Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

2A > Derm > Flashcards

Derm Flashcards

1
Q

What is sebum?

A

Produced due to narrowing of the hair follicles. It stagnates in the pit of the follicle and is why the skin feels greasy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Which bacteria casues achne?

A

P. acnes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

S&S of acne?

A

Whiteheads, blackheads, skin coloured papules, inflammatory lesions, pustules and nodules
Found on the face, back and upper chest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Treatment for mild achne?

A

Benzoyl peroxide gel/cream, topical antibiotics e.g. clindamycin gel, topical retinoids e.g. tazarotene gel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Treatment for severe achne?

A

Mild treatment PLUS oral tetracyclines for 4 months e.g. doxycycline, hormonal treatment e.g. oral co-cyprindiol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is cellulitis?

A

A bacterial infection of the deep subcutaneous tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Risk factors for cellulitits?

A

Lymphoedema, leg ulcers, immunosuppression, traumatic wounds, athelets foot, leg oedema and obesity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What bacteria commonly cause cellulitis?

A

Group A beta-haemolytic strep e.g. strep. pyogenes, MRSA ans sometimes staph. aureaus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

S&S of cellulitis?

A

Local inflammation typically in the lower limbs and extermities, inflammation spreads proximally. Warm, tender and swollen area of inflammation which occasionally blisters.
Patient is systemically unwell with pyrexia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Treatment for cellulitis?

A

Antibiotics e.g. flucoxacillin/erythromycin. If infection is widespread give IV antibiotics for 3-5 days then oral for 2 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the difference between a blackhead and a whitehead?

A 
Whitehead = closed comedones (a clogged hair folicle)
Blackhead = opened comedones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What causes eczema?

A

Damage to filaggrin and thinning of the stratum corneum means that the skin can be invaded more easily so is more at risk of inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the 2 main types of dermatitis?

A

Endogenous - atopic dermatitis, due to a hypersensitivity reaction
Exogenous - contact dermatitis, precipitated by chemicals, sweat and abrasives (irritant or allergen)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

S&S of eczema?

A

Itchy, erythematous and scaly patches in the flexure of the elbows, knees, ankles, wrists and around the neck. Increased skin dryness and reccurrent stap. aureus infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How is pigmented skin affected differently in eczema?

A

It may become hyper- or hypo- pigmented and the extensor surfaces are involved (instead of the flexors)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the first-line treatment for eczema?

A 
Topical corticosteroids.
Very potent e.g. clobetasol propionate
Potent e.g. fluocinonide
Moderate e.g. clobetasol butyrate
Mild e.g. hydrocortisone
They inhibit proinflammatory cytokines
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the second-line treatment for eczema and when is this used?

A

Topical Calciuneuri inhibitors e.g. pimecrolimus or tacrolimus.
They inhibit calcineurin and produce less SEs - used in sensitive areas e.g. face

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the treatment for severe eczema?

A

Oral immune-modulators e.g. cyclosporine and azathioprine, oral steroids e.g. prednisolone, antibiotics e.g. flucloxacillin and antihistamines to help sleep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is necrotising fascilitis?

A

A deep subcutaneous infection resulting in fulminant and spreading destruction of the fascia and fat. Initally the skin is sparred

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the two types of necrotising fascilitis?

A

Type 1 - caused by aerobic/anaeorbic bacteria followin abominal surgery or in diabetics
Type 2 - caused by group A beta-haemolytic streptoccoi e.g. strep. pyogenes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

S&S necrotising fascilitis?

A

Severe pain that is out of proportion to the skin findings, gas in soft tissues = crepitus, infection spreads rapidly and can lead to multiorgan failure and death. Fever/systemic infection signs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Treatment for necrotising fascilitis?

A

Type 1 = broadspectrum IV antibiotics and IV metronidazole
Type 2 = IV benzylpenicillin and clindamycin
Amputation may be necessary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is psoriasis?

A

Chronic inflammatory skin disease due to hyperproliferation of keratinocytes and inflammatory cell infiltration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What symptoms are associated will all types of psoriasis?

A

Nail changes e.g. pitting and onycholysis

Athritis can occur in all too

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

S&S of chronic plaque psoriasis?

A

Disc-shaped salmon pink silvery plaques on the exterior surface of the limbs.
Found often at elbows, knees, sclap hair margin and trauma sites it leads to a thickened epidermis
Most common

26
Q

Treatment of chronic plaque psoriasis?

A

Emollients, topical vitamin D analogues e.g. calcitriol ointment, UV B, topical mild corticosteroids and coal tar.
UV A and DMARDs in extensive plaques

27
Q

S&S of flexural psoriasis?

A

Red, glazed and NON-SCALY plaques confined to teh flexures.

This occurs in later life

28
Q

Treatment of flexural psoriasis?

A

1st line = topical mild-moderate corticosteroids e.g. hydrocortisone or clobetasol butyrate
2nd line = topical vitamin D analogue e.g. calcipotriol cream

29
Q

S&S of Guttate psoriasis?

A

Explosive eruption of small circular plaques appreaing on the trunk 2 weeks after a step throat infection.
Most common in children and young adults

30
Q

Treatment for Guttate psoriasis?

A

Topical mild-moderate corticosteroids e.g. hydrocortisone or clobetasol butyrate, UV B and Coal tar

31
Q

S&S of palmoplantar psoriasis?

A

Thickening of the palms and soles

32
Q

Treatment of palmoplantar psoriasis?

A

Emollients, keratolytic agents, potent topical corticosteroids e.g. fluocinonide, UV A, oral retinoid e.g. acitretin.
Anti-TNF biologicals if all else fails

33
Q

What is a squamous cell carcinoma?

A

A locally invasive malignant tumour of the squamal keratinocytes which presents in later life

34
Q

RF for a squamous cell carcinoma?

A

UV exposure, chronic inflammation and immunosuppression

35
Q

S&S of a squamous cell carcinoma?

A

Rapid growing ill-defined nodules that may ulcerate. Lesions are often keratotic and appear on sun exposed sites

36
Q

Treatment of a squamous cell carcinoma?

A

Surgical excision with a minimal margin of 5mm and radiotherapy

37
Q

What is a basal cell carcinoma?

A

A tumour of the basal keratinocytes which may ulcerate (this is known as a rodent ulcer). It is generally non pigmented and is the most common malignant skin cancer, occurs later in life.

38
Q

RF of a basal cell carcinoma?

A

UV exposure, skin type 1 (burns and doesn’t tan), ageing

39
Q

S&S of a basal cell carcinoma?

A

Slow growing/enlarging shiny nodule on the head/neck which bleeds following minor trauma and does not heal. It is locally destructive but rarely metastasises.
Ulcerated lesions will be raised with a pearly appearance

40
Q

Treatment of a basal cell carcinoma?

A

Surgical excision with wide borers or radiotherapy.

If superficial = cryotherapy or photodynamic therapy

41
Q

What is a malignant melanoma?

A

This is a malignant tumour of the melanocytes. It is the most malignant form of skin cancer.

42
Q

What are the types of malignant melanoma?

A

Superfical spreading
Nodular (most aggressive)
Lentigo maligna (usually on the face)
Acral (restriced to the palms and soles)

43
Q

Risk factotors for a malignant melanoma?

A

UV exposure, red hair, high density freckles, skin type 1, immunosuppression and pale skin

44
Q

S&S of a malignant melanoma?

A

Very dark colour lesions appearing commonly on the chest/back (in men) and the lower legs (in women).
Commonly metastasises to lungs, liver and CNS

45
Q

Treatment of a malignant melanoma?

A

Surgical excision if caught early.

Metastatic disease = remove regional lymph nodes, isolate limb perfusion, radio/iummo/chemo-therapy.

46
Q

What is the ABCDE diagnostic criteria for skin cancer?

A 
A - aysmmetrical shape
B - border irregularity
C - colour irregularity
D - diameter > 6mm
E - elevation/evolution of lesion
These are often seen in cancer (differentiate from mole)
47
Q

What is a venous ulcer?

A

Loss of skin below the knee on leg/foot which takes more than 2 weeks to heal - due to sustained venous hypertension

48
Q

RF for venous ulcers?

A

Varicose veins, DVT, incompetent vlaves in the deep veins, atherosclerosis and vasculitis

49
Q

RF for arterial ulcers?

A

Smoking, hypercholesterolaemia, atherosclerosis, DM

50
Q

RF for neuropathic ulcers?

A

DM, neurological disease, leprosy

51
Q

RF for vasculitis ulcers?

A

Infection, drugs, inflammatory disease and malignancy

52
Q

What are vasculitis ulcers?

A

An inflammatory disease of the blood vessels causing endothelial damage

53
Q

S&S of venous ulcers?

A

Large, shallow, irregular and exudative ulcer with sloping edges. Pain is minimal, there will be oedema in the lower leg eith warm skin and venous eczema

54
Q

Treatment of venous ulcers?

A

High compression 4 layered bandages, leg elevation, analgesia and life long support stockings

55
Q

S&S of Arterial ulcers?

A

Small punced out painful ulcers (pain is intense and worse when elevated), necrotic base to ulcer, skin is shiny and pale with no peripheral pulse

56
Q

Treatment of Arterial ulcers?

A

Keep ulcer clean and covered, analgesia, vascular reconstruction but NO compression bandaging

57
Q

S&S of neuropathic ulcers?

A

Painless variablet sized ulcers surrounded by callus, ulcers tend to be on areas of pressure with warm skin and normal peripheral pulses

58
Q

Treatment of neuropathic ulcers?

A

Keep ulcer clear, remove pressure from the affected area and provide specialist podiatry services

59
Q

S&S of vasculititis ulcers?

A

Cutaneous features which may erode and ulcerate (e.g. haemorrhagic papules, pustules, nodules and plaques), non-blanching purpuric lesions, pyrexia and arthralgia

60
Q

Treatment of vasculititis ulcers?

A

Often settle spontaneously, analgesia, support stockings and antibiotics (e.g. dapsone)/prednisolone

61
Q

How can you tell between a venous and arterial ulcer?

A

Ankle brachial pressure index is raised in arterial

Doppler US confirms arterial disease

2A (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions