Biochemistry Flashcards
Antibiotics which act on cell walls
Penicillins
Cephalosporins
Glycopeptides
Antibiotics acting on protein synthesis
Macrolides Aminoglycosides Cindamycin Chloramphenicol Tetracyclines
Antibiotics acting on bacterial DNA
Metronidazole
Fluoroquinolones
The 4 C-diff antibiotics
Co-amoxiclav
Cephalosporins
Cindamycin
Ciprofloxacin
What makes up a virus
RNA/DNA
Protein coat
+/- Lipid envelope
Gibbs free energy equations
ΔG (reaction) = ΣΔG (products) - ΣΔG (reactants) in kJmol-1
What is metabolism
Catabolism plus anabolism
What equation is used to calculate the pH of buffer solutions
pH = pKa - log([acid])/([salt])
What is a zwitterion
Amino acids with a positive and negative side group in a neutral solution
What is a cationic charge
positive
what is an Anionic charge
negative
What is a nucleoside made up of
Base + sugar
What is a nucleotide made up of
nucleoside plus phosphate groups
base + sugar + phosphate groups
What bases are pyridines
T, U and C
TUC-bed-pyjamas-pyridimines
What bases are purines
A and G
cAt ears - purines
What is the role of aminoacyl-tRNA synthesise
same as tRNA- ligase
bind amino acids to their corresponding tRNA molecule
How many tRNA binding sites are there on ribosomes and what are they called
3
aminoacyl
peptidl
exit
What is an enzyme co-factor
molecule that assists enzymes in catabolic reactions
What is an enzyme without a co-factor called
apoenzyme
What is an enzyme with a co-factor called
Holoenzyme
What are isozymes
isoforms (functionally similar) of enzymes which catalase the same reaction but have different properties, structure and sequence
What is Vmax
The maximum moles of substrate converted to product per second
What is Km
The concentration of substrate at 50% Vmax
What equation relates v to substrate concentration s
v= vmax/Km + conc of substrate
What is glycolysis and where does it occur
the breakdown of glucose
Cytoplasm
What does glycolysis produce
2 pyruvate
2 ATP
2NADH
2 H+
What is the TCA cycle and where does it happen
the second stage of glycolysis
The mitochondria
How does pyruvate get into the mitochondria
through crossing two membranes
The 1st membrane crossed - crossed by passive diffusion
The 2nd membrane crossed - crossed by facilitated diffusion
Where are the enzymes involved in the TCA cycle
All enzymes in the matrix APART FROM Succinate dehydrogenase (mitochondria)
What does the TCA cycle yield
4 ATP
10 NADH
10 H+
2 FADH2
What is oxidative phosphorylation made up of
Electron transport and ATP synthesis
What happens during oxidative phosphorylation
Electrons (H+) are pumped into the inter membrane space
They flow down the electrochemical gradient providing energy for ATP synthesis
What happens to malate when it enters oxidative phosphorylation
Converted to oxalacetate producing NADH
What does pump 1 do in oxidative phosphorylation
Pumps H+ and transfers charge to pump 2
What does pump 2 do in oxidative phosphorylation
converts succinate to fumigate transferring the change to pump 3
What does pump 3 do in oxidative phosphorylation
Transfers H+ and electrons to pump IV
What does pump 4 do in oxidative phosphorylation
Pumps H+ which joins with O2 to produce water
H+ then fall back through ATP synthase into the matrix to produce ATP
Which inter membrane protein in oxidative phosphorylation does not pump h+ across the membrane
Protein II
How much ATP does 1 glucose molecule yield in glycolysis
30-32 molecules of ATP
What is ketoacidosis
High levels of ketone, acidosis, CO2 blown off
What is the standard redox potential (E’a) of a reduced substance
Measure of how readily the substance donates an electron in comparison to H2
What does a negative redox potential mean
the reduced form of a substance has lower affinity for electrons than H2
