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My2 ENT > Microbiology > Flashcards

Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

how is herpes simplex virus type 1 transmitted

A

saliva

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2
Q

what % of the population are infected with HSV1 and when do most people acquire it

A

70% - get it in childhood

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3
Q

where does herpes virus lay in dormant after it’s primary infection

A

sensory nerve cells

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4
Q

when HSV1 reactivates what can happen

A

re-infects mucosal surfaces and cause cold sores

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5
Q

what virus causes primary gingivostomatitis and in which age group

A

HSV - preschool children

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6
Q

what are symptoms of primary ginivostomatitis

A

systemic upset, fever, swollen lymph nodes and ulcers on lips, buccal mucosa and hard palate

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7
Q

how do you diagnose HSV

A

swab and PCR

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8
Q

what do you treat cold sores and primary gingivostomatis with

A

acyclovir

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9
Q

what virus causes herpangina

A

coxsackie virus (type of enterovirus)

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10
Q

what are symptoms of herpangina and who normally gets it

A

vesicles/ ulcers on soft palate in pre school children

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11
Q

what virus cause hand foot and mouth disease

A

coxsakie virus

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12
Q

what are symptoms of hand foot and mouth and who normally gets it

A

ulcers/ vesicles on mouth, hands and feet - family outbreaks common

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13
Q

how do you diagnose coxsakie virus

A

PCR

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14
Q

what bacteria causes syphillis

A

trep pallidum

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15
Q

what do primary syphillis ulcers look like and what are they called

A

chancre - painless ulcer commonly on genitals but can be oral

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16
Q

what is an aphthous ulcer

A

non-viral and self limiting. recurring ulcers with inflamm halos and no systemic disease

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17
Q

what are common causes of a sore throat

A

acute pharyngitis and tonsillitis

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18
Q

what type of infections are the majority of sore throat

A

viral

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19
Q

how would you manage a viral sore throat

A

NO ABs, regular analgesia, lozenges, fluids and mouth washes

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20
Q

what is the most common cause of a bacterial sore throat

A

strep pyogenes - group A strep

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21
Q

describe strep pyogenes

A

gram +ive cocci chains, beta haemolytic

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22
Q

how do you diagnose strep throat with centor criteria

A

tonsillar exude / tender cervical nodes / fever / no cough –> 3 or 4 = pen V

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23
Q

how do you diagnose strep throat with fever PAIN criteria

A

fever / purulence / attend rapidly (fast onset) / inflamed tonsils / No cough –> 4 or 5 –> pen V

24
Q

what additional tests can be done for strep throat

A

FBC, swab and culture

25
Q

how do you treat strep throat

A

phenoxymethylpenicillin - pen V

26
Q

how would rheumatic fever present as a complication of strep

A

3 weeks post infection –> fever, arthritis, endocarditis

27
Q

how would glomerulonephritis present as a complication of strep

A

1-3 weeks post infection –> haematuria and oedema

28
Q

what is a complication of taking DMARDs with strep throat

A

agranulocytosis

29
Q

what bacteria causes diphtheria

A

corynebacterium diphtheriae

30
Q

what are symptoms of diphtheria

A

severe sore throat with grey membrane across pharynx - produces cardio/neurotix endotoxin

31
Q

how do you treat diphtheria

A

vaccine- penicillin and erythromycin

32
Q

what virus causes infectious mononucleosis and what family does it belong to

A

epstein barr virus (EPV), part of herpes virus

33
Q

what are symptoms of glandular fever

A

young person, fever, lymph nodes, sore throat, malaise, lethargy, jaundice/ hepatitis, haematosplenomegaly

34
Q

what are serious complications of EBV

A

anaemia, splenic rupture, upper airway obs, lymphoma

35
Q

how do you diagnose EBV

A

serology: EBV ImG, heterophile antibody, blood count, LFTs

36
Q

what causes candida/ thrush

A

candida albicans

37
Q

what are symptoms of thrush on the mouth

A

white lacy patch on mucous membrane that wipes away

38
Q

who commonly gets thrush

A

ab’s, immunocompromised, smokers, inhaled steroids, diabets

39
Q

how do you treat thrush

A

nystatin or fluconazole

40
Q

what is acute otitis media

A

upper resp infection involving the middle ear via the eustachian tube

41
Q

who commonly gets acute otitis media

A

infants and children

42
Q

what are the symptoms of acute otitis media and how do you diagnose it

A

earache - swab and look

43
Q

what organisms cause acute otitis media

A

viral –> secondary bacteria infection - HAEM INFLE, strep pneumonia and strep pyogenes

44
Q

how do you treat acute otitis media

A

most resolve 4 days. 1st line = amox, 2nd line = erythromycin

45
Q

what is otitis externa

A

inflamm of outer ear canal

46
Q

what are symptoms of otitis externa

A

redness and swelling, itchy sore, discharge

47
Q

what bacteria commonly cause otitis externa

A

staph A, proteus, pseudomonas A

48
Q

what fungal infections commonly cause otitis externa

A

aspergillus, candida

49
Q

how do you diagnose and treat otitis externa

A

swab - clotrimazole and gentamicin if severe

50
Q

what is malignant otitis externa and what can happen in serious cases

A

extension of otitis externa to temporal bone - osteomyelitis of skull spreading to brain

51
Q

who is at risk of getting malignant otitis externa

A

diabetics, immunocompromised, radio to head and neck

52
Q

what are symptoms of malignant otitis externa

A

severe pain and headache, granulation tissue in ear canal, exposed bone in ear canal, facial nerve palsy

53
Q

how do you treat malignant otitis externa

A

bloods (plasma and CRP), X ray, biopsy, culture (pseudomonas A)

54
Q

what are symptoms of sinusitis and what would be different in a bacterial infection

A

mild discomfort over frontal sinuses from congestion / bacteria causes severe pain and purulent discharge

55
Q

how would you treat bacterial sinusitis

A

1st lin = pen V, 2nd line= doxy (not for kids) - only give ABs if severe

My2 ENT (10 decks)

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