Microbiology Flashcards
What is Staphylococcus aureus?
Gram positive bacterium that commonly colonised human skin and mucosal. Treated with broad spectrum antibiotics like penicillin.
Characteristics of living things
Movement
Reproduction
Sensitivity
Growth
Respiration
Excretion
Nutrition
Cellular organism split into what 2 superkingdoms?
Membrane bound nuclei - eukaryotes
Not membrane bound - prokaryotes
what is peptidoglycan and what are the types of it?
Unique polymer forms single molecule around cell for shape and rigidity. gram positive and gram negative
How to test for gram positive and negative
Attach cells to glass slide - add primary dye (crystal violet then iodine sol) - rinse (acetone) - counterstain (safranin)
Gram positive vs gam negative
Relatively thick, high internal osmotic pressure, high peptidoglycan sensitive to lysosome and penicillin
relatively thin, low internal osmotic pressure, low peptidoglycan, a further membrane, mostly resistant to lysosome and penicillin
bacteria cell division
binary fission
parent cell - cell enlarges - chromosomes replicate - cross wall forms within cell (cytokinesis) - 2 offspring identical to parent
15 mins doubling time
doubling time equation
0.301(t1-t0) / logN1 - logN0
4 phases of growth curve
Lag phase - intense activity preparing for population growth but no inc in population, cells adapt, 1-6hrs
Log phase - inc in population, growth at a max rate, 6-48hrs
Stationary phase - period of equilibrium: microbial death balance production of new cells, growth slows rapidly then plateau, antibiotic production and endospores formed
Death phase - Population is dec at log rate
fungi (kingdom) definition
eukaryotic walled heterotrophs with absorptive nutrition, which typically show filamentous growth & which reproduce by spores.
The disease process
Exposure - adherence - invasion - colonization (toxicity: toxin effects local or invasiveness: further growth at original and distant sites
types of pathogen
Primary - regularly cause disease
Opportunistic - only cause disease in compromised hosts
6 stages of virus replication
Adsorption Penetration Uncoating Synthesis Assembly Release
catalase test
positive - bubbles
tests to distinguish gram positive cocci
oxidase test
positive - blue colour
coagulase test
positive - clumps
test to differentiate s aureus from coagulase negative s aureus
Spoilage
Chemical and physiochemical deterioration of pharmaceutical product due to microbial contamination
Good manufacturing practice definition
That part of Quality Assurance aimed at ensuring products are consistently manufactured to the quality appropriate to their intended use. aimed at diminishing the risks inherent in any pharmaceutical production.
Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Authority
The MHRA is responsible for regulating all medicines and medical devices in the UK by ensuring they work and are acceptably safe.
Standard Operating Procedures
Written, approved procedures that describe routine activities that are specific for daily operations at each facility.