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Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the characteristics of the chlamydia bacteria?

A

Obligate intracellular bacteria with biphasic life cycle

Does not reproduce outside a host cell

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2
Q

What are the causal bacteria of prostatitis?

A

E. coli & other coliforms, Enterococcus sp (same as UTIs)

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3
Q

What is Lymphogranuloma venereum?

A

Acute onset of tender, enlarged lymph nodes in the groin

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4
Q

What is the treatment for gonorrhoea?

A

Intramuscular ceftriaxone and oral azithromycin

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5
Q

What are the four viral STIs?

A

Human papilloma virus (genital warts)
Herpes simplex (genital herpes)
Hepatitis
HIV

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6
Q

What is used as a screening test for syphilis?

A

Combined IgG & IgM ELISA

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7
Q

What is the treatment for uncomplicated chlamydia?

A

Azithromycin

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8
Q

What further tests can be done for Neisseria gonorrhoea?

A

Microscopy of urethral/endocervical swabs

Culture on selective agar plates

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9
Q

What is a chancre?

A

A primary sore or ulcer at the site of entry of a pathogen, usually syphilis

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10
Q

What is the normal vagina flora?

A

Mainly Lactobacillus spp

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11
Q

What is the commonest viral STI?

A

Genital warts - human papilloma virus

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12
Q

How does bacterial vaginosis present?

A

Thin, watery, fishy smelling discharge

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13
Q

What parasites are considered STIs?

A

Trichomonas vaginalis
Phthirus pubis (pubic lice or “crabs”)
Scabies

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14
Q

What is the most common bacterial STI in the UK?

A

Chlamydia

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15
Q

What is the first stage of syphilis infection?

A 
1y lesion (chancre) - organism multiplies at inoculation site and gets into bloodstream
Chancre will heal without treatment
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16
Q

What are the characteristics of Neisseria gonorrhoeae?

A

Gram negative diplococcus
Look like “2 kidney beans facing each other”
Easily phagocytosed by polymorphs, so often appear intracellularly on a Gram film

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17
Q

What is the purpose of testing for non-specific antibodies in syphilis?

A

Indicates how active the disease is and is useful to monitor the response to treatment

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18
Q

What advantages do PCR/NAATs have for testing for chlamydia or gonorrhoea over culture?

A

Less invasive specimens required
More sensitive
Takes hours, not days

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19
Q

How is the diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis made?

A

Mainly clinical diagnosis

Assess vaginal pH - will be raised

20
Q

What are the causal bacteria for bacterial vaginosis?

A

Gardnerella vaginalis

Mobiluncus sp

21
Q

What disadvantages do PCR/NAATs have for testing for chlamydia or gonorrhoea instead of culture?

A

Cannot test antibiotic sensitivities without culture, so difficult to track antibiotic resistance
Will detect dead organisms (have to wait 5 weeks to do “test of cure” tests)

22
Q

Which serovars of chlamydia cause eye infection?

23
Q

What is the treatment of syphilis?

A

Injectable long-acting preparations of penicillin used for treatment (provided patient is not penicillin hypersensitive)

24
Q

How does prostatitis present?

A

Symptoms of UTI, but may have lower abdominal pain/back/perineal/penile pain and tender prostate on examination

25
What is prostatitis?
Swelling of the prostate gland - a rare complication of UTIs in men
26
How can the diagnosis of chlamydia or gonorrhoea be made?
Combined nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) or polymerase chain reaction test (PCR) – tests for both organisms in 1 test
27
What structures does the gonorrhoea bacteria infect?
``` Urethra Rectum Throat Eyes Endocervix ```
28
What is the final stage of syphilis infection?
Late stage - cardiovascular or neurovascular complications many years later
29
What is the purpose of testing for specific antibodies in syphilis?
Confirm the diagnosis, but antibody levels decrease very slowly even after successful treatment, and often remain positive for life
30
What predisposing factors are there for vaginal thrush?
Recent antibiotic therapy High oestrogen levels (pregnancy, certain types of contraceptives) Poorly controlled diabetes Immunocompromised patients
31
What is the treatment for prostatitis?
Ciprofloxacin for 28 days | Trimethoprim for 28 days if high risk of C.diff
32
What is the treatment for vaginal thrush?
Topical clotrimazole pessary or cream | Oral fluconazole
33
How does vaginal thrush present?
Intensely itchy | White discharge - 'cottage cheese'
34
What does lactobacillus produce in the vaginal flora that helps deter other bacteria?
Lactic acid | Hydrogen peroxide
35
How is the diagnosis of thrush made?
Mainly clinical diagnosis | Can do high vaginal swab
36
What type of infection do chlamydia serovars D-K cause?
Genital infection
37
What kind of infection do chlamydia serovars L1-L3 cause?
Lymphogranuloma venereum
38
If combined IgG & IgM ELISA test is positive, what is the next stage for investigation of syphilis?
Further blood tests: IgM ELISA VDRL test TPPA test
39
How is syphilis diagnosed?
Dark ground microscopy to look for spirochaetes in exudate from 1y and 2y lesions Swab of 1y or 2y lesions for PCR Serology – tests for non-specific and specific antibodies to T. pallidum in blood
40
What is the name of the bacteria that causes syphilis?
Treponema pallidum
41
What is the treatment for bacterial vaginosis?
Oral metronidazole
42
What are the three bacterial STIs?
``` Chlamydia trachomatis (chlamydia) Neisseria gonorrhoeae (gonorrhoea) Treponema pallidum (syphilis) ```
43
In which infection are clue cells found?
Bacterial vaginosis
44
What is the third stage of syphilis infection?
Latent stage – no symptoms, but low-level multiplication of spirochaete in intima of small blood vessels Can be divided into early latent and late latent period
45
What structures does the chlamydia bacteria affect?
``` Urethra Rectum Throat Eyes Endocervix ```
46
What is the second stage of syphilis infection?
2y stage – large numbers of bacteria circulating in blood with multiple manifestations at different sites (“snail-track” mouth ulcers, generalised rash, flu-like symptoms etc.)
47
What non-sexually transmitted genital tract infections are there?
Candida infection Bacterial vaginosis Prostatitis

Obs & Gynae (20 decks)

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