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2A > Microbiology > Flashcards

Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

Gram staining results?

A

Gram +ve = purple

Gram -ve = pink

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2
Q

What are the two main types of coccus bacteria and how do they appear?

A 
Strep = chain
Staph = clusters
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3
Q

How can you differentiate between Staph bacterium (will be GRAM +VE)

A

Coagulase test
Positive = S. aureus
Negative = S. epidermidis or S. saprophiticus

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4
Q

How can you differentiate between Step bacterium (will be GRAM +VE)

A

Grow on blood agar
Alpha-haemolytic = dark green - S.pneumoniae, S. pralis, S.sanguis
Beta-haemolytic = pale yellow/transpartent - S.pyogenes (group A), S.agalactiae (group B)
Non-haemolytic = no change - S. mutans, S. milleri or eneterococcus faecalis

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5
Q

What is the main gram positive bacilli? Is it aerobic or anaerobic?

A

Clostridium difficile (all clostridiums are anaerobic)

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6
Q

What are the two main coccus gram negative bacteria?

A

N. meningitidis, N. gonorrhoea

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7
Q

How do you differentiate between gram negative bacilli?

A

MacConkey plate
Lactose fermenters = pink - E.coli, K. pneumoniae
Non-lactose fermenters = pale - salmonella, shigella and proteus

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8
Q

What test can differentiate between Staph and Strep bacteria?

A

Catalase test
Staph = produce gas bubbles
Strep = no bubbles

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9
Q

What are the two actions of antibiotics?

A 
Bacteriocidal = kill bacteria
Bacteriostatic = stop bacterial growth to allow the body to destroy the bacteria
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10
Q

Which antibiotics inhibit cell wall synthesis?

A

Beta-lactams (penicillins, cephalosporins and carbapenems), vancomycin

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11
Q

Which antibiotics inhibit neucleotide synthesis?

A

Trimethoprim, Metronidazole and Rifampicin

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12
Q

Which antibiotics inhibit protein synthesis?

A

Clarithromycinm gentamicin and tetracyclines

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13
Q

Which antibiotic treats specifically staph. aureus?

A

Flucloxacillin

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14
Q

Which antibiotic is commonly used to treat MRSA?

A

Vancomycin

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15
Q

What is the main causative organism in infective endocarditis and what is the AB treatment?

A

Step. viridans

4-6 weeks of IV benzylpenicillin +/- 2 weeks gentamicin

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16
Q

What is the most common cause of CAP and what is the AB treatment?

A

Strep. pneumonia - depends on CURB65 score
0-1 = amoxicillin
2 = amoxicillin and clarithromycin
3+ = IV co-amoxiclav and clarithromycin

17
Q

What is the most common cause of HAP and what is teh AB treatment?

A

Saph. aureus/MRSA - IV gentamicin and a penicillin

18
Q

What are the three main TB symptoms?

A

Night sweats, productive/sputum cough and weight loss

19
Q

How do you test and AB treat TB

A

Test: Ziehl-Neelsen stain = active disease, Mantoux skin test = latent disease
Treatment = Rifampicin, Isoniazib, Pyrazinamide, Ethambutol (RIPE)

20
Q

What are the main causative organisms of SBP and what is the AB treatment?

A

E.coli, Klebsiella and Strep. pneumoniae (kids)

IV cefotaxime and metronidazole

21
Q

What is the AB treatment for appendicitis?

A

IV cefotaxime and metronidazole

22
Q

What are teh main causes of UTI and what is the AB treatment?

A

E.coli (70%), proteus miribilus and klebsiella

Trimethoprim or Nitrofurantoin if in 1st trimester of pregnancy

23
Q

What are the signs of sepsis?

A

Shivering/fever, Extreme pain, Pale skin, Sleepy/confused, Impending doom, SoB (SEPSIS)

24
Q

How do you treat HIV and when does it become AIDS?

A

HAART anti-retrovirals to treat HIV

Becomes AIDS when CD4 < 200 cells/ml and/or there is an AIDS defining illness present

25
Q

AB treatment for septic arthritis?

A

IV flucloxacillin and double steroids for 6 weeks

26
Q

What cuases osteomyelitis?

A

Staph. aureus, strep or enterococci in the immunosuppressed/diabetics post-joint surgery

27
Q

How do you treat the two main causes of reactive arthritis?

A

Chlamydia = docycyline (7 days) or 1 dose azithromycin

N. gonnorrhoea = ceftriaxone IM PLUS 1 dose axzithromycin

28
Q

What are the most common causes of meningitis?

A

EBV, herpes simplex virus and mumps - VIRAL = MOST COMMON

Bacterial: Strep. pneumoniae (most common), N. meningitidis (most severe), H. influenzae

29
Q

What is the AB treatment of meningitis in the community/hospital?

A

Community = IM benzypenicillin
Hospital: <55 = IV cefotaxime,
>55, immunocompromised or pregnant IV cefotaxime AND amoxycillin

30
Q

How do you treat close contacts in a meningitis case?

A

Give them rifampicin and Meningitis C vaccine

31
Q

What is the most severe cause of encephalitis and what is the AB treatmnet?

A

Herpes Simplex Virus

IV acyclovir

32
Q

What causes shingles and what is the AB treatment?

A

VZV - Acyclovir

33
Q

What are the most common causes of cellulitis and what is the AB treatment?

A

Staph aureus and strep - IV flucloxacillin and benzylpenicillin

34
Q

What are the cuases of malaria, how is it carried and how is it treated?

A

P. falciparum (main), P. malariae, P. vivax, P. ovalae
Anopheles mosquitoe (female)
Treat with quinine

2A (12 decks)

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