Microbiology Flashcards
What antibiotics act on cell walls
Penicillins
Cephalosporins
Glycopeptides
What antibiotics act on protein synthesis
Macrolides Aminoglycosides Cindamycin Chloramphenicol Tetracyclines
What antibiotics act on bacterial DNA
Metronidazole
Fluoroquinolones
What are the 4 Cs causing C diff
Co-amoxiclav
Cephalasporins
Cindamycin
Ciproflaxin
What makes up a virus
RNA/DNA
protein coat
+/- lipid envelope
What makes up bacteria
RNA + DNA
Cell membrane
Cell wall (peptoglycan)
What colour to gram positive organisms stain
PURPLE
What colour do gram negative organisms stain
PINK
n=n
What is pathogenicity
Ability of an organism to produce disease
What is the degree of pathogenicity of an organism called
Virulence
How is a fever caused
Antigen enters
Macrophages release cytokines in response
Cytokines travel to the ANTERIOR hyperthalmus
Prostaglandin E is produced
This increases the thermal set point causing a fever
What are the 5Is of infection
Inhalation Ingestion Inoculation Mother to Infant Intercourse
what is DNA transformation
DNA released from dead bacteria can be taken up by living bacteria
what is DNA conjugation
one bacteria transfers genetic info to the other via direct contact
Bacteria use this to pass on resistant genes
What is virus transaction
Transfer of foreign DNA into a cell by a virus
What enzymes can destroy antibiotics
Beta-lactamase
Extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)
Carbapenenmase (CPE)
What is beta-lactamase
provide resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics such as penicillins
Co-amoxiclav is resistant to beta-lactamase
What is extended spectrum beta-lactamase
Provide resistance against all penicillins, all cephalosporins AND carbapenems
What are bacterial mechanisms of resistance to antibiotics
Altering antibiotic binding sites
Changes to the cell wall porins making them impermeable to antibiotics
Upregulation of reflux pumps remove the antibiotic from the cell
What antibiotic are all coliform sensitive to
Gentamicin
What antibiotic are all anaerobes sensitive to
Metronidazole
What drugs are given for CAP and why 2
Amoxicillin/doxyxycline
Metronidazole
cover a wide range of organisms
Why are 4 drugs given in TB and what are they
Rifampicin
Isoniazide
Pryazinimide
Ethanbutol
to try and reduce resistance
