Microbiology Flashcards
Purple gram stain
Gram positive (wall/membrane)
Pink gram stain
Gram negative (membrane/wall/membrane)
Classes of antibiotics which inhibit cell wall synthesis
Beta lactams (penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems) Glycopeptides
Benzylpenicillin
Beta lactam - penicillin (inhibits cell wall synthesis)
Ceftriaxone
Beta lactam - cephalosporin (inhibits cell wall synthesis)
Meropenem
Beta lactam - carbapenem (inhibits cell wall synthesis)
Vancomycin and teicoplanin
Glycopeptides (inhibit cell wall synthesis); gram +ves only
Classes of antibiotics which inhibit protein synthesis
Aminoglycosides Tetracyclines MSL group - macrolides, lincosamides, streptogramins Chloramphenicol Oxazolidinones
Gentamicin, amikacin and tobramycin
Aminoglycosides (inhibits protein synthesis)
Doxycycline
Tetracycline (inhibits protein synthesis)
Erythromycin
Macrolide (inhibits protein synthesis)
Synercid
Streptogramin (inhibits protein synthesis)
Clindamycin
Lincosamide (inhibits protein synthesis)
Chloramphenicol
Eye drops for bacterial conjunctivitis (inhibits protein synthesis)
Linezolid
Oxazolidinones
Antibiotics which inhibit DNA synthesis
Fluoroquinolones
Nitroimidazoles
Ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin
Fluoroquinolones (inhibit DNA synthesis)
Metronidazole
Nitroimidazole (inhibit DNA synthesis)
Antibiotics which inhibit RNA synthesis
Rifamycin
Rifampicin
Rifamycin (inhibits RNA synthesis)
Antibiotics which produce cell membrane toxin
Polymyxin e.g. colistin
Cyclic lipopeptide e.g. daptomycin
Colistin
Polymyxin (cell membrane toxin)
Daptomycin
Cyclic lipopeptide (cell membrane toxin)
Antibiotics which inhibit folate metabolism
Sulfonamides
Diaminopyrimidines
Sulphamethoxazole
Sulfonamide (inhibits folate metabolism)
Trimethoprim
Diaminopyrimidine (inhibits folate metabolism)
Antibiotic for gram negative sepsis
Aminoglycosides e.g. Gentamicin
3rd generation cephalosporins e.g. ceftriaxone
Carbapenems e.g. meropenem
Antibiotic for intracellular organisms e.g. chlamydia
Tetracyclines e.g. doxycycline
Treatment of gram positive infections
Penicillins or macrolides
Antibiotic for anaerobes and protozoa
Metronidazole
Treatment of PCP
Co-trimoxazole (trimethoprim + sulphamethoxazole)
Penicillins are ineffective against which bacteria?
Bacteria which lack cell walls e.g. Mycoplasma or Chlamydia
1st generation cephalosporin
Cephalexin
2nd generation cephalosporin
Cefuroxime
3rd generation cephalosporin
Cefotaxime
Ceftriaxone
Ceftazidime
How do beta-lactams work?
Weakened cell wall –> bactericidal against rapidly dividing bacteria
Mechanism of action of aminoglycosides e.g. gentamicin
Bind to 30S ribosomal subunit –> prevents elongation of peptide cahin and causes misreading of codons along mRNA –> bactericidal
Side effects of ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity
Aminoglycosides e.g. gentamicin
Mechanism of action of tetracyclines e.g. doxycycline
Binds reversibly to ribosomal 30S subunit –> bacteriostatic
Side effects of photosensitive rash and teeth discolouration of unborn children
Tetracyclines e.g. doxycycline
Mechanism of action of macrolides e.g. erythromycin
Binds to ribosomal 50S subunit –> interferes with translocation –> bacteriostatic
Chloramphenicol mechanism of action
Binds to 50S subunit of irbosome, inhibits peptide bond formation during translocation –> bacteriostatic
Side effects of aplastic anaemia and grey baby syndrome
Chloramphenicol
Side effect of orange secretions
Rifampicin
Mechanism of resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics in Staph. aureus and Gram negative bacilli (coliforms)
Inactivation: Beta lactamases
Mechanism of resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics in MRSA
Altered target: mecA gene encodes a novel PBP (2a). Low affinity for binding beta-lactams.
Mechanism of resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics in Strep. pneumoniae
Altered target: Acquisition of a series of stepwise mutations in PBP genes
Mechanism of resistance to cephalosporins in E.coli and Klebsiella
ESBLs
Mechanism of resistance to macrolides
Altered targets: modification of 23s RNA redues binding of antbiotics
Broad spectrum antibiotics
Co-amoxiclav, Tazocin, Ciprofloxacin, Meropenem
Narrow spectrum antibiotics
Flucloxacillin, Metronidazole, Gentamicin
Four mechanisms of antibiotic resistance
BEAT:
Bypass antibiotic-sensitive step in pathway e.g. MRSA
Enzyme-mediated drug inactivation e.g. beta-lactamases
Impairment of Accumulation of the drug e.g. tetracycline resistance
Modification of the drug’s Target in the microbe e.g. quinolone resistance
Antibiotic for skin infections
Flucloxacillin (S. aureus)
Antibiotic for pharyngitis
Benzylpenicillin 10 days (group A beta haemolytic strep aka Strep. pyogemes)
Antibiotic for invasive Group A Strep.
Clindamycin + early debridement + IVIG
Antibiotic for mild CAP
Amoxicillin
Antibiotic for severe CAP
Co-amoxiclav + clarithromycin
Antibiotic for HAP
Cephalosporin e.g. cefurozime
Antibiotic for bacterial meningitis
Ceftriaxone
Add amoxicillin if Listeria likely (young/old)
Antibiotic for meningitis
Cefotaxime + Amoxicillin
Antibiotic for simple community cystitis
Trimethoprim 3 days
Antibiotic for hospital acquired UTI
Cephalexin or augmentin
Antibiotic for severe sepsis
Cefuroxime, metronidazole +/- gentamicin
Antibiotic for neutropenic sepsis
Tazocin + gentamicin
Antibiotic for C. diff
PO Metronidazole first line
PO Vancomycin second line
Organisms causing UTI
E. coli
Proteus mirabilis
Klebsiella
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Treatment of pyelonephritis
IV cefuroxime +/- gentamicin
IV co-amoxiclav +/- gentamicin
Infection indicated by what amount of bacteria in urine?
> 10^5 cfu/mL
Acid fast, non-motile, bacilli
Mycobacteria
Auramine or Ziehl-Neelsen staining
Mycobacteria
Swimming pool granuloma
Mycobacteria marinum
Chronic progressive painless ulcer
Mycobacteria ulcerans
Slow-growing non-tuberculous (atypical) mycobacteria
Mycobacterium avium intracellulare
M. marinum
M. ulcerans
Fast-growing non-tuberculous (atypical) mycobacteria
M. abscessus
M. chelonae
M. fortuitum
Multifocal bronchiectasis with multiple small nodules
Mycobacterium avium intracellulare
Culture medium for TB
Lowenstein Jensen
TB treatment regime
RIPE for 2 months: rifampicin, isoniazid (+ pyridoxine), pyrazinamide, ethambutol
RI for 4 months: rifampicin + isoniazid
Rifampicin side effects
Orange secretions
Raised transaminases
Induces cytochrome P450
Isoniazid side effects
Peripheral neuropathy (give B6 pyridoxine) Hepatotoxicity
Pyrazinamide side effects
Hepatotoxicity, hyperuricaemia
Ethambutol side effects
Visual disturbance
Treatment of TB meningitis
Continue rifampicin and isoniazid for additional 2-4 months
Latent TB treatment
6 months isoniazid
What is BCG vaccine?
Attenuated M. bovis
Causative organism of leprosy
Mycobacterium leprae
Mycobacterium lepromatosis
Infective cause of flaccid paralysis
Clostridium botulinum
Causes of meningitis in neonates
Group B Strep.
E. coli
Listeria monocytogenes
Cause of meningitis
Haemophilus influenza B
Causes of meningitis >5 yo
Neisseria meningitidis Streptococcus pneumoniae (leading cause in adults in UK)
Causes of aseptic meningitis
Coxsackie group B
Echoviruses
India ink stain
Cryptococcus neoformans
Encephalitis with gram +ve rod
Listeria
ARVs for pregnant & BF women
Tenofovir
Lamivudine
Efavirenz
ARVs for BF infants
Nevirapine
ARV for untreated women with HIV at childbirth
Nevirapine
Treatment for hep. B
Interferon alpha 2a
Lamivudine
Tenofovir
Used to prevent RSV in children with heart and lung disease
Ribavirin (guanosine analogue)
Treatment of CMV
Gancyclovir
Treatment of influenza A
Amantadine
Treatment of influenza A and B
Zanamivir
Nucleoside analogue which inhibits reverse transcriptase
Zidovudine
Rusty coloured sputum
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Atypical pneumonia + cold agglutinins
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Rose spots in pneumonia
Chlamydia psittaci
Most common triggers of erythema multiforme
- HSV
2. Mycoplasma pneumoniae
GI infection + descending paralysis
Clostridia botulinum (give antitoxin)