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Y1 Principles > Biochemistry > Flashcards

Biochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

Antibiotics which act on cell walls

A

Penicillins
Cephalosporins
Glycopeptides

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2
Q

Antibiotics acting on protein synthesis

A 
Macrolides 
Aminoglycosides 
Cindamycin 
Chloramphenicol 
Tetracyclines
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3
Q

Antibiotics acting on bacterial DNA

A

Metronidazole

Fluoroquinolones

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4
Q

The 4 C-diff antibiotics

A

Co-amoxiclav
Cephalosporins
Cindamycin
Ciprofloxacin

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5
Q

What makes up a virus

A

RNA/DNA
Protein coat
+/- Lipid envelope

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6
Q

Gibbs free energy equations

A

ΔG (reaction) = ΣΔG (products) - ΣΔG (reactants) in kJmol-1

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7
Q

What is metabolism

A

Catabolism plus anabolism

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8
Q

What equation is used to calculate the pH of buffer solutions

A

pH = pKa - log([acid])/([salt])

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9
Q

What is a zwitterion

A

Amino acids with a positive and negative side group in a neutral solution

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10
Q

What is a cationic charge

A

positive

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11
Q

what is an Anionic charge

A

negative

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12
Q

What is a nucleoside made up of

A

Base + sugar

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13
Q

What is a nucleotide made up of

A

nucleoside plus phosphate groups

base + sugar + phosphate groups

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14
Q

What bases are pyridines

A

T, U and C

TUC-bed-pyjamas-pyridimines

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15
Q

What bases are purines

A

A and G

cAt ears - purines

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16
Q

What is the role of aminoacyl-tRNA synthesise

A

same as tRNA- ligase

bind amino acids to their corresponding tRNA molecule

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17
Q

How many tRNA binding sites are there on ribosomes and what are they called

A

3
aminoacyl
peptidl
exit

18
Q

What is an enzyme co-factor

A

molecule that assists enzymes in catabolic reactions

19
Q

What is an enzyme without a co-factor called

A

apoenzyme

20
Q

What is an enzyme with a co-factor called

A

Holoenzyme

21
Q

What are isozymes

A

isoforms (functionally similar) of enzymes which catalase the same reaction but have different properties, structure and sequence

22
Q

What is Vmax

A

The maximum moles of substrate converted to product per second

23
Q

What is Km

A

The concentration of substrate at 50% Vmax

24
Q

What equation relates v to substrate concentration s

A

v= vmax/Km + conc of substrate

25
Q

What is glycolysis and where does it occur

A

the breakdown of glucose

Cytoplasm

26
Q

What does glycolysis produce

A

2 pyruvate
2 ATP
2NADH
2 H+

27
Q

What is the TCA cycle and where does it happen

A

the second stage of glycolysis

The mitochondria

28
Q

How does pyruvate get into the mitochondria

A

through crossing two membranes
The 1st membrane crossed - crossed by passive diffusion
The 2nd membrane crossed - crossed by facilitated diffusion

29
Q

Where are the enzymes involved in the TCA cycle

A 
All enzymes in the matrix APART FROM 
Succinate dehydrogenase (mitochondria)
30
Q

What does the TCA cycle yield

A

4 ATP
10 NADH
10 H+
2 FADH2

31
Q

What is oxidative phosphorylation made up of

A

Electron transport and ATP synthesis

32
Q

What happens during oxidative phosphorylation

A

Electrons (H+) are pumped into the inter membrane space

They flow down the electrochemical gradient providing energy for ATP synthesis

33
Q

What happens to malate when it enters oxidative phosphorylation

A

Converted to oxalacetate producing NADH

34
Q

What does pump 1 do in oxidative phosphorylation

A

Pumps H+ and transfers charge to pump 2

35
Q

What does pump 2 do in oxidative phosphorylation

A

converts succinate to fumigate transferring the change to pump 3

36
Q

What does pump 3 do in oxidative phosphorylation

A

Transfers H+ and electrons to pump IV

37
Q

What does pump 4 do in oxidative phosphorylation

A

Pumps H+ which joins with O2 to produce water

H+ then fall back through ATP synthase into the matrix to produce ATP

38
Q

Which inter membrane protein in oxidative phosphorylation does not pump h+ across the membrane

A

Protein II

39
Q

How much ATP does 1 glucose molecule yield in glycolysis

A

30-32 molecules of ATP

40
Q

What is ketoacidosis

A

High levels of ketone, acidosis, CO2 blown off

41
Q

What is the standard redox potential (E’a) of a reduced substance

A

Measure of how readily the substance donates an electron in comparison to H2

42
Q

What does a negative redox potential mean

A

the reduced form of a substance has lower affinity for electrons than H2

Y1 Principles (8 decks)

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