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Principles > Microbiology > Flashcards

Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

what colour do gram positive stain

A

purple

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2
Q

what colour do gram negative stain

A

pink

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3
Q

what is an opportunistic pathogen

A

probably only cause infection in immunocompromised individuals

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4
Q

define pathogenicity

A

ability of microorganism to produce disease

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5
Q

define virulence

A

degree of pathogenicity of organism (how well it can cause disease)

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6
Q

how do bacteria replicate

A

by binary fission

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7
Q

what are the 3 types of atmosphere

A
  • aerobic (in O2)
  • anaerobic (no O2)
  • microaerophillic (reduced O2 and enriched co2)
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8
Q

what are exotoxins

A

produced by gram positive

- produced inside cell

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9
Q

what are endotoxins

A

produced by gram negative

- part of gram -ve cell wall

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10
Q

what are the 2 types of fungi and their properties

A
  • Yeast (single cells and reproduce by budding): Candida

- Mould (produce sporins): Aspergillus

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11
Q

what are the gram positive cocci

A
  • streptococcus
  • staphylococcus
  • enterococcus
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12
Q

what are the properties of streptococcus

A
  • aerobic
  • chains of cocci
  • alpha haemolysis (partial), step pneumonia & viridans
  • beta haemolysis (complete), Group A strep (throat/skin), Group B (neonatal meningitis
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13
Q

what are the properties of staphylococcus

A
  • cocci clusters
  • coagulase positive (golden), Staph. Aureus in wound/skin infections
  • Use flucloxacilllin for this
  • coagulase negative (white), staph. epidermidis (prosthetic heart valves, catheter infection)
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14
Q

what are the properties of enterococcus

A
  • aerobic
  • cocci chains
  • non-haemolytic
  • common UTI cause
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15
Q

what are the stages of developing a fever

A
  • antigen attacks macrophages
  • release cytokine
  • travel to anterior hypothalamus
  • releases prostaglandin E.
  • this resets body temperature
  • body perceives it as cold so shivers to conserve heat
  • FEVER… growth of pathogens slowed if temperature increases
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16
Q

types of gram negative bacteria

A
  • gram negative cocci
  • coliforms
  • strict aerobes
  • haemophilus influenzae
  • gram negative anaerobic bacilli
  • mycobacteria
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17
Q

what are the properties of coliforms

A
  • gram negative bacilli
  • gut commensals: E.Coli
  • gut pathogens: Salmonella
  • gentamicin is 1st line ABX
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18
Q

what are the properties of strict aerobes

A
  • gram negative bacilli

- eg legionella

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19
Q

what are the properties of haemophilus influenzae

A
  • gram negative bacilli

- common for chest infection, especially COPD exacerbations

20
Q

name a gram positive anaerobic bacilli

A

Clostridium spp

21
Q

name a gram negative anaerobic bacilli

A

bacteroides spp.

  • normal gut commensals
  • use metronidazole
22
Q

what are the properties of mycobacteria

A
  • thick waxy outer coat

- TB

23
Q

how is DNA transferred by transformation

A

DNA transferred from dead bacteria to alive bacteria from the extracellular environment

24
Q

how is DNA transferred by transduction (bacteriophage)

A

transfer DNA through bacteriophage as vectors

25
Q

how is DNA transferred by conjugation

A

DNA transferred to from bacteria in physical contact using a sex pilus

26
Q

what are the 5 I’s of infection

A
  • inhalation
  • indigestion
  • intercourse
  • inoculations
  • mother to Infant
27
Q

what are bactericidal and bacteriostatic antibiotics

A 
bactericidal = kills bacteria 
bacteriostatic = inhibits bacterial growth
28
Q

what spectrum can antibiotics be

A

broad eg tetracycline

narrow eg penicillin

29
Q

what antibiotics work on the cell wall

A
  • penicillins
  • cephalosporins
  • glycopeptides
30
Q

for gram positive organisms they have a ___ PG layer and a ___ phospholipid bilayer

A
  • thick

- single

31
Q

for gram negative organisms they have a ___ PG layer and ___ phospholipid bilayers

A
  • thin

- 2

32
Q

what are the properties of penicillin

A
  • are beta-lactam
  • bactericidal
  • may cause type 1 hypersensitivity
  • Eg, flucloxacillin (narrow s.), co-amoxiclav (broad s.), temocillin, amoxicillin.
33
Q

flucloxacillin is used for…

A

skin infections and soft tissue infections

34
Q

what are the properties of cephalosporins

A
  • beta-lactam
  • bactericidal
  • may induce c.difficile growth
35
Q

what are the properties of glycopeptides

A
  • NOT beta-lactam
  • bactericidal
  • only work on gram positive organisms
  • eg vancomycin
36
Q

what antibiotics inhibit protein synthesis

A
  • macrolides
  • tetracyclines
  • aminoglycosides
37
Q

what are the properties of macrolides

A
  • exreted via biliary tract
  • bacteriostatic
  • eg clarithromycin
38
Q

what are the properties of tetracyclines

A
  • bacteriostatic
  • excreted via biliary tract
  • can destruct intestinal flora
  • eg doxycycline
39
Q

what are the properties of aminoglycosides

A
  • bactericidal
  • act on gram negative organisms
  • eg Gentamicin
40
Q

what antibiotics work on bacterial DNA

A
  • metronidazole
  • trimethoprim
  • floroquinolones
41
Q

what are the properties of metronidazole

A
  • used for anaerobic organisms

- interacts with alcohol

42
Q

what are the properties of trimethoprim

A
  • inhibits folic acid synthesis
43
Q

what are the properties of fluoroquinolones

A
  • prevent supercoiling of DNA
  • bactericidal
  • promote C.difficile growth
  • eg ciprofloxacin
44
Q

what are the 4 C’s to be avoided

A
  • clindamycin
  • cephalosporins
  • co-amoxiclav
  • ciprofloxacin (fluoroquinolones)
45
Q

what are the stages of viral replication

A
  • attachment (ligand>receptor)
  • entry via endocytosis
  • uncoating (viral nucleic acid released)
  • nucleic acid and protein synthesis
  • assembly (nucleic acid and proteins package together)
  • release: budding or lysis
46
Q

how do budding and lysis occur

A
  • budding = viruses released in envelope derived from host cell’s membrane
  • lysis = viruses accumulate until cell bursts
  • lysis kills the cell

Principles (10 decks)

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