Histology

Question 1

what is the inner cytosol composed of

Answer 1

solution of proteins, electrolytes and carbohydrates

Question 2

what is the plasmalemma

Answer 2

the cell membrane

Question 3

what are the different regions of the plasmalemma

Answer 3

hydrophilic heads face outwards and hydrophobic tails facing inwards… is amphipathic

Question 4

what is the difference between inclusions and organelle in a membrane

Answer 4

• inclusions are not essential for cell survival, taken up or synthesised by cell eg pigment
• organelles are essential for a cell’s survival eg mitochondria

Question 5

what are the components of the cytoskeleton and what are they made from

Answer 5

• intermediate filaments (made from proteins)
• microfilaments (made from actin)
• microtubules (made from tubulin)

Question 6

where do microtubules radiate from and what compounds attach to them

Answer 6

• radiate from organising centre called centrosome
• are polar
• Dynein and kinesis attach and move along them

Question 7

what is the structure of the nucleus

Answer 7

• enclosed by nuclear envelope with inner and outer membranes which have nuclear pores
• outer membrane studded with ribosomes

Question 8

what is the space in-between the inner and outer nuclear membranes called

Answer 8

perinuclear cistern

Question 9

define euchromatin

Answer 9

DNA actively undergoing transcription in the nucleus

Question 10

what is the structure of mitochondria

Answer 10

• have inner and outer membrane

- inner membrane folds to form cristae

Question 11

what is the function of an occluding/tight junction

Answer 11

bind cells to prevent diffusion

Question 12

what is the function of adhesion/desmosome junctions

Answer 12

• provide mechanical strength

- cadherin molecules of neighbouring cells bind or desmosomes bind together

Question 13

what is the function of communicating/gap junctions

Answer 13

they form pores to allow diffusion

Question 14

what is endocytocis

Answer 14

(takes into cell)…when membrane invaginates, fuses and new vesicle buds into cell

Question 15

what is exocytosis

Answer 15

release of substance out of cell

Question 16

what do you stain cells with

Answer 16

H&E. Haematoxylin stains purple (basic dye) and Eosin stains pink (acidic dye)

Question 17

what are the 4 basic types of tissue

Answer 17

• epithelium
• connective tissue
• muscle
• nervous tissue

Question 18

what are the basic properties of epithelium

Answer 18

• cover body surface, organ surfaces, form glands

- non vascular and polar

Question 19

what are the functions of epithelial cells

Answer 19

• mechanical barrier
• chemical barrier
• secretory
• absorption
• containment

Question 20

what are the classifications of epithelial by cell shape

Answer 20

• squamous (blob)
• cuboidal (square)
• columnar (rectangle)

Question 21

what are the classifications of epithelial cell by number of layers

Answer 21

• simple = single layer
• stratified = multiple
• pseudostratified = looks like multiple but all cells touch basal lamina

Question 22

what are the classifications of epithelial cell by tissue surface specialisations and presence of specialised cells

Answer 22

• microvilli
• cilia
• keratinised
• goblet cells

Question 23

glandular endocrine epithelia: what direction do they secret product and do they have ducts

Answer 23

• product secreted towards basal lamina end of cell

- ductless

Question 24

glandular exocrine epithelia: what direction do they secret product and do they have ducts

Answer 24

• product secreted towards apical end of cell

- have ducted glands

Question 25

what are the 3 types of connective tissue

Answer 25

- soft, hard, blood + lymph

Question 26

what are the different types of soft connective tissue

Answer 26

- tendons, ligaments, dermis - loose connective tissue, if fibres loosely packed - dense regular connective tissue, if fibres aligned - dense irregular connective tissue, if fibres in many directions

Question 27

what are the different types of hard connective tissue

Answer 27

cartilage and bone

Question 28

what are the different types of cartilage

Answer 28

- hyaline - fibrocartilage - elastic

Question 29

what are the different types of bone and where are they located

Answer 29

- outer shell of cortical bone makes up shaft (diaphysis) | - cancellous bone occupies end of bone (epiphyses)

Question 30

what does the extracellular matrix of blood and lymph consist of

Answer 30

- tissue fluid - ground substance - fibres

Question 31

what cells are present in blood and lymph

Answer 31

fibroblasts, adipose cells, osteocytes, chondrocytes

Question 32

what are the 3 different types of muscle

Answer 32

- smooth muscle - skeletal muscle - cardiac muscle

Question 33

what are the characteristics of smooth muscle

Answer 33

- involuntary | - non-striated

Question 34

what are the characteristics of skeletal muscle

Answer 34

- voluntary - striated - multi-nucleated and elongated nuclei at periphery

Question 35

what are the characteristics of cardiac muscle

Answer 35

- in-voluntary - striated - have intercalated discs

Question 36

what does nervous tissue consist of

Answer 36

neurones and their supporting cells (gila)

Question 37

what is the nervous connective tissue coat called in CNS and PNS

Answer 37

- CNS = meninges | - PNS = epineurium

Question 38

what are the different types of gila and what are their functions

Answer 38

- astrocytes (ion transport) - oligodendrocytes (produce myelin in CNS) - schwaan cells (produce myelin in PNS) - microgila (immune surveillance)

Question 39

what are the 3 major salivary glands

Answer 39

parotid, submandibular, sublingual (striated ducts)

Question 40

what are the 4 major layers from oesophagus to anus

Answer 40

- mucosa (epithelium) - submucosa (loose connective tissue) - muscularis externa (thick smooth muscle) - adventitia (connective tissue)

Question 41

what is the name of the digestive tract nervous system

Answer 41

enteric nervous system

Question 42

what are the structural characteristics of the trachea

Answer 42

- respiratory epithelium - lamina propria - hyaline cartilage of tracheal ring

Question 43

what are the structural characteristics of bronchus and bronchioles

Answer 43

- bronchus: wider diameter with hyaline cartilage ring | - bronchioles: small airways and mainly smooth muscle, no cartilage

Question 44

what are alveoli lined with

Answer 44

simple squamous epithelium

Question 45

what are the different proportions of blood

Answer 45

- 55% plasma | - 45% cells

Question 46

what are the different cells present in blood

Answer 46

- RBC (no nucleus, 4 month lifespan) | - WBC (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, lymphocytes)

Question 47

what are the layers of an artery

Answer 47

- tunica intima (endothelial) - tunica media (smooth muscle) - tunica adventitia (connective tissue)

Question 48

what are simple squamous epithelium of blood vessels called

Answer 48

endothelium

Question 49

what is the structure of arterioles

Answer 49

- 1 or 2 layers of smooth muscle in tunica media | - almost no adventitia

Question 50

what is the structure of capillaries

Answer 50

- endothelial cells but also have pericytes ( connective tissue with contractile properties)

Question 51

what are the 3 different types of capillary

Answer 51

- continuous - fenestrated (have pores) - sinusoidal (large gaps)

Question 52

what is the structure of veins

Answer 52

- thinner tunica media compared to arteries | - large veins have thick tunica adventitia