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Principles > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 barriers to infection

A
  • skin
  • mucous
  • commensal bacterial
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2
Q

how does skin protect against infection

A
  • physical barrier of tightly packed cells
  • low pH
  • sebaceous glands secrete hydrophobic oils, defensins
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3
Q

how does mucous protect against infection

A
  • traps invading organisms and cilia helps remove them

- contains secretory IgA which kills pathogens

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4
Q

how does commensal bacteria protect against infection

A

compete with pathogens for scarce resources

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5
Q

what’s the main properties of the innate immune system

A
  • rapid response (0-4 hours)
  • general response
  • involves mast cells, NK cells, phagocytes, complement
  • uses PAMPS:PRRs
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6
Q

what’s the main properties of the adaptive immune system

A
  • slow response (4hrs-4days)
  • unique response
  • Antigen:Antigen receptor
  • involves B cells, antibodies, T cells, dendritic cells
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7
Q

neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells are…

A

phagocytes

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8
Q

T cells, B cells, NK cells are…

A

Lymphocytes

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9
Q

Eosinophils, mast cells, NK cells are…

A
  • granular cells and release chemicals for acute inflammation
  • primarily involves in defence against large pathogens that can’t be phagocytosed
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10
Q

give 2 factors associated with humoral immunity

A

antibodies and complement proteins

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11
Q

where do mast cells reside and what do the do

A

reside in tissues and protect mucosal surfaces

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12
Q

where are basophils and eosinophils located

A

circulate in blood and are recruited to sites of infection

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13
Q

if a cell is multinucleate it is a…

A

neutrophil

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14
Q

where are neutrophils found

A

circulate freely in blood and are rapidly recruited to inflamed and infected tissue

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15
Q

what are the 3 mechanisms neutrophils attack pathogens

A
  • phagocytosis
  • degranulation (kill extracellular pathogens)
  • NETS (neutrophil extracellular traps)
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16
Q

neutrophils make use of PAMP recognition and activation

true or false

A

true

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17
Q

what makes up pus

A

dead and dying neutrophils + tissue cells + microbial debris

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18
Q

what cells are precursors of macrophages

A

monocytes

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19
Q

what are 4 functions of macrophages

A
  • inflammation
  • ingest and kill extracellular pathogens
  • tissue repair/healing
  • antigen presentation
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20
Q

what are the 4 stages of phagocytosis

apoptotic cell

A

1) formation of a phagocytic cup around cell
2) pinches off forming a phagosome
3) fusion with lysozyme forms a phagolysosyme - degradation of contents
4) debris released into ECF

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21
Q

what are dendritic cells

A
  • Immature cells in peripheral tissues

- When in contact with pathogen, mature and migrate to secondary lymphoid tissues

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22
Q

what kind of cells are NK cells

A

large granular lymphocytes

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23
Q

what do NK cells kill

A
  • tumour cells
  • virally infected cells
  • antibody bound cells
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24
Q

where do B and T cells circulate and mature

A

mature cells constantly circulate through blood, lymph, secondary lymphoid tissues

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25
Q

what do B cells do and where do they develop

A

they produce antibodies and they develop in bone marrow (a primary lymphoid tissue)

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26
Q

what do T cells do and where do they develop

A

they defend against pathogens and they develop in the thymus (a primary lymphoid tissue)

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27
Q

what are the 2 types of T cells

A
  • Helper T cells

- Cytotoxic T cells

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28
Q

what do helper T cells do and what do they release

A
  • regulate the whole immune system

- release CD4+

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29
Q

what do cytotoxic T cells so and what do they release

A
  • kill virally infected body cells

- release CD8+

30
Q

what are secondary lymphoid tissues

A

sites where adaptive immune responses are initiated

31
Q

what are cytokines

A
  • produced in response to infection, inflammation and tissue damage
  • indirect communication
32
Q

what are 4 examples of cytokines

A

interferons
TNF
chemokines
interleukins

33
Q

what is the function of interferons

A

anti-viral functions

34
Q

what is the function of TNF (tumour necrosis factor)

A

pro-inflammatory

35
Q

what is the function of chemokines

A

control cell migration

36
Q

what is the function of Interleukins

A

various functions

  • IL1 = T cell proliferation
  • IL10 = anti-inflammatory
37
Q

what are the signs of acute inflammation

A
  • redness (rubor)
  • heat (calor)
  • swelling (tumor)
  • pain (dolor)
  • loss of function
38
Q

what are the 3 phases of innate immune response

A
  • recognition phase (PAMPS:PRRs)
  • activation phase
  • effector phase
39
Q

PAMPs are specific to certain pathogens

true or false

A

false

there is a limited number of PAMPs which are common to many different pathogens

40
Q

what are the 2 forms of communication in the immune system and give an example of each

A

1) direct - receptor:ligand
MHC:TCR
PAMP:PRR

2)indirect - production and secretion of cytokines

41
Q

what organ produces acute phase proteins in response to pro-inflammatory cytokines

A

liver

42
Q

what are 3 examples of acute phase proteins

A
  • CRP
  • complement proteins
  • serum amyloid A
43
Q

what is the complement system

A
  • family of proteins produced in liver which circulate in blood
  • enter infected and inflamed tissues when they are activated
44
Q

what are the 3 pathways of the complement system

A
  • classical
  • lectin
  • alternative
45
Q

what is the basic equation for the complement system

A

C3 > C3b + C3a

46
Q

What are the 4 functions of the complement system

A
  • membrane attack complex
  • opsonisation
  • chemotaxis
  • inflammation
47
Q

how does the complement system mediate the membrane attack complex

A
  • C5b binds to pathogen surface

- C5b, C6,C7,C8,C9 = Membrane attack complex

48
Q

how does the complement system mediate inflammation and chemotaxis

A
  • C3a and C5a bind to receptors on mast cells/basophils

- this releases granules which produce histamine and chemokines

49
Q

how do antigens cause adaptive immune response

A

they activate B and T cells

50
Q

how do T cells recognise pathogens

A

T cell antigen receptor = membrane bound heterodimer

- has alpha and beta chain

51
Q

how do B cells recognise pathogens

A

B cell antigen receptor = membrane bound antibody

- has light and heavy chain

52
Q

How are T cells activated

A

MHC proteins display peptide antigens to T cells

53
Q

what do class 1 MHC proteins do

A
  • expressed on all nucleated cells

- present to CD8 T cells (cytotoxic)

54
Q

what do class 2 MHC proteins do

A
  • expressed on professional antigen presenting cells, mainly dendritic.
  • present to CD4 T cells
    (helper T cells)
55
Q

what are antibodies also known as

A

immunoglobulins

56
Q

what do antibodies protect against

A

extracellular pathogens

57
Q

how are antibodies specific

A

each heavy and light chain of B cell has a variable region which binds to antigen

58
Q

how many types of antibody are there

A

5

59
Q

what is the most abundant type of antibody

A

IgG, it is actively transported across the placenta

60
Q

what is the second most abundant type of antibody

A

IgA, found in breast milk, sweat, saliva

61
Q

what antibody is produced first during an immune response

A

IgM

62
Q

what antibody is produced In an allergic response

A

IgE

63
Q

what role does IgD play

A

extremely low levels in blood, surface bound

64
Q

what antibodies do mothers give to baby

A

IgG and IgA

65
Q

what is the dual function of antibodies

A
  • recognition function

- effector function

66
Q

what effector functions can antibodies initiate

A
  • complement
  • activate Fc for phagocytosis
  • agglutination
  • opsonins
  • NK cells
67
Q

how do Fc receptors on antibodies initiate phagocytosis

A

Fc receptors bind to antibodies attached to infected cells to cause phagocytosis. Antibodies have Fc fragments

68
Q

What can B cells differentiate into

A
  • plasma cells

- memory B cells

69
Q

what occurs during a germinal centre reaction

A
  • B cell proliferation
  • Antibody heavy chain switching
  • differentiate into plasma or memory B cells
70
Q

what happens at the Germinal Centre

A

B cells differentiate

Principles (10 decks)

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