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Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 barriers to infection

A
  • skin
  • mucous
  • commensal bacterial
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2
Q

how does skin protect against infection

A
  • physical barrier of tightly packed cells
  • low pH
  • sebaceous glands secrete hydrophobic oils, defensins
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3
Q

how does mucous protect against infection

A
  • traps invading organisms and cilia helps remove them

- contains secretory IgA which kills pathogens

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4
Q

how does commensal bacteria protect against infection

A

compete with pathogens for scarce resources

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5
Q

what’s the main properties of the innate immune system

A
  • rapid response (0-4 hours)
  • general response
  • involves mast cells, NK cells, phagocytes, complement
  • uses PAMPS:PRRs
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6
Q

what’s the main properties of the adaptive immune system

A
  • slow response (4hrs-4days)
  • unique response
  • Antigen:Antigen receptor
  • involves B cells, antibodies, T cells, dendritic cells
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7
Q

neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells are…

A

phagocytes

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8
Q

T cells, B cells, NK cells are…

A

Lymphocytes

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9
Q

Eosinophils, mast cells, NK cells are…

A
  • granular cells and release chemicals for acute inflammation
  • primarily involves in defence against large pathogens that can’t be phagocytosed
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10
Q

give 2 factors associated with humoral immunity

A

antibodies and complement proteins

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11
Q

where do mast cells reside and what do the do

A

reside in tissues and protect mucosal surfaces

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12
Q

where are basophils and eosinophils located

A

circulate in blood and are recruited to sites of infection

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13
Q

if a cell is multinucleate it is a…

A

neutrophil

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14
Q

where are neutrophils found

A

circulate freely in blood and are rapidly recruited to inflamed and infected tissue

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15
Q

what are the 3 mechanisms neutrophils attack pathogens

A
  • phagocytosis
  • degranulation (kill extracellular pathogens)
  • NETS (neutrophil extracellular traps)
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16
Q

neutrophils make use of PAMP recognition and activation

true or false

A

true

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17
Q

what makes up pus

A

dead and dying neutrophils + tissue cells + microbial debris

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18
Q

what cells are precursors of macrophages

A

monocytes

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19
Q

what are 4 functions of macrophages

A
  • inflammation
  • ingest and kill extracellular pathogens
  • tissue repair/healing
  • antigen presentation
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20
Q

what are the 4 stages of phagocytosis

apoptotic cell

A

1) formation of a phagocytic cup around cell
2) pinches off forming a phagosome
3) fusion with lysozyme forms a phagolysosyme - degradation of contents
4) debris released into ECF

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21
Q

what are dendritic cells

A
  • Immature cells in peripheral tissues

- When in contact with pathogen, mature and migrate to secondary lymphoid tissues

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22
Q

what kind of cells are NK cells

A

large granular lymphocytes

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23
Q

what do NK cells kill

A
  • tumour cells
  • virally infected cells
  • antibody bound cells
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24
Q

where do B and T cells circulate and mature

A

mature cells constantly circulate through blood, lymph, secondary lymphoid tissues

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25
what do B cells do and where do they develop
they produce antibodies and they develop in bone marrow (a primary lymphoid tissue)
26
what do T cells do and where do they develop
they defend against pathogens and they develop in the thymus (a primary lymphoid tissue)
27
what are the 2 types of T cells
- Helper T cells | - Cytotoxic T cells
28
what do helper T cells do and what do they release
- regulate the whole immune system | - release CD4+
29
what do cytotoxic T cells so and what do they release
- kill virally infected body cells | - release CD8+
30
what are secondary lymphoid tissues
sites where adaptive immune responses are initiated
31
what are cytokines
- produced in response to infection, inflammation and tissue damage - indirect communication
32
what are 4 examples of cytokines
interferons TNF chemokines interleukins
33
what is the function of interferons
anti-viral functions
34
what is the function of TNF (tumour necrosis factor)
pro-inflammatory
35
what is the function of chemokines
control cell migration
36
what is the function of Interleukins
various functions - IL1 = T cell proliferation - IL10 = anti-inflammatory
37
what are the signs of acute inflammation
- redness (rubor) - heat (calor) - swelling (tumor) - pain (dolor) - loss of function
38
what are the 3 phases of innate immune response
- recognition phase (PAMPS:PRRs) - activation phase - effector phase
39
PAMPs are specific to certain pathogens | true or false
false | there is a limited number of PAMPs which are common to many different pathogens
40
what are the 2 forms of communication in the immune system and give an example of each
1) direct - receptor:ligand MHC:TCR PAMP:PRR 2)indirect - production and secretion of cytokines
41
what organ produces acute phase proteins in response to pro-inflammatory cytokines
liver
42
what are 3 examples of acute phase proteins
- CRP - complement proteins - serum amyloid A
43
what is the complement system
- family of proteins produced in liver which circulate in blood - enter infected and inflamed tissues when they are activated
44
what are the 3 pathways of the complement system
- classical - lectin - alternative
45
what is the basic equation for the complement system
C3 > C3b + C3a
46
What are the 4 functions of the complement system
- membrane attack complex - opsonisation - chemotaxis - inflammation
47
how does the complement system mediate the membrane attack complex
- C5b binds to pathogen surface | - C5b, C6,C7,C8,C9 = Membrane attack complex
48
how does the complement system mediate inflammation and chemotaxis
- C3a and C5a bind to receptors on mast cells/basophils | - this releases granules which produce histamine and chemokines
49
how do antigens cause adaptive immune response
they activate B and T cells
50
how do T cells recognise pathogens
T cell antigen receptor = membrane bound heterodimer | - has alpha and beta chain
51
how do B cells recognise pathogens
B cell antigen receptor = membrane bound antibody | - has light and heavy chain
52
How are T cells activated
MHC proteins display peptide antigens to T cells
53
what do class 1 MHC proteins do
- expressed on all nucleated cells | - present to CD8 T cells (cytotoxic)
54
what do class 2 MHC proteins do
- expressed on professional antigen presenting cells, mainly dendritic. - present to CD4 T cells (helper T cells)
55
what are antibodies also known as
immunoglobulins
56
what do antibodies protect against
extracellular pathogens
57
how are antibodies specific
each heavy and light chain of B cell has a variable region which binds to antigen
58
how many types of antibody are there
5
59
what is the most abundant type of antibody
IgG, it is actively transported across the placenta
60
what is the second most abundant type of antibody
IgA, found in breast milk, sweat, saliva
61
what antibody is produced first during an immune response
IgM
62
what antibody is produced In an allergic response
IgE
63
what role does IgD play
extremely low levels in blood, surface bound
64
what antibodies do mothers give to baby
IgG and IgA
65
what is the dual function of antibodies
- recognition function | - effector function
66
what effector functions can antibodies initiate
- complement - activate Fc for phagocytosis - agglutination - opsonins - NK cells
67
how do Fc receptors on antibodies initiate phagocytosis
Fc receptors bind to antibodies attached to infected cells to cause phagocytosis. Antibodies have Fc fragments
68
What can B cells differentiate into
- plasma cells | - memory B cells
69
what occurs during a germinal centre reaction
- B cell proliferation - Antibody heavy chain switching - differentiate into plasma or memory B cells
70
what happens at the Germinal Centre
B cells differentiate

Principles (10 decks)

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