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Principles Collated Flashcards > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the inner cytosol?

A

Solution of proteins, electrolytes and carbohydrates

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2
Q

What is a cytoskeleton made of?

A

Thin, intermediate filaments and microtubules

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3
Q

Role of the plasmalemma?

A

Separates plasma from outside environment

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4
Q

Describe the arrangement of the phospholipid bilayer/plasmalemma?

A

Hydrophilic heads at outer and inner surfaces and hydrophobic tails at centre surrounding protein structure

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5
Q

What is the plasmalemma made up of?

A

Integral proteins
Embedded cholesterol
Phospholipid bilayer

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6
Q

What can the plasmalemma do?

A

Exocytose and endocytose material

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7
Q

The plasmalemma is impermeable. True or False?

A

FALSE

Selectively permeable

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8
Q

Organelles in he cytoplasm?

A 
Mitochondria 
RER 
SER
Golgi apparatus 
Lysosomes 
Nucleus
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9
Q

Role of mitochondria?

A

Generate ATP

Synthesis of certain lipids and proteins

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10
Q

Role of RER?

A

Protein synthesis

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11
Q

Role of SER?

A

Cholesterol and lipid synthesis/ detoxification

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12
Q

Role of golgi apparatus?

A

Modification and packaging of secretions

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13
Q

Role of lysozomes?

A

Hydrolytic enzymes of intracellular digestion

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14
Q

Role of nucleus?

A

Contains genetic code

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15
Q

Width and substance of microfilaments?

A

7nm

Actin

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16
Q

Width and substance of intermediate filaments?

A

> 10nm

Composed of proteins

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17
Q

Width and substance of microtubules?

A

25nm

Composed of tubulin

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18
Q

Where do microtubules originate from?

A

Centrosome

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19
Q

Which substances attach to microtubules and move along?

A

Dynein and kinesin

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20
Q

What is on the outer nuclear membrane?

A

Ribosomes

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21
Q

What is the site of RNA synthesis?

A

Nucleus= mRNA, tRNA and rRNA

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22
Q

Where is rRNA synthesized?

A

Nucleolus

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23
Q

Where are ribosomes formed?

A

In the nucleus

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24
Q

What is the role of ribosomes and its make up for this?

A

Small subunit which binds RNA and large subunit which catalyses formation of peptide bonds

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25
Q

What happens in RER?

A

Protein synthesis

Initiation of glycoprotein formation

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26
Q

What happens in SER?

A

Continues processing of proteins from RER

Site of lipid synthesis

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27
Q

What consists of the Golgi apparatus?

A

Composed of a group of flattened membrane bound cisternae

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28
Q

What happens in the golgi apparatus?

A

Transport vesicles arrive at golgi from SER

Modifies & packages macromolecules from SER

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29
Q

What is the membrane in mitochondria folded to form?

A

Cristae

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30
Q

Types of intracellular junctions?

A

Occluding/Tight junctions
Anchoring junctions (desmosomes/hemidesmosomes/adherant)
Communicating/Gap junctions

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31
Q

What is role of occluding junctions and their other name?

A

Tight junctions

  • Link cells to form diffusion barrier
  • Prevent diffusion
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32
Q

Role of anchoring junctions?

A

Provide mechanical strength

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33
Q

Adherent junctions role?

A

Link submembrane actin bundles of adjacent cells

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34
Q

Role of desomsomes?

A

Link submembrane intermediate filaments of adjacent cells

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35
Q

Hemidesmosomes?

A

Link submembrane intermediate filaments of cells to extracellular matrix through transmembrane proteins

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36
Q

Role of communicating junctions and their other name?

A

Allow movement of molecules between cells

Gap junctions

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37
Q

Where are Gap junctions found?

A

Epithelium, but also in smooth muscle and cardiac muscle

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38
Q

Structure of Communicating junction?

A

Circular patch studded with pores (produced by connexion proteins)

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39
Q

Process of endocytosis?

A

Membrane invaginates, fuses and a newly made endocytotic vesicle buds into cell

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40
Q

How is endocytosis mediated?

A

Receptors

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41
Q

Process of phagocytosis?

A

Bacteria binds to cell surface
Cell engulfs it to form phagosome
Binds with lysozome containing digestive enzymes

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42
Q

Common stain?

A

H&E

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43
Q

What is H&E?

A

Haematoxylin- purple basic dye

Eosin- pink acidic dye

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44
Q

4 basic tissues types?

A

Epithelium
Connective tissue
Muscle
Nervous tissue

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45
Q

What tissue type forms glands?

A

Epithelium

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46
Q

What do all types of epithelium have?

A

Basal lamina

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47
Q

Epithelium is non-vascular. True or False?

A

TRUE

48
Q

Is epithelium usually polarised?

A

YES

Apical and basal sides differ

49
Q

Functions of epithelium?

A 
Mechanical and chemical barrier 
Absorption 
Secretion 
Containment 
Locomotion
50
Q

3 classifications of cell types?

A

Squamos - flattened
Cuboidal - cube
Columnar -Tall & thin

51
Q

How many layers in simple epithelium?

A
  • 1 layer
52
Q

How many layers in pseudostratified epithelium?

A

Tissue appears to have multiples layers

53
Q

Stratified epithelium contains 3 or more layers? True or False

A

FALSE

2 or more

54
Q

Cell/tissue surface specializations?

A

Prominent microvilli
Cilia
Keratinised

55
Q

Where is product secreted in Endocrine glandular epithelium? And how?

A

Towards basal end of cell
Distributed by vascular system
Ductless glands

56
Q

Exocrine glandular epithelium distribution of secretion and gland type?

A

Product secreted towards apical end of cell

Ducted glands

57
Q

What is the role of connective tissue?

A

Forms the framework of the body, dynamic role in development, growth and homeostasis of tissues and energy storage (fat)

58
Q

3 types of connective tissue?

A

Soft connective tissue
Hard connective tissue
Blood and lymph

59
Q

Examples of soft connective tissue?

A 
Tendons 
Ligaments 
Mesentery 
Stoma of organs 
Dermis of skin
60
Q

What is dense regular soft connective tissue compared to irregular?

A

Fibres alligned in regular

Fibres run in many directions in irregular

61
Q

Examples of hard connective tissue?

A

Bone and cartilage

62
Q

3 types of cartilage?

A

Hyaline
Elastic
Fibrocartilage

63
Q

Examples of hyaline cartilage?

A

Articular cartilage
Tracheal rings
Costal cartilage
Epiphyseal growth plates

64
Q

Connective tissue consists of?

A

Fibres- collagen, reticular and elastic fibres
Ground substance
Tissue fluid
Cells (adipose tissue, fibroblasts, osteocytes, chondrocytes)

65
Q

What is muscle force?

A

Movement of actin fibres over myosin fibres?

66
Q

3 types of muscle?

A

Cardiac
Smooth
Skeletal

67
Q

Describe smooth muscle?

A

Involuntary and non-striated

68
Q

Describe skeletal muscle?

A

Voluntary and striated
Multinucleated
(nuclei are elongated and located at the periphery)

69
Q

Describe cardiac muscle?

A

Involuntary and striated
Have intercalated discs
Contains multiple intercellular junctions to maintain mechanical integrity

70
Q

Which muscle types are striated?

A

Cardiac and skeletal

71
Q

Which muscle types are involuntary?

A

Cardiac and smooth

72
Q

Which muscle types are multinucleated?

A

Skeletal

73
Q

What does nervous tissue consist of?

A

Neurons and their supporting cells (glia)

74
Q

What is the role of nervous tissue?

A

Control function and allows for rapid communication between different parts of the body

75
Q

What is nervous tissue surrounded by?

A

Connective tissue coat

76
Q

What Nervous system are meninges found in ?

A

CNS

77
Q

Which type of connective tissue is in the PNS?

A

Epineurium

78
Q

Types of glia?

A

Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Microglia
Schwann cells

79
Q

Role of astrocytes?

A

Support and ion transport

80
Q

Role of oligodendrocytes?

A

Produce myelin

81
Q

Role of Microglia?

A

Provide immune surveillance

82
Q

Role of schwann cells?

A

Produces myelin and supports axons in the PNS

83
Q

Salivary glands in the GI tract?

A

Parotid
Sub-mandibular
Sublingual

84
Q

The ducts in GI system are striated. True or False?

A

TRUE

85
Q

4 major layers from oesophagus to anus?

A

Mucosa
Sub-mucosa
Muscularis mucosa
Serosa/adventitia

86
Q

Layers of mucosa in GI tract?

A

Epithelium- sits on basal lamina
Lamina propria - loose connective tissue
Muscularis mucosae - Thin layer of smooth muscle

87
Q

Describe the sub-mucosa of GI tract?

A

Loose connective tissue

88
Q

How many layers of muscle in the muscularis mucosae?

A 
2 layers (thick)
Inner circular and outer is longitudinal
89
Q

Role of serosa?

A

Outer layer of connective tissue that either suspends digestive tract or attaches to other organs

90
Q

Where is non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium in the body?

A

Oral cavity
Pharynx
Oesophagus
Anal Canal

91
Q

What type of mucosa is the mucosa in the anal canal?

A

Protective mucosa

non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

92
Q

Describe absorptive mucosa and where you would find it?

A

Simple columnar epithelium with villi and tubular glands

SI

93
Q

Where would secretory mucosa be found and how does it differ from absorptive?

A

Found in stomach

DOESN’T have villi

94
Q

Where would you find protective and absorptive mucosa?

A

Large intestine

Just tubular glands and simple columnar epithelium

95
Q

Outer longitudnal muscle of Large intestine, what is special about it?

A

NOT continuous

Found in 3 muscular strips called teniae coli

96
Q

What is he Digestive tract nervous tissue?

A

Enteric nervous system

97
Q

What is the ENS?

A

Ganglia between 2 muscle layers that make up muscularis externa

98
Q

What epithelium lines the trachea?

A

Respiratory epithelium

99
Q

Differences between bronhci and bronchioles?

A 
Bronchus= large diameter airways with hyaline cartilage in their wall 
Bronchioles= Small airways, no cartilage, mainly smooth muscle
100
Q

What are alveoli lined by?

A

Simple squamous epithelium

101
Q

Ratio of cells: plasma in blood?

A

45% cells and 55% plasma

102
Q

Lifespan of a red blood cell?

A

4 months

103
Q

Types of WBC?

A 
Neutrophils 
Eosinophils 
Basophils 
Monocytes 
Lymphocytes
104
Q

Layers of an artery?

A

Tunica Adventitia - Supporting connective tissue
Tunica Media - Smooth muscle
Tunica Intima - endothelial cells

105
Q

What is endothelium?

A

Simple squamous epithelium of blood vessels

106
Q

Structure of an arterioles?

A

1 or 2 layers of smooth muscle in tunica media and almost no adventitia

107
Q

Capillaries consist of?

A

Endothelial cells, pericytes and a basal lamina

108
Q

What are pericytes and where are they?

A

Connective tissue cells + contractile properties

Capillaries

109
Q

3 types of capillaries?

A

Fenestrated
Continuous
Sinusoidal

110
Q

Where are fenestrated capillaries? What do they have?

A

Gut mucosa, endocrine glads, kidneys

Pores

111
Q

Where are continuous capillaries?

A

Muscle, nerve, lung, skin

112
Q

What is special about sinusoidal capillaries?

A

Have large gaps

113
Q

Where are sinusoidal capillaries?

A

Liver, spleen & bone marrow

114
Q

What do venules consist of?

A

Endothelium and pericytes

115
Q

What differs in large veins compared to small veins?

A

Large veins have thick tunica adventitia

116
Q

What is the structure of veins?

A

Tunica intima
Thin continuous tunica media
Few layers of smooth muscle cells

Principles Collated Flashcards (13 decks)

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