Microbiology

Question 1

What is Staphylococcus aureus?

Answer 1

Gram positive bacterium that commonly colonised human skin and mucosal. Treated with broad spectrum antibiotics like penicillin.

Question 2

Characteristics of living things

Answer 2

Movement
Reproduction
Sensitivity

Growth
Respiration
Excretion
Nutrition

Question 3

Cellular organism split into what 2 superkingdoms?

Answer 3

Membrane bound nuclei - eukaryotes

Not membrane bound - prokaryotes

Question 4

what is peptidoglycan and what are the types of it?

Answer 4

Unique polymer forms single molecule around cell for shape and rigidity. gram positive and gram negative

Question 5

How to test for gram positive and negative

Answer 5

Attach cells to glass slide - add primary dye (crystal violet then iodine sol) - rinse (acetone) - counterstain (safranin)

Question 6

Gram positive vs gam negative

Answer 6

Relatively thick, high internal osmotic pressure, high peptidoglycan sensitive to lysosome and penicillin

relatively thin, low internal osmotic pressure, low peptidoglycan, a further membrane, mostly resistant to lysosome and penicillin

Question 7

bacteria cell division

Answer 7

binary fission
parent cell - cell enlarges - chromosomes replicate - cross wall forms within cell (cytokinesis) - 2 offspring identical to parent
15 mins doubling time

Question 8

doubling time equation

Answer 8

0.301(t1-t0) / logN1 - logN0

Question 9

4 phases of growth curve

Answer 9

Lag phase - intense activity preparing for population growth but no inc in population, cells adapt, 1-6hrs
Log phase - inc in population, growth at a max rate, 6-48hrs
Stationary phase - period of equilibrium: microbial death balance production of new cells, growth slows rapidly then plateau, antibiotic production and endospores formed
Death phase - Population is dec at log rate

Question 10

fungi (kingdom) definition

Answer 10

eukaryotic walled heterotrophs with absorptive nutrition, which typically show filamentous growth & which reproduce by spores.

Question 11

The disease process

Answer 11

Exposure - adherence - invasion - colonization (toxicity: toxin effects local or invasiveness: further growth at original and distant sites

Question 12

types of pathogen

Answer 12

Primary - regularly cause disease

Opportunistic - only cause disease in compromised hosts

Question 13

6 stages of virus replication

Answer 13

Adsorption
Penetration
Uncoating
Synthesis
Assembly
Release

Question 14

catalase test

Answer 14

positive - bubbles

tests to distinguish gram positive cocci

Question 15

oxidase test

Answer 15

positive - blue colour

Question 16

coagulase test

Answer 16

positive - clumps

test to differentiate s aureus from coagulase negative s aureus

Question 17

Spoilage

Answer 17

Chemical and physiochemical deterioration of pharmaceutical product due to microbial contamination

Question 18

Good manufacturing practice definition

Answer 18

That part of Quality Assurance aimed at ensuring products are consistently manufactured to the quality appropriate to their intended use. aimed at diminishing the risks inherent in any pharmaceutical production.

Question 19

Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Authority

Answer 19

The MHRA is responsible for regulating all medicines and medical devices in the UK by ensuring they work and are acceptably safe.

Question 20

Standard Operating Procedures

Answer 20

Written, approved procedures that describe routine activities that are specific for daily operations at each facility.