Microbiology Flashcards
A grapelike odor with tissue color change to blue-green pus in a burn victim indicates:
Pseudomonas
The mating process of one gram negative bacteria to another, involving the pilus is called
conjugation
In 1928 the foundation for modern molecular genetics began by his discovery of transformation in bacteria:
Griffith
Which of the following hypersensitivity reactions would indicate transfusion rejection
Type 2
MacKonkey’s agar contains
Lactose and neutral dye
Which medium is best used to grow a virus:
tissue culture
Staph Aureus physical characteristics:
cluster-like
Gram positive bacteria that causes impetigo:
staphylococcus
Pt with grayish pseudomembrane across the lumen of the throat has:
diphtheria (Shick Test)
Female with foul smelling vaginal discharge has:
trichomonas
Necator americanus can be transmitted through:
walking on fecal infested sand barefoot.
it is a hookworm – keep your shoes on because it will go through skin
Secondary stage of treponema pallidum:
generalized rash
Sporothrix schenckii is transmitted primarily:
transcutaneously
Plasmodium vivax vector:
mosquito
Lyme disease bacteria:
borrelia burgdorferia
Anal cellophane scotch tape test: used to see if your pt has contracted
enterobious bermicularis
Most common sexually transmitted dx:
chlamydia
Funding for research is the primary responsibility of:
NIH
Which intracellular protozoa causes a 33% of brain damage:
Toxoplasma gondii
Which immunoglobulin readily crosses the placenta:
IgG
Which polio vaccine is live and attenuated?
Sabin
Mothers milk can best be described:
natural passive immunity
Which colliforms causes pneumonia with a red current jelly sputum:
klebsiella
Dental carries are primarily caused by:
streptococcus mutans
Which can be prevented by wearing shoes:
Necator americanus
Osteomyelitis is caused by gram positive what:
staphylococcus Aureus
Diarrhea, fatigue and weight loss over three days?
Giardia lamblia
Tertiary stage of treponema pallidum:
Gumma
Salmonella is most commonly found in:
poultry and eggs
The major fungal infection is associated with pigeon roosts:
torulosis
Orchitis in males and oophoritis in a female is a common sign of:
mumps
Gram positive bacteria which can cause wool-sorters disease:
bacillus anthracis
Pt has been bitten by a rabid dog. What type of intracellular inclusion will the pathologist be looking for:
negri bodies
Cysticercosis is caused by:
ingestion of pork tapeworm eggs
The MMR vaccine is:
Genetically altered
Which of the following infections are frequent to the infant population due to a failed antibody response by injection of purified capsular polysaccharide:
H. influenza type B, pneumococci, meningiococci
Prions
Mad Cow Disease (Crutzfiled Jacob
Interleukin 1 associate with 2 t cells gamma globulins b cells Interferon cell infected with virus to release chemicals to protect other cells Varicella or Herpes Zoster
Macrophage
Interleukin 2 associate with
T cells
HPV3 rocky mounted spotted fever
rash originates on which part of the body
Wrist and ankles
Staph is STOIC
5 Diseases by Staph Aureus
Scalded skin syndrome Toxic Shock Osteomyelitis Impetigo (#1 cause) - infection of child around the mouth -"honey crusted lesion around the mouth" Carbuncles -Many furnucles (infected hair follicles) "A CARload of furnucles
6 Common Diseases by Strep Pyogenes
SERGIS
Strep Throat Erysipelas -aka Saint Anthony's Fire -superficial chelitis Rheumatic Fever "Can Sammy Suck Ethy's Polyp's"
Carditis Syndeham Chorea Subcutaneous Nodule Erythema Marginatum Migratory Polyarthritis
Glomerulonephritis
Impetigo (Strep Pyongenes # 2 Cause)
Scarlet Fever
Streptococcus pyogenes aka-hemolytic strep
group A Lancefield
Which of the following is associated with Rheumatic Fever?
Aschoff Bodies
A mannitol salt augar is used for ______________.
Staphylococcus
Deoxyribonuclease in a medium inhibits ___________.
Transformation
Which of the following are negri bodies seen in?
Rabies
Which of the following is an advantage of passive immunity?
Rapid availability of protection
Which of the following release interleukin 2?
T-lymphocytes
chronic osteomyelitis infection
Brodie’s abscess
African sleeping sickness
Trypanisoma gambienese
-transmitted by
tetsi fly
Kala Azar disease
-Leishmaniasis donovani
transmitted by sand fly
Antigen used in the wheel felix test
Proteus Vulgaris
Malaria
-Plasmodium
-
transmitted by female Anopheles mosquito
Yellow fever
- Walter Reed did work on this disease - transmitted by Ades aegypti \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
mosquito
most common hookworm in North America
Necator Americanis
most common round worm
Ascariasis lumbicoides
Chagas disease
- Trepanosomi Cruzi - transmitted by
Reduvid bug (aka kissing bug)
most common cause of PIV (pelvic inflammatory disease – aka salpingitis
Chlamydia trichomatis
Rice water stools
Cholera
- Massive dehydration
Largest Immunoglobin
IgM (dimeric, heaviest, largest and fewest in number)
ALL Vaccines are going to be
Artificial passive
Blue/green pus
Pseudomonas
Red pus
Serratia Mtarcenscens
Rat fleas
Caused Bubonic plague
Yellow pus
Staph Aureus
Yellow/green
Gonorrhea
Funding/Research
NIH
What do neutrophils, macrophages, and monocytes have in common?
Phagocytosis
Basophils, mast cells, and eosinophils, NKC, complement proteins and tumor cells all release
inflammatory mediators
Basophils differentiate into mast cells, which release what?
(3 things)
Histamine, Heparin and Bradykinin
Brucella founf in hymus.
unpastuerized milk
In our innate immune systems macrophages start as ___________, presenting cells , The APC presents the foreign substance to the _____-cells, which are derived from the Thymus.
antigen presenting cells (APC)
T-cells
Macrophages secrete ________ that activates t- helper cells and cytotoxic t cells
cytokines
NK cells can _________________ pathogens
inactivate
The adaptive immune system has 3 main types. What are they
Killer T cells
Helper T cells
Regulatory T cells
Killer T cells kill
virus infected cells
Helper T cells help with
1.
2. Secretes cytokines _________ and Interferon gamma
3. Activates helper and Killer T cells adn kills
antigen recognizement (helper) and regulation (supressor)
Interleukin 2
Pathogen or Tumor cell
Regulatory t cells heapaplps other t cells keep
under control
Viruses contain RNA or DNA not
Both
Viruses must have ahost and is covered by a ____ shell or _______
shell or capsis
Respiratory viruses
Adeno, Echo, Rhino, Influenza
Digestive
Hepatitis, Mumps, Roatvirus
Systemic with lesions
Measeles, Rubella, herpes I and II
CNS viruses include
Polio, Rabies Encephalitis
bacteria is gram + (blue) ______or -
Aerobic or _________________
Motile or ___________________
Free living, saprophytic, parasitic or ________
gram (red)
Non aerobic
Non motile
Pathogenic
Antibody binds to the antigen at the
epitope
HCP complex presents the ___ for t-cells to see them
Histocompalability Complex Protein has two types
Antigen
Class 1 and 2
Class 1 informs T-cells whats going on _______ the cell and is located on the surface most cells in the body
INSIDE
Class 2 is made by _______ and informs t-cells about whats going on Outside the cell.
APC’s i.e. macrophages
Opsonization prepare to
“eat”
How do Viruses spread
Respiratory
The only RNA double stranded virus is called
Reoviridae
IgA is the secretory antibody found in the mucosa and
breast milk —natural _______ immuity
intestines
natural passive immunity
IgD helps
IgG
IgE
________ infections
Alelrgic reactions
____ ‘s in Hodgkin’s Disease (Reed-Sternberg Cells)
parasitic infections
allergic rxns
Increases
IgG is the first to ____ after secondary exposure.
Crosses the
Increase
placenta
“Anamnestic response” without amnesia
The serology ts used to tests for Ricketssia diseases is called
weil felizx test
All Rickettsia disease test positive for WF test, spread by arthopods and
Cociella virella
IgM
_______responder
Largest and _____ in number
First (early) exposure
(2nd) Fewest in number
Interleukines are chemicals produced by cells.
IL-1 = lymphocyte _______ factor
made by ________ for brain and _______ tissue
IL-1 Lymphocyte Activating Factor, made by macrophages
for brain and nervous tissue
IL-2
_____-cell Growth Factor
made by ______ -4 cells
T-cell GF
CD-4 (Y-helper cell)
IL-3 is made by the big
Bone Marrow
Cytokines are non_____ proteins released be cells upn contact with a specifc antigen.
Antibody proteins
Lymphkines is a type of cytokine that _____ lymphocytes make to attract macrophages to the _________
via _____________
T-lymphocytes
Site of infection
Interferon
GRAM STAINING
1st step Crystal Violet as ______ or methyl blue
Primary Stain
2nd step
Iodine (Fixer aka Mordant)
Step 3 to _________ or Wash the slide
Decolorize or Wash the Slide
Step 4 Counterstain with
Saffarin
Function of the cell wall is for
protection
Gram + cell wall is very thick and includes
Peptidglycogen
A virus capsid is made of
protein
Which is Catalase positive?
ALL Staph organisms
__________ is used to differentiate Staph Aureus from Staph Epidermis or any other Staph variant
Coagulase Test
Acid fast
Mycobacterium (Ziel Nelson)
Blood Agar summarizes _________________
streptococcus by demonstrating different types of hemilysis
Alpha = ______ hemolysis (green)
partial
- Strep Pneumonia
- Strep viridans (SBE-Subactue Bacterial Endocarditis)
Beta = ________ hemolysis (clear)
COMPLETE, beta is BAD
- Strep Pyogenes (SERGIS)
complement system is used to enhance
Phagocytosis
C5b-C5p is the
MAC ATTACK
The classical pathway ______ on for activation
antibody so its antibody dependent
Hyper sensitivity: I - 1 AM - 2 IT 3 4
I ——- Immediate hypersensitivity - IgE, Mast Cell, basophils, hay fever, FAST,
II —— Antibody mediated - IgG, IgM, cause cell lysis
Cells: NKC and phagocytes
1. Blood group incompatibility
2. PERNICOUS ANEMIA
3. Myastheia gravis
III —— Immune Complex mediated
Circulating Antibody/Antigen comlexes, Vasculitis
Antibody mediated inflammation
SLE, RA, serum sickness, Rheumatic Fever ed
IV—– T-Cell Mediated
1. delay
2. Infections, Dermatitis
Chocolate Agar aka heated blood or Thayer MArtin
Gonorrhea
Gamma hemolysis ____ reaction with a red ring
No reaction
Strep. Mutans
Number of new cases
Incidence
grey pseudo membrane
Diptheria
Most effective type of sterilization
high temperature at high pressure
AUTOCLAVING
Total # of cases
Prevalence
when you disinfect?
you kill the pathogenic bacteria
i.e. pasteurizing milk
Sanitation defined t
to make it clean or healthy
Endemic
small number of cases in specific location
Pandemic
more than expected number of cases worldwide
Aka’s for Type 1 Hypersensitivity
Allergic; immediate; anaphyliactic
Aka’s for Type 2 Hypersensitivity
Cell-Mediated; Cytotoxic
a) complement dependent, where cell killing is mediated by the MAC or phagocytosis;
(b) antibody-mediated cellular cytotoxic; where killing is mediated by direct lysis by NK cells;
(c) antibody-mediated cellular dysfunction; where antibodies interfere with normal biological function.
Aka’s for Type 3 Hypersensitivity
Immune complex
Aka’s for Type 4 Hypersensitivity
And its 2 Associated cell types
Delayed-type, cell mediated
Cells: CD4+ T helper cells (subtype 1), CD8+ cytotoxic T cells, monocytes, macrophages
Parts of the Worm
Scolex aka ______
Neck has regenerative _________
Segments aka
Head
Capabilities
Progloddis
HAy fever is casued by proteins from _______ or ________
molds or spores
Allergic individualsM are classified ______ and make large amounts of IgE
Atopic Asthma
Myasthenia Gravis has antibodies that bind to the ______ for AcH
receptors
attack takes place at the myoneural junction \
Dbl vision
Diplopia
IN RA IgM and IgGantibodies activate
macrophages
Lupus affects 250, 000 people and ___% of women
90%
caused by breakdown of B and T cells that make the igG antibodies
Inflammation of lungs Arthritis Kidney Damage Hair Loss Paralysis
Red facial rash , MALAR, Red wolf rash, Butterfly rash
DiGoerges syndorme _____ is missing
Thymus
So no B cells or T cells!!!!!!
Salk killed the _______ virus with the help of __________________
Polio
Formaldehyde
Sabin in LIVE and `
Attenuated
Infections, Dermatitis, Graft Rejections are example of tpye ___ Sensitivity Rxn
Type 4
Bacilli are ___ shaped
Rod
Cocci are ___ shaped
Spherical
Negro bodies in brain
Rabies
Reyes Syndrome
negative reaction to Aspirin taken for viral infection
Pneumocystis carinii
Number 1 fungal infection in AIDS patients
Toxoplasmosis
1 PARASITE INFECTION
Viral Hemagglutination Inhibiton Test is used to test for
Mononucleousus and influenza
CDC
Stats
NIH
Research
Dept. of Health
Licenses Chiropractors and other health related
Spirochetes is ___ shaped
Spiral
Spirilla is ___ shaped
Spring
Baaa Baa black sheep, have you any wool?
Yes anthrax Full
Bacillus Anthracis
“hooved animal”
4 Phases of Bacteria (Life Cycle)
Lag - slow gorwth
Log - constant fast growth
Stationary/Plateua - no growth
Death- no growth
uncooked pork
Trichanella spiralis
All Gram (+) bacteria have the suffix “US or UM” with one excpetion
being the gram(-) Haemophilus meningitis
BacillUS Anthracis
ClostridiUM BotuliUM
ClostridUM Tetani “rusty nail”
Stapholococcus Aureus “cluster like, grape like”
All gram (-) bacteria end with IA or A with the
exception of
Haemophilus meningitis
NeisserIA GonorrheA (copious exudate, THAYER MARTIN aka CHOCOLATE AGAR, diplo cocci-coffe bean shaped)
Psuedonomas AeruginosA ShigellA (no fever) LegionellA (lives in AC units) Klebisela (red currat jelly like sputum Vibrio CholerA (John Snow, comma shaped) - Rice Water Stools
Chlamydia causes
Reiters, PID, ARTHRALGIA, and LYMPHGRANULOMA
Best test for Sphyllis is _____
FTA
Flourescent Treponomia Antibody
Community Aquired MSRA is dx’d _____ only to HIV
Lungs look like ______ cheese
2nd to HIV
Swiss Cheese
Which WBC cell increases with viral infection
Lymphocytes
Prions are made up of protein ONLY no ___ or _____
DNA or RNA
Creutzfeld-Jakob’s Disease
Note PRIONS have no immune repsonses and liek to HIDE from the body
Hep A
Oral / fecal (Kids)
HEP B
Blood
German Measles
RUBELLA
GUANERI bodies
small pox
Epstein Barr Virus
Infectious Mononucleosis
“atypical lymphocyte-down cell”
Dont let mono get you down
ELISA is greta for detectng HIV however ______ is confirmatory
WESTERN BLOT
Ebola Virus form Filovirdae family expresss itself with
fever, sore throat, headache, and bleeding from the ____ and ______ leading to DEATH
ears and eyes
Papillomavirus (HPV) Papova
Condyloma, CERVICA-1L CARCINOMA (HPV 16 and 18)
West Nile Vector is
mosquito
HSV-1 transmited ____ and hides out in
orally hides out in V-ganglia
HSV-2 transmitted ____ and hides out in
genitalia
hides out in Sacral ganglia
HISTOPLASMOSIS aka
Ohio Valley Fever
Double Trip —–>
Whip
Trichuris Trichura Whipworm
Enterobius Vermicularis aka
Pinworm
Scotch tape test
If you pick a rose and yoru finger is injured from a thorn, which fungus should you be concerned about
SPOROTHRIX SCHENCKII
EPA protects
air, water, and land
Serves the health needs of the underprivileged
Public Health Department
Coccidioidiomycosis aka
San Joaquin Valley Fever
Tinea capitis is ringworm of the
scalp
Tinea barbae is ringworm of the
beard
Tinea corporis is ringworm of the
body
Tinea pedis is ringworm of the
Foot
Tinea Cruris is ringworm of the
Groin
Tinea Unguium is ringworm of the
Nail
Taenia Saginata
Beef tapeworm
Taenia Solium
Pork tapeworm
Diphyllobothrium Latum
Fish Tapeworm
Hymenolepsis Nana
Dwarf Tapeworm
Schistomas are ______ Flukes
Blood
Paragonimus Westermani is a ______ _______
Lung Fluke
Nector Americanus Americans is a
hookworm
Trichinella Spiralis
Nematode (Intestinal)
Ascaris Lumbricoides
….
Enterobius Vermicularis
Pinworm
Respiratory Viruses
A E R I
Adeno
Echo
Rhino
Influenza