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MAD > Microbiology > Flashcards

Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

normal flora of the skin

A

Staphylococcus epidermidis

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2
Q

normal flora of the dental plaque

A

Strephylococcus mutans

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3
Q

normal flora of the GI tract

A

anaerobes, E. coli

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4
Q

normal flora of the vagina

A

Streptococcus agalaciae

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5
Q

benefits of the normal flora

A

protection from disease (take up space, produce bacteriocidins)
nutritional/hormonal benefit ((produce vitamins B12/K, deconjugate bile salts and sex hormones)
immune system development
gut morphology and function development

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6
Q

potential harmful effects of the normal flora

A 
intestinal gas and body odor
dental caries and periodontal disease
can modify ingested chemicals to known carcinogens
opportunistic infections (take advantage in a state of vulnerability)
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7
Q

virulence factors

A

biofilm production (Staph epi)
quorum sensing
capsules (Strep pneumo, Haemophilus influenza, Neisseria meningitides, Klebsiella, Baccilus anthracis)
intracellular survival (Salmonella, Myocobacterium tuberculosis, Legionella, Brucella, Rickettsiae, Listeria monocytogenes)
Fe binding (Vibrio cholera, Bacillus anthraces, Shigella)
Protein A (Staph aureus)
IgA protease (Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Neisseria meningitidis, Strep pneumo)
M protein (Strep progenies)
type 3 secretion system (Shigella, Salmonella, Yersinia pestis, Bordetella, Chlamydia trachomatis/pneumoniae)
exotoxins (Shigella, Clostridium, E. coli, Vibrio)
endotoxins (Salmonella, Shigella, E. coli, Neisseria)

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8
Q

exotoxin

A

effector proteins secreted by bacteria

heat labile, specific action, non-febrile, inactivated toxin = toxoid

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9
Q

endotoxin

A

part of the outer cell wall of gram negative bacteria (activity due to lipid A)
heat stable, produces fever, non-specific immune response (cytokine production/severe inflammation)

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10
Q

MIC

A

minimal inhibitory concentration- concentration to inhibit growth

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11
Q

MBC

A

minimal bactericidal concentration- concentration that kills bacteria

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12
Q

breakpoint

A

the MIC used to designate between sensitive and resistant

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13
Q

cytochrome P450 function

A

catalyzes the oxidation of drugs

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14
Q

cytochrome P450 inhibitors

A

erythromycin, clarithromycin, ciprofloxacin, fluconazole, itraconazole

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15
Q

cytochrome P450 inducers

A

rifampin, phenobarbital, carbamazepine, phenytoin, St. John’s wort

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16
Q

general effects of glucocorticoids

A

metabolic effects
anti-inflammatory effects
immunosuppressive effects
neurologic- insomnia and euphoria, then depression
negative effects = “Cushingoid”- cataracts, ulcers, thin skin, hyperglycemia/HTN, infections, necrosis, glycosuria, osteoporosis/obesity, immunosuppression, DM

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17
Q

metabolic effects of glucocorticoids

A

increased gluconeogenesis, lipolysis, protein breakdown, osteoclast activity
decreased glucose uptake and utilization

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18
Q

anti-inflammatory effects of glucocorticoids

A

inhibits phospholipase A2, decreased expression of COX-2 (decreased prostaglandin production)

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19
Q

immunosuppressive effects of glucocorticoids

A

increased neutrophil concentration in circulation (decreased migration to tissues and site of inflammation)
decreased lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophil and basophil concentration in circulation
reduced ability of macrophages to phagocytose
reduced production of cytokines

20
Q

adverse effects of glucocorticoids

A

cataracts, ulcers, skin thinning, hyperglycemia/HTN, infection, necrosis, glycosuria, osteoporosis/obesity, immunosuppressive, diabetes

21
Q

anti-inflammatory and mineralocorticoid activity glucocorticoids

A

hydrocortisone, cortisone, prednisone, prednisolone, methylprednisolone

22
Q

only anti-inflammatory activity glucocorticoids

A

triamcinolone, betamethasone, dexamethasone

23
Q

immunosuppressive drugs

A

rituxamab, adalimumab, infliximab, etanercept, eculizumab, natalizumab

24
Q

rituximab mechanism

A

monoclonal antibody that depletes B lymphocytes

25
Q

adalimumab mechanism

A

anti-TNF monoclonal antibody

26
Q

infliximab mechanism

A

monoclonal antibody that binds to TNF-alpha

27
Q

etanercept mechanism

A

fusion protein that binds to TNF-alpha

28
Q

eculizumab mechanism

A

monoclonal antibody that binds to C5

**need to give meningococcal vaccine prior to therapy

29
Q

natalizumab mechanism

A

monoclonal antibody against alpha-4-integrin (prevents leukocytes from moving across vascular endothelium)

30
Q

1st generation H1 histamine antagonists

A

diphenhydramine, hydroxyzine, meclisine, promethazine, chlorpheniramine, brompheniramie

31
Q

2nd generation H1 histamine antagonists

A

cetirizine, fexofenadine, loratadine

32
Q

IL4 function

A

B cell activation, class switching to IgG and IgE

33
Q

IL5 function

A

B cell activation, eosinophil growth and differentiation

34
Q

IL6 function

A

B cell activation, enhances Th2 cell development

35
Q

IL10 function

A

inhibits the generation of Th1 cells

36
Q

IL13 function

A

B cell activation, class switching to IgG and IgE

37
Q

IL2 function

A

T cell proliferation

38
Q

IFN gamma function

A

macrophage activation and increased HLA expression

39
Q

TNF-alpha function

A

macrophage activation and increased HLA expression

40
Q

function of Th1 cells

A

secrete IL2, IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha

41
Q

function of Th2 cells

A

secrete IL4, IL5, IL6, IL10, IL13

42
Q

innate immune response to bacterial pathogens

A

activation of the complement system
recruitment of neutrophils and macrophages (via TLRs)
induction of cytokine synthesis
maturation of dendritic cells

43
Q

TLR function

A

induce dendritic cell maturation
induce acute phase reactant production
induce cytokine production (leads to neutrophil and monocyte recruitment)
activates alternative complement cascade

44
Q

respiratory burst

A

destruction of internalized bacteria mediated by ROS
key enzymes = NADPH oxidase
requires NADPH

45
Q

innate immune response to viral pathogens

A

production of type 1 interferons (don’t protect the infected cell but provide protection to neighboring cells)
recruitment of NK cells (enhanced by IL2, IL12, IFN alpha, IFN beta)
induction of cytokine synthesis
maturation of dendritic cells

MAD (7 decks)

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