Penicillin

Cephalosporins

68
Q

Risk of cephalosporins?

A

May induce clostridium difficile infection so their use is limited in hospitals

69
Q

How are penicillin and cephalosporins the same?

A
  • Bactericidal
  • Inhibit cell wall synthesis
  • Beta-lactam AB
  • Excreted through kidneys (Pen more rapidly)
70
Q

Mechanism of Glycopeptides?

A

Cell wall active ABs
Binds to end of growing chain, prevents cross-linking and weakens bacterial cell wall
-Bactericidal
-Excreted in urine

71
Q

Example of glycopeptide?

A

Vancomycin

72
Q

What are glycopeptides only active against?

A

Organisms with gram positive cell walls

73
Q

ABs that work on the cell wall?

A

Glycopeptides
Penicllin
Cephalosporins

74
Q

Examples of macrolides?

A

Erythromycin
Clarithromycin
Aziothromycin

75
Q

Example of a tetracycline?

A

Doxycycline

76
Q

Example of aminoglycosides?

A

Gentamicin

77
Q

How do macrolides, aminglycosides and tetracyclines work generally?

A

The attach to bacterial ribosomes

78
Q

Macrolides and tetracyclines are bacteriocidal/bacteriostatic?

A

Bacteriostatic

79
Q

Aminoglycosides are bactericidal/bacteriocidal?

A

Bactericidal

80
Q

Mechanism of macrolides?

A

They pass through cell membranes very easily (lipophillic)

-Excreted via biliary tract

81
Q

Risk factors of tetracyclines?

A

Broad spectrum- can destroy intestinal flora

-can permenantly stain teeth of children

82
Q

How is doxycycline excreted?

A

Via biliary tract

83
Q

Mechanism of aminoglycosides?

A

Inhibit protein synthesis but are bactericidal
Mainly active against gram negative aerobic organisms
eg coliforms, pseudomonas
-Excreted in urine

84
Q

Risk factors of aminoglycosides?

A

High toxicity

-Kidney damage and damage of CN VII(deafness and dizziness)

85
Q

AB’s that act on bacterial DNA?

A

Metrondiazole
Trimethoprim
Fluroquinolones

86
Q

Fact file on metrondiazole?

  • Mechanism
  • Treats
  • Interacts with?
A
  • Causes strand breakage of bacterial DNA
  • True anaerobic infections
  • Interacts with alcohol
87
Q

What does trimethoprim inhibit?

A

Bacterial folic acid synthesis

88
Q

Examples of fluroquinolones?

A

Ciprofloxacin

Levofloxacin

89
Q

What do fluoroquinolones do? Mechanism? Excreted?

A

Prevent supercoiling of bacterial DNA

  • Bactericidal
  • Excreted in urine
90
Q

Why are fluorquinolones restricted in their use?

A

May cause C.difficile

91
Q

Risk factors of fluoroquinolones?

A

Weakens tendons

Causes seizures

92
Q

General side effects of ABs?

A

Nausea
Vomiting
Diarrhoea
Can affect absorption of oral contraceptives

93
Q

Side effects of ciprofloxacin?

A

Tendonitis

94
Q

Which ABs should be avoided only in the first 3 months of pregnancy?

A

Metrondiazole

Trimethoprim

95
Q

Which ABs should be avoided in pregnancy?

A

Gentamicin
Tetracyclin
Fluoroquinolones
(metrondiazole/trimethoprim first trimester)

96
Q

How AB resistance occurs?

A
  • Changes in bacterial DNA can causes change in gene product which is a target of ABs
  • Destruction of AB, bacteria can code for enzymes that chemically degrade or inactivate the AB
  • Increased efflux (pump AB out of cell)
97
Q

Stages of viral replication?

A

-Attachment
-Entry - endocytosis
-Uncoating - viral nucleic acid released from capsid
-Nucleic acid and protein synthesis - host ribosomes used or polymerases
-Assembly = nucleic acid and proteins packed together
-Release =
Budding- Viruses released with envelope
derived from host cell membrane
Lysis- Virus accumulates until cell bursts,
kills cell

98
Q

Virus detection?

A

PCR

Antigen detection

99
Q

Examples of neutralising ABs and what they do?

A

IgG
IgM
Prevent virus binding to cellular receptors

100
Q

What do cytoxic T lymphocytes do in virus immunity?

A

Recognise proteins on cell surfaces as foreign and signals infected cell to commit suicide in order to prevent formation of new viruses

Principles Collated Flashcards (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions