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My2 ENT > Hearing, balance, taste and smell > Flashcards

Hearing, balance, taste and smell Flashcards

1
Q

what causes sound

A

pressure waves from oscillating molecules from vibrations

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2
Q

what frequency can humans hear

A

20-20 000 Hz

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3
Q

what is the function of the external ear

A

receiver

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4
Q

what makes up the external ear

A

auricle/ pinna (cartilage bit)

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5
Q

what does the auricle/ pinna have to help it collect sound

A

concave cartilaginous structure

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6
Q

where is the middle ear located

A

mastoid process of temporal bone

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7
Q

what is the function of the middle ear

A

amplifier

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8
Q

what structures are in the middle ear

A

tympanic membrane, ossicular chain (bones), oval + round window and eustachian tube

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9
Q

what is the function of the tympanic membrane

A

separates external and middle ear and transmits sounds via vibration

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10
Q

what are the 3 bones in the middle ear and what order are they in

A

Malleus, incus and stapes - malleus is biggest and attached to ear drum, stapes is smallest and attached to oval window

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11
Q

what is the purpose of the eustachian tube and how does it work

A

ventilation pathway for mucosa and air pressure equaliser - normally closed but can open

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12
Q

which muscles open the eustachian tube, what is their innervation, and how do they do so

A

tensor veli palatini (CNV3) and levatator veli palatini (CNX) - constrict muscles of soft palate

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13
Q

what systems are in the inner ear to make the ____ capsule

A

cochlea and vestibular system make the otic capsule

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14
Q

where would you find endolymph

A

bony labyrinth

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15
Q

where would you find perilymph

A

membranous labyrinth

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16
Q

what are the 3 chambers of the cochlea

A

scala media, scala tympani and scala vestibuli

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17
Q

how is the basilar membrane of the cochlea arranges and which parts detect which sounds

A

tonotopically so each part hears specific frequency - apex = low hz, base = high hz

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18
Q

what organ in the membranous labything is the ‘hearing organ’

A

organ of corti

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19
Q

what parts of the hearing process happen in the outer ear (1)

A

1) sound collection and travels towards tympanic membrane

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20
Q

what parts of the hearing process happen in the middle ear (2-4)

A

2) sound vibrates tympanic membrane 3) vibrations through ossicles 4) footplate of stapes vibrates via OVAL window

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21
Q

what parts of the hearing process happen in the inner ear (5-9)

A

5) pressure waves travel in perilymph 6) basilar membrane hairs detect waves 7) basilar hair cells vibrate and generate electrical impulse 8) impulse carried via CNVIII to brainstem 9) sound is dampened as it exits the ROUND window

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22
Q

how does sound travel as an impulse along the auditory canal and nerve (E. COLIE)

A

eighth nerve –> Cochlear nucleus –> superior Olivary complex –>Lateral lemniscus –> Inferior colliculus

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23
Q

where is the primary auditory complex and what does it process

A

left superior temporal gyrus - processes speech

24
Q

what are the vestibular end organs in the inner ear

A

hair cells, otolith organs (utricle and saccule) and semi-circular canals

25
Q

what do the utricle and saccule detect

A

linear movement, acceleration, weight

26
Q

how many semi circular canals are there, what are they called and what do they detect

A

3 at right angles to each other - anterior, posterior and lateral - detect 360 degree rotation

27
Q

what is the purpose of the vestibular system

A

maintain balance in conjunction with eye movement and coordination input

28
Q

how do semi-circular canals and detect movement

A

filled with endolymph and all on their own axis, when we move endolymph moves

29
Q

what is the vestibulo-ocular reflex and how does it work

A

keeps your eyes focused when head is moving - if turning to the right right canal moves and causes eye to focus to the left , called nystagmus

30
Q

what is the vestibulospinal tract

A

motor out put to neck, back, legs - medial longitudinal fasciculas and ocular muscles to eyes - medial lemniscus and thalamus to cerebrum

31
Q

what receptors detect taste and smell

A

chemoreceptors

32
Q

what cells make up taste buds

A

sensory receptor cells and support cells

33
Q

what is the lifespan of a taste bud and what are they replaced by

A

10 days - basal cells

34
Q

where are taste buds found

A

tongue, palate, epiglottis, pharynx

35
Q

what are papillae

A

finger like structures on the tongue that contain lots of tastebuds

36
Q

what types of papillae are there and which one doesn’t have taste

A

fungiform, vallate, foliate and filiform (no taste)

37
Q

how does taste get transmitted to the brain (basic description)

A

chemicals bind to chemoreceptors which causes depolarisation –> AP synapses with receptor cells –> travels along cranial nerves to brainstem

38
Q

where in the brain is taste processed

A

cortical gustatory area

39
Q

what nerve carries taste from the ant 2/3 of the tongue

A

CNVII (facial)

40
Q

what nerve carries taste from the post 1/3 of the tongue

A

CNVIIII (glossopharyngeal)

41
Q

what nerve carries taste from the pharynx and epiglottis

A

CVX (vagus)

42
Q

how many types of tastes can we detect

A

bitter, sour, salty, sweet, umami

43
Q

what is ageusia and what can cause it

A

loss of taste - nerve damage, inflamm, glossitis, tobacco

44
Q

what is hypogeusia and what can cause it

A

reduced taste - chemo and meds

45
Q

what is dysgeusia

A

distortion of taste

46
Q

what cell types are involved with olfaction

A

olfactory receptor cells, supporting cells, basal cells

47
Q

what do neurones of olfactory receptor cells have and where do they project to

A

thick rod projecting to olfactory mucosa

48
Q

where do odorants that can be smelled bind to

A

cilia

49
Q

describe the olfactory pathway to the brain

A

smells bind to cilia in olfactory mucosa –> travel along olfactory receptor cells to form the olfactory nerve –> they enter the olfactory bulb –> transmit smell to the brain

50
Q

where do olfactory nerves fibres enter through the floor of the skull

A

cribriform plate of ethmoid bone

51
Q

what part of the brain processes smell

A

temporal lobe

52
Q

where does the olfactory mucosa lie and how do you actively smell

A

above normal path of airflow so have to sniff to smell

53
Q

what must a substance be able to do to be smelt

A

be volatile (enter air), water soluble (dissolve in mucosa)

54
Q

what is anosmia and how do you get it

A

temporary/ permanent loss of smell - viral infection, allergy, head injury

55
Q

what is hyposmia and how do you get it

A

reduced smell - early sign of parkinsons

56
Q

what is dysosmia

A

altered sense of taste

My2 ENT (10 decks)

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