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Principles > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

what is the inner cytosol composed of

A

solution of proteins, electrolytes and carbohydrates

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2
Q

what is the plasmalemma

A

the cell membrane

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3
Q

what are the different regions of the plasmalemma

A

hydrophilic heads face outwards and hydrophobic tails facing inwards… is amphipathic

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4
Q

what is the difference between inclusions and organelle in a membrane

A
  • inclusions are not essential for cell survival, taken up or synthesised by cell eg pigment
  • organelles are essential for a cell’s survival eg mitochondria
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5
Q

what are the components of the cytoskeleton and what are they made from

A
  • intermediate filaments (made from proteins)
  • microfilaments (made from actin)
  • microtubules (made from tubulin)
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6
Q

where do microtubules radiate from and what compounds attach to them

A
  • radiate from organising centre called centrosome
  • are polar
  • Dynein and kinesis attach and move along them
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7
Q

what is the structure of the nucleus

A
  • enclosed by nuclear envelope with inner and outer membranes which have nuclear pores
  • outer membrane studded with ribosomes
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8
Q

what is the space in-between the inner and outer nuclear membranes called

A

perinuclear cistern

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9
Q

define euchromatin

A

DNA actively undergoing transcription in the nucleus

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10
Q

what is the structure of mitochondria

A
  • have inner and outer membrane

- inner membrane folds to form cristae

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11
Q

what is the function of an occluding/tight junction

A

bind cells to prevent diffusion

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12
Q

what is the function of adhesion/desmosome junctions

A
  • provide mechanical strength

- cadherin molecules of neighbouring cells bind or desmosomes bind together

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13
Q

what is the function of communicating/gap junctions

A

they form pores to allow diffusion

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14
Q

what is endocytocis

A

(takes into cell)…when membrane invaginates, fuses and new vesicle buds into cell

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15
Q

what is exocytosis

A

release of substance out of cell

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16
Q

what do you stain cells with

A

H&E. Haematoxylin stains purple (basic dye) and Eosin stains pink (acidic dye)

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17
Q

what are the 4 basic types of tissue

A
  • epithelium
  • connective tissue
  • muscle
  • nervous tissue
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18
Q

what are the basic properties of epithelium

A
  • cover body surface, organ surfaces, form glands

- non vascular and polar

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19
Q

what are the functions of epithelial cells

A
  • mechanical barrier
  • chemical barrier
  • secretory
  • absorption
  • containment
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20
Q

what are the classifications of epithelial by cell shape

A
  • squamous (blob)
  • cuboidal (square)
  • columnar (rectangle)
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21
Q

what are the classifications of epithelial cell by number of layers

A
  • simple = single layer
  • stratified = multiple
  • pseudostratified = looks like multiple but all cells touch basal lamina
22
Q

what are the classifications of epithelial cell by tissue surface specialisations and presence of specialised cells

A
  • microvilli
  • cilia
  • keratinised
  • goblet cells
23
Q

glandular endocrine epithelia: what direction do they secret product and do they have ducts

A
  • product secreted towards basal lamina end of cell

- ductless

24
Q

glandular exocrine epithelia: what direction do they secret product and do they have ducts

A
  • product secreted towards apical end of cell

- have ducted glands

25
Q

what are the 3 types of connective tissue

A
  • soft, hard, blood + lymph
26
Q

what are the different types of soft connective tissue

A
  • tendons, ligaments, dermis
  • loose connective tissue, if fibres loosely packed
  • dense regular connective tissue, if fibres aligned
  • dense irregular connective tissue, if fibres in many directions
27
Q

what are the different types of hard connective tissue

A

cartilage and bone

28
Q

what are the different types of cartilage

A
  • hyaline
  • fibrocartilage
  • elastic
29
Q

what are the different types of bone and where are they located

A
  • outer shell of cortical bone makes up shaft (diaphysis)

- cancellous bone occupies end of bone (epiphyses)

30
Q

what does the extracellular matrix of blood and lymph consist of

A
  • tissue fluid
  • ground substance
  • fibres
31
Q

what cells are present in blood and lymph

A

fibroblasts, adipose cells, osteocytes, chondrocytes

32
Q

what are the 3 different types of muscle

A
  • smooth muscle
  • skeletal muscle
  • cardiac muscle
33
Q

what are the characteristics of smooth muscle

A
  • involuntary

- non-striated

34
Q

what are the characteristics of skeletal muscle

A
  • voluntary
  • striated
  • multi-nucleated and elongated nuclei at periphery
35
Q

what are the characteristics of cardiac muscle

A
  • in-voluntary
  • striated
  • have intercalated discs
36
Q

what does nervous tissue consist of

A

neurones and their supporting cells (gila)

37
Q

what is the nervous connective tissue coat called in CNS and PNS

A
  • CNS = meninges

- PNS = epineurium

38
Q

what are the different types of gila and what are their functions

A
  • astrocytes (ion transport)
  • oligodendrocytes (produce myelin in CNS)
  • schwaan cells (produce myelin in PNS)
  • microgila (immune surveillance)
39
Q

what are the 3 major salivary glands

A

parotid, submandibular, sublingual (striated ducts)

40
Q

what are the 4 major layers from oesophagus to anus

A
  • mucosa (epithelium)
  • submucosa (loose connective tissue)
  • muscularis externa (thick smooth muscle)
  • adventitia (connective tissue)
41
Q

what is the name of the digestive tract nervous system

A

enteric nervous system

42
Q

what are the structural characteristics of the trachea

A
  • respiratory epithelium
  • lamina propria
  • hyaline cartilage of tracheal ring
43
Q

what are the structural characteristics of bronchus and bronchioles

A
  • bronchus: wider diameter with hyaline cartilage ring

- bronchioles: small airways and mainly smooth muscle, no cartilage

44
Q

what are alveoli lined with

A

simple squamous epithelium

45
Q

what are the different proportions of blood

A
  • 55% plasma

- 45% cells

46
Q

what are the different cells present in blood

A
  • RBC (no nucleus, 4 month lifespan)

- WBC (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, lymphocytes)

47
Q

what are the layers of an artery

A
  • tunica intima (endothelial)
  • tunica media (smooth muscle)
  • tunica adventitia (connective tissue)
48
Q

what are simple squamous epithelium of blood vessels called

A

endothelium

49
Q

what is the structure of arterioles

A
  • 1 or 2 layers of smooth muscle in tunica media

- almost no adventitia

50
Q

what is the structure of capillaries

A
  • endothelial cells but also have pericytes ( connective tissue with contractile properties)
51
Q

what are the 3 different types of capillary

A
  • continuous
  • fenestrated (have pores)
  • sinusoidal (large gaps)
52
Q

what is the structure of veins

A
  • thinner tunica media compared to arteries

- large veins have thick tunica adventitia

Principles (10 decks)

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