embryology/public health/ethics/general

Question 1

what is gametogenesis

Answer 1

formation of the germ cells (gametes)

Question 2

what is fertilisation

Answer 2

the union of the sperm and oocyte to form a zygote (single celled embryo)

Question 3

what is the name of the earliest cell division of an embryo
period of rapid cell division
body axes formed

Answer 3

cleavage

Question 4

when are the germ layers formed

ecto, meso, endo

Answer 4

gastrulation

Question 5

what is morphogenesis

Answer 5

formation of the body plan

Question 6

what is organogenesis

Answer 6

development of the organs and organ systems (continues to develop during foetal period)

Question 7

what is incidence

Answer 7

number of new cases of a disease in a population

number of people with risk of developing the disease in the same population

Question 8

what is prevalence

Answer 8

number of people that currently have a specific disease in a population
number of people at risk of having a disease in the same population

Question 9

what are 3 occasions that a doctor can break confidentiality

Answer 9

when asked to do so via court order
to a police officer when a patient tells you they have committed a violent crime
to a parent of a minor refusing life-saving treatment

Question 10

what is autonomy

Answer 10

respecting the patient’s decisions

Question 11

what is non-maleficence

Answer 11

do no harm

Question 12

what is deontology

Answer 12

duty-based ethics
follow obligations of patient/NHS
Consequences don’t influence whether it is right or wrong

Question 13

what are virtue ethics

Answer 13

opposite of deontology - following own morals
Aristotle’s argument of what a good person is
e.g. health care professionals have a right to refuse to participate in treatment if it is against their beliefs but have a duty of care to patient which includes referring them to a colleague

Question 14

what is beneficence

Answer 14

acting in the best interest of the patient
e.g. making a decision for the patient when they no longer have the capacity to do so/understand that treatment is needed

Question 15

what is utilitarianism

Answer 15

the needs of many

act is right if it benefits the greatest number of people

Question 16

what is justice

Answer 16

treating patients equally

Question 17

what is consquentialism

Answer 17

choice based on consequence

consequences determine if the act is right or wrong

Question 18

what are the 4 principles of beauchamp and childress?

Answer 18

beneficence
non-maleficence
autonomy
justice

Question 19

what is communitarianism

Answer 19

is the act good for everyone that will be affected by the act?

Question 20

what is the religious argument

Answer 20

sanctity of life - life shouldn’t be tampered with

Question 21

what kinds of food reduce risk of CRC

Answer 21

fibre
fruit and veg
wholegrain, beans, lentils

Question 22

how much fibre should you eat a day

Answer 22

teenagers - around 25 grams a day

adults - around 30 grams a day

Question 23

what else reduces risk of CRC

Answer 23

exercise

Question 24

how much exercise should you do

Answer 24

150 mins moderate per week

75 mins vigorous per week

Question 25

give 5 things that increase the risk of GI cancer

Answer 25

``` red meat processed meat smoking alcohol obesity ```

Question 26

how much red meat should you have a day

Answer 26

70g

Question 27

give 2 things that increase the risk of oesophageal cancer

Answer 27

obesity | alcohol consumption

Question 28

what can increase the risk of gastric cancer

Answer 28

salt intake | no more 6g a day

Question 29

how often should 50-75 year olds get screened for bowel cancer

Answer 29

every 2 years

Question 30

what kind of diet helps to improve symptoms of IBS

Answer 30

low FODMAP diet

Question 31

what is meant by the sensitivity of a test

Answer 31

proportion of those with the disease who are correctly identified by a positive test

Question 32

what is meant by the specificity of a test

Answer 32

proportion of those without the disease who are correctly identified with a negative result

Question 33

what is meant by 'positive predictive value'

Answer 33

true positives | proportion of those who test positive who actually have the disease

Question 34

what is meant by 'negative predictive value'

Answer 34

true negatives | proportion of those who test negative who don't have the disease

Question 35

what is meant by the yield of a test

Answer 35

the number of previously undiagnosed people who are diagnosed with a disease by a screening programme

Question 36

what is the biomedical model

Answer 36

the body as a machine | does not take into account the patient

Question 37

what is the biopsychosocial model

Answer 37

integrating disease and patient factors (includes that which is not in the biomedical model)

Question 38

what is epidemiology

Answer 38

study of frequency, distribution and determinants of a disease in a population

Question 39

what is the epidemiological triangle

Answer 39

vector - food - environment

Question 40

what is primary prevention

Answer 40

stopping a disease before it starts

Question 41

what is secondary prevention

Answer 41

stopping a disease getting worse

Question 42

what is penetrance

Answer 42

proportion of individuals carrying a particular variant of a gene (allele or genotype) that also expresses an associated trait (phenotype)

Question 43

what is a randomised control study

Answer 43

participants randomly allocated to intervention or control group practical or ethical problems may limit the use

Question 44

what is a cohort study

Answer 44

observational and prospective 2 or more are selected according to their exposure to a particular agent and followed up to see how many develop a disease or other outcome e.g. Framingham Heart Study

Question 45

what is a case-control study

Answer 45

observational and retrospective patients with a particular condition are identified and matched with controls data is then collected on past exposure to a possible causal agent for the condition

Question 46

what is a cross-sectional survey

Answer 46

provides a 'snapshot' sometimes called a prevalence study provides weak evidence of cause and effect

Question 47

what type of cause of disease is nosocomial

Answer 47

acquired in a hospital

Question 48

what type of cause of disease is iatrogenic

Answer 48

result of diagnostic/therapeutic treatments | e.g. in surgery, drug interactions

Question 49

what type of cause of disease is inherited

Answer 49

genes passed from parent to child

Question 50

what type of cause of disease is carcinogenic

Answer 50

formation of a cancer

Question 51

what measurement is used to estimate BMI

Answer 51

mid upper arm circumference

Question 52

what measurement is used to estimate upper extremity muscle strength

Answer 52

handgrip dynamometry

Question 53

what measurement is used to estimate total body fat

Answer 53

triceps skinfold thickness

Question 54

what measure is used to estimate height

Answer 54

ulna length

Question 55

what measure is used to estimate central obesity

Answer 55

waist circumference

Question 56

what goes in the blue bag

Answer 56

confidential waste

Question 57

what does in the semiclear red bag

Answer 57

soiled laundry

Question 58

what goes in the yellow bag

Answer 58

theatre/anatomy clinical waste e.g. amputated digits

Question 59

what goes in the yellow sharps bin with the blue lid

Answer 59

medication vials with residual medicine

Question 60

what goes in the yellow sharps bin with the red lid

Answer 60

needles, syringes, other sharps

Question 61

what is human factors

Answer 61

sometimes referred to as non-technical skills | social and cognitive skills that support and underpin performance of physical and technical skills

Question 62

what are technical skills

Answer 62

general practical procedures

Question 63

what does E in ABCDE stand for

Answer 63

evidence exposure environment

Question 64

what goes in the orange bag

Answer 64

non-sharp clinical waste | e.g. used IV drip tubing

Question 65

what goes in the black bag

Answer 65

paper towels | empty medication blister packs

Question 66

what is gastrulation

Answer 66

migration of cells through the premature streak to form the germ layers

Question 67

in what case can you break confidentiality to a police officer

Answer 67

court order in place | or you strongly suspect there is a risk to the public

Question 68

when referring a patient to another doctor and the patient asks you to omit part of their history should you?

Answer 68

comply with their wishes provided that what they are asking you to omit isn't relevant to current treatment

Question 69

can a minor refuse life saving treatment? | do you have the right to tell their legal guardian?

Answer 69

yes if they fully comprehend the treatment being offered and they are competent if a minor refuses treatment the doctor can inform parent/;era guardian