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Ophthalmology SOH > Microbiology > Flashcards

Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

Name 4 types of conjunctivitis

A

Bacterial
Viral
Chlamydial
Allergic

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2
Q

Bacterial conjunctivitis - clinical features

A 
Red eye
Lots of pus
Sticky discharge 
Gritty sensation
Vision is unaffected
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3
Q

Bacterial conjunctivitis - unilateral or bilateral

A

Starts unilateral and becomes bilateral

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4
Q

Bacterial conjunctivitis - papillae or follicles

A

Papillae

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5
Q

Bacterial conjunctivitis - investigations

A

Local anaesthetic then take swab from tissue inside fornix

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6
Q

Bacterial conjunctivitis - management

A

Self limiting but topical antibiotics clear it faster

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7
Q

Bacterial conjunctivitis - example of topical antibiotics used (and side effects)

A

Chloramphenical

- patient may develop worsening of symptoms with this treatment. If this occurs then the patient may be allergic to it.

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8
Q

Bacterial conjunctivitis - what does chloramphenicol not treat

A

Pseudomonas aeruuginosa (treat with gentamicin)

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9
Q

Chlamydial conjunctivitis - clinical features

A

Chronic history
Red eye
Painless
May have symptoms of urethritis, vaginitis

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10
Q

Chlamydial conjunctivitis - Definition

A

Chronic unilateral follicular conjunctivitis

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11
Q

Chlamydial conjunctivitis - examination

A

Follicles - looks like rice grains

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12
Q

Chlamydial conjunctivitis - management

A

Usually unresponsive

Topical oxytetracycline

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13
Q

Viral conjunctivitis - clinical features

A

Watery eyes
Pink eyes
Bottom eyelid is affected

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14
Q

Viral conjunctivitis - examination

A

Red velvety appearance of conjunctiva

Follicles (look like rice grains on conjunctiva)

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15
Q

Viral conjunctivitis - causes

A

Adenovirus
Herpes simplex
Herpes zoster

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16
Q

Keratitis

A

Inflammation of the cornea

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17
Q

Bacterial keratitis - clinical features

A

Painful eye
Red eye around limbus
Reduced vision
Hypopyon

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18
Q

Bacterial keratitis - examination

A

Abnormal corneal reflection

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19
Q

Bacterial keratitis - investigations

A

Corneal scrape

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20
Q

Bacterial keratitis - management

A 
Hourly drops (day and night)
Ofloxacin 
Gentamicin and Cefuroxime (if ofloxacin doesn't work)
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21
Q

Hypopyon

A

Fluid level of pus in the anterior chamber

22
Q

Viral keratitis - example

A

Herpetic keratitis which causes dendritic ulcer

23
Q

Viral keratitis - clinical features

A 
Very painful 
Red eye around limbus 
Recurrent - every time pt gets an episode the pain lessens due to reduced corneal sensation 
Profuse lacrimation 
Vision may be reduced
24
Q

Viral keratitis - dendritic ulcer

A

Located in the cornea
It is white and thin
Has many branches like a tree

25
Q

Viral keratitis - investigations

A

Fluroscene dye and then shine blue light

26
Q

Viral keratitis - management

A

Antivirals eg zovirax (aciclovir)

27
Q

Viral keratitis - which medication do you NOT use and why?

A

Steroids

- this can result in a geographical ulcer which can burst causing perforation of the cornea

28
Q

Adenovirus keratitis - cause

A

Usually occurs after a URTI

29
Q

Adenovirus keratitis - clinical features

A

Small white sub-epithelial infiltrates on the cornea

Bilateral

30
Q

Adenovirus keratitis - management

A

Self limiting

May give topical antibiotics to prevent secondary infection

31
Q

Fungal keratitis - clinical features

A

Chronic history

Not really sore

32
Q

Autoimmune keratitis - clinical features

A

Loss of the peripheral aspect of the cornea

33
Q

Endopathlmitis - definition

A

Infection of the inside of the eye

Affects the entire globe

34
Q

Endopthalmitis - causative organisms

A

Often commensals - e.g. staph epidermidis

35
Q

Endopthalmitis - clinical features

A

Very painful
Decreasing vision
Very red eye

36
Q

Endopthalmitis - investigations

A

Culture of aqueous humour or vitreous body

37
Q

Endopthalmitis - management

A

Inject antibiotics into the eye

- amikacin, vancomycin

38
Q

Orbital cellulitis - definition

A

Infection which affects the skin around the eye

39
Q

Orbital cellulitis - cause

A

Post sinus surgery
sinus infection
laceration to the eye

40
Q

Orbital cellulitis - clinical features

A 
Redness to the rim of the orbit
Collection of pus within orbit Painful during eye movements
Swollen, tender eyelid 
Proptosis
Fever
Mucous dripping out of nose
41
Q

Orbital cellulitis - investigations

A

CT scan

42
Q

Orbital celulitis - management

A

Broad spectrum antibiotics

43
Q

Toxoplasma gondii - which type of infection?

A

Protozoan

44
Q

Toxoplasma gondii - cause

A

Cats

Raw meat

45
Q

Toxoplasma gondii - examination

A

Brown area of the retina

White fluffy area of retina is the reactivated organism

46
Q

Toxoplasma gondii - complications

A

Reactivation

47
Q

Toxacara - which type of infection?

A

Parasitic

48
Q

Toxacara - cause

A

Cats, Dogs

49
Q

Toxacara - complications

A

Formation of granulomas causes irreversible visual loss

50
Q

Dacrocystitis - definition

A

Due to blockage of the lacrimal canniculi

Ophthalmology SOH (12 decks)

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