Chemistry Flashcards
Acetyl CoA+_____ = Citrate:
oxoloacetate
If the cofactors is removed from the protein enzyme, what is it termed:
apoenzyme
Which of the following is a precursor of epinephrine:
Tyrosine
A pt has a severe case of periodontal disease that is not healing. There is no vitamin C available, what should you give them
Zinc
Hydroxylation of phenyalanine gives you:
tyrosine
Which of the following aids in insulin uptake:
chromium
What transports fatty acids to mitochondria:
carnitine
Which of the following is indigestible:
cellulose
Which of the following is a sulfur containing amino acid:
methionine
The regulatory enzyme for glycogen synthesis is
Gylcogen synthase
The regulatory enzyme for glycogen degradation
glycogen phosphorylase
Pentose Phosphate Pathway aka for
HMP Shunt
The regulatory enzyme for HMP shunt aka pentose phospate pathway and this process occurs in the ______
glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
Two primary functions of HMP Shunt
produce NADPH for Fatty acid synthesis (lipogenesis)
produces ribose-5-phosphate for nucleotide synthesis
Secondary functions of the HMP shunt (3)
- reduce H202 (recycle glutathione)
- detoxifies drugs, alcohol and foreign substances
- increases phagocytosis via WBCs bc of NADPH
Name the 3 Mitochondrial shuttles
Carnitine (FA from cytosol to mitochondira)
Citrate (FA from mitochondira to the cytosol)
Malate-Aspartate Shuttle
During the initiation of lipogenesis, the acetate moiety of acetyl CoA is covalently attached to carbon dioxide, with reducing hydrogen provided by NADPH:
malonyl CoA
Which of the following will reduce to only two glucose:
maltose
What type of bond is formed in DNA synthesis:
phophodiester bond
The actual production of ATP is referred to as:
oxidative phosphorylation
n the oxidation of one equivalent of acetate during the TCA cycle, ______ equivalents of NADH are produced:
3
Name 3 Ketone bodes and aka’s if applicable
Acetone, acetyl acidic acid (AKA acetyl acetate), beta-hydroxy butyric acid (AKA beta hydroxy uterate)
Which is considered a secondary structure of protein:
alpha helix, beta sheet, beta bend
Gently heating to heat double stranded molecules breaks what:
hydrogen bonds
The function of RNA polymerase II is to make:
mRNA from DNA template
Ubiquinone is concentrated in the:
inner mitochondrial matrix
Ubiquinone aka Coenzyme Q
Coenzyme 10
A macrophage, which is chemically attracted to inflammation is termed:
chemotaxis
Opsonization “coating on an M & M shell” makes thing taste good to macrophage
Margination attachment to capillaries…
Migration when the macrophage squeezes in between
One of your pts is on a meatless diet and only eating corn. Lately she has begun to experience unrelenting diarhheah and is unable to concentrate on anything for longer than a few minutes. Your best diagnosis
Pellegra
4 “D’s”: diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, and death
Dental caries caused by lack of:
fluoride
What is the reducing agent in lipogenesis:
NADPH
Heparin is an
anticoagulant
What causes lactation and uterine contraction
Oxytocin
How is nitrogen removed from the body
Urea Cycle
Which of the following enzymes plays a crucial role in DNA replication:
tropoisomerase
The dermatological manifestation known as cheilosis may be associated w/
B2 defieincy (riboflavin)
What does the brain primarily use for energy:
glucose (or ketones)
Which of the following does not have an reducing r group
Lucine
Eicosapentaenoic acid is found in:
fish oil
A relatively high rate of glucose isomerization, required for the formation of lactose is seen in the:
mammary glands
The primary cofactor during anabolism is-__ and the primary cofactor during catabolism is_____
NADPH
NADH
An anomaly around the dissacharide, _____ which is digestible in spite of the fact that it contains a beta-oriented glycosidic bond
Sucrose
Where is 25-hydrocholecalciferol synthesized
Liver
The secondary structure of peptides is greatly influenced by _________ bonds
hydrogen
Three molecules of Acetyl CoA are converted to_____in cholesterol synthesis:
HMG CoA
The important products of the pentose phosphate pathway are required as substrates in
nucelotide and fatty acid synthesis
The product of oxidative decarboxylation
Acetyl Co A
Insulin stimulates
Glycolysis
Tryptophan precursor for
Serotonin
Glutamate precursor for
GABA
Histidine precursor for
Histamine
Glycine/Arginine
Creatinine
Alanine —>
Pyruvate (Glucose-alanine shuttle)
Glutamine—>Glutamate—->
alpha-ketoglutarate (glutamate Oxaloacetate transanimase
Asparagine —> ________ —> __________
ASPARTATE , OXALOACETATE (AST or Aspartate Transaminase)
Basic Amino Acids “HAL”
Histidine, Arginine, Leucine
Neutral Amino Acids “STAG”
Serine, Threonine, Asparagine, and Gryptophan lack in lutamine
Lysine, Threonine, and Tryptophan lack in
grains (wheat, rice, corn)
Three Amino Acids that donate Nitrogen for Purines and Pyrimidines
G.A.A.
Glutamate, Asparagine, Aspartate
Ammonia is carried out by _______ to the UREA cycle
Glutamate
Left over carbon skeletons are usually
1.
2.
Glucogenic
PureLY Glucogenic
Lysine
Leucine
Both Ketogenic and glucogenic ; “PTTS”
and the remaining are Glucogenic
Phenylalaninptophan, Tyrosine, Threonine, Isoleucine, Tryptophan
Aliphatic “least hydrophillic ot most hydrophili”
GAVLI
Glycine Alanine valine Leucine Isoleucine
Six Amino Acids, muscles are able to oxidize
GALVIA
Glutamate Aspartate Leucine Valine Isoleucine Asparagine
Pyruvate will feed into the transition reaction and form AcetylCo A. AcetylCo A will feed into the _______cycle (aka _____cycle)
Kreb Cycle
TCA
What enzyme is responsible for cleavage (step 4) of Glycolysis
Aldolase
What GLUT transporter is found in Adipose, Skeletal and Cardiac Tissue. Note, Insulin up-regulates this transporter
GLUT 4
GLUT-5 ______ transported not Glucose; found in the testes
Fructose
Pyruvate Kinase deficiency =’s
nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia
Example of primary protein structure
peptide bond
Example of secondary protein structure
Alpha helix
beta pleated sheet aka beta bend
H20 bonds, non-covalent
Example of tertiary protein structure
myoglobin
stabilized by Disulfide bonds and non-covalentt bonds
Example of quaternary protein structure
Hemoglobin
momomeric- myoglobin
dimeric- insulin
trimeric- GProtein and collagen
1 turn of Glycolysis yields
2 NADH, 2 ATP, and @ pyruvate
Gluconeogenesis yields ______ and is inhibited by
Glucose and inhibited by Insulin
name 4 regulating enzymes of GNG
Pyruvate carboxylase
PEP Carboxykinase
Fructose1,6 Biphosphotase
Glucose 6 Phoshatase (present in liver but not in muscle)
Catabolic hormones that increase blood glucose levels
Glucagon
Cortisol
Epi
Growth Hormone
The initial substrate for GlycoGENESIS is
UDP-Glucose (One pentose, one glucose)
Glycogenesis product is
Glycogen
Glycogenesis is INHIBITED by
Glucagon
Epinephrine( has lesser effect)
Glycogensis is stimulated by
Insulin
GlycogenoLYSIS initial substrate is
Glycogen
Pyruvate carboxylase is allosterically activated by
AcetylCoA (exception to the rule)
PD Complex stimulated by _______ and inhibited by Glucagon.
This reaction takes place in the
Insulin
Matrix
PDC is to convert Pyruvate into ____________ and what vitamins are involved
Net gain
Acetyl CO A
B vitamins: 1, 2,3,5(structural component of CoEnzyme A,7 also LIPOIC acid
1 NADH
Lactate is formed in the lens, cornea, kidney, medulla, testes, and
RBCs
Two aka’s for Cori cycle
Glucose-Alanine Cycl and Lactic Acid Cycle
During exercise the muscles make ______ and Lactate, the former will be carried out via
Ammonia
Urea cycle
Pyruvate to Lactate is via what enzyme
Lactate dehydrogenase
Elevated lactate in the blood ca occur during MI, pulmonary emoblism, shock, or Uncontrolled ________
bleeding
Pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA by
pyruvate dehydrogenase
PDC (complex) is an aggregate of 3 enzymes and two regulatory enzymes
3 enzymes: Pyruvate dehydrogenase, dihydrolipoyl transacetylase and dehydrogenase
regulatory enzymes: pyruvate dehydrogenase and pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase
Alanine is Ammonia plus
Lactate
The urea cycle rids the body of
Ammonia, which travels to the liver via the hepatic portal vein
Enzyme for UREA is
Carbomyl phosphate synthetase
UREA cycle intermediates FARCO, GA
Fumrate Arginine Citrulline Ornithinege Glutamate Aspartate
ARCO being most important
Step 1 and step 2 of Urea cycle occurs in _______ while the last three steps occur in the cytosol
Mitochondria
An increrase of BUN ratio dictates a ______ problem
Kidney
A decrease of the BUN ratio dictates a ______ problem
Liver problem
Fatty ACID SYNTHESIS AKA
Lipogenesis
FAS occurs in the
cytosol
Regulatory enzyme of FAS is
Acetyl CoA carboxylase
FAS is stimulated by insulin and inhibited by
Glucagon
FAS coenzyme needed
NADPH
Acetyl CoA is transported to the mitochondria as
Citrate
Fatty Acid Degradation aka
Beta Oxidation
Beta oxidation occurs in the
Mitochondria
Enzyme for beta oxidation
hormone sensitive lipase
Beta oxidation (Fatty acid Degradation) is stimulated by Epinephrine and inhibited by
Insulin
What shuttle transports FA from cytosol to the mitochondria
Carnitine
Carnitine’s precursor is
Lysine
Urea cycle consumes ______ ATP
3
Beta oxidation requires acetylCoA dehyrogenase to oxidize AcetylCoA to
FADH2
Glycogen synthesis RLS/Enzyme
glycogen synthase
Glycogen degradation RLS/Enzyme
glycogen phosphorylase (which will breakk the alpha-1,4 bonds
The step in Kreb’s cycle between Cirtate and Isocitrate that most schools do not mention but has been asked before
cis-Aconitic
Aka for Kreb’s cycle is __________ and it requires
_______
Citric Acid Cycle adn Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA)
Oxygen
In Kreb’s cycle GTP is formed during the ________ to ____ step via Succinyl CoA synthetase
Succinyl CoA to Succinate
Succinate dehydrogenase requires
FAD (Succinate–>Fumarate)
Sucinate Thiokinase step of Kreb’s cycle is where ___ is formed
ATP
Electron Transport Chain aka ETC aka
Cytochrome Series and Respiratory Chain
Nucleotides have three components, name them
Phosphate, Sugar (Ribose or Deoxyribose), and nitrogenous base.
Purines and Pyrimidines All Tall Guys Can Dunk
All Gems are PURE (Purines)
Cuty the PY (Pyrimdines)
Adenine Thymine
Guanine Cytosine
Uracil is exclusive to RNA as Thymine is to
DNA
DNA is composed of _______ stranded alpha helixes that run _______
double
parallel
Nucleotides with one strand are connected by ________ bonds.
Phosphodiesterbonds
Base pairs between complimentary strands are held together by easily broken, non covalent _______ bonds
hydrogen
This enzyme is responsible for unwinding DNA strands
Topisomerase (helicase)
What polymerase makes new DNA from the parent strand(which acts as a template)
DNA Polymerase
Mitosis splits the double 92 chromosomal DNA into two_______
identical daughter cells (46 chromosomes each)
Where does DNA synthesis occur?
Nucleus
What bond holds together the backbone of nucleic acid to its respective base?
Glycosidic
What type of bonds are broken by helicase
Hydrogen bonds
What direction does RNA synthesis occur in
5’3’
Where does transcription occur ?
in the NUCLEOLUS
RNA transcription is very specific, whch means that
only the segment of DNA to be transcribed unwinds
DNA replication occurs during the ______ phase
S-phase
The leading strand in DNA Replication runs _________ while the okazaki fragments in the lagging strand run __________
Continuous
Segmentally
Ligase is used to connect
okazaki fragments
DNA Polymerase adds a _________ bond to a nucleotide
Phosphodiester
What is DNA Primase?
A type of RNA polymerase that primes the new strand during replication.
Note: DNA polymerase cannot build a new strand it needs a primer first
The DNA code (aka____) is read
3 bases at a time
Sequence
What is the termination sequence
This is where both DNA & RNA polymerase both fall off the DNA, which then rewinds itself.
Note: At this point RNA leaves the nucleus and goes to work in the cytoplasm
What messenger RNA holds the information to determine amino acid SEQUENCE order
mRNA
Ribosomal RNA is the main component of the ribosomalunit that
Moves along mRNA
tRna jumps on and off the rRNA carrying what with it
Amino Acids
When I say Translation, you say
Protein synthesis
Which vitamin is deficient in the newborn?
a. A
b. K
c. C
d. E
K
What is the rate limiting enzyme of the pentose phosphate pathway:
a. Glucose 6 phophate dehydrogenase
b. Ribose 5 phosphate
c. Ribose 4 phosphate
d. Acetyl CoA carboxylase
Glucose 6 phophate dehydrogenase
How many ATP’s are produced anaerobically
2
What binds to a ribosome before translation (aka protein synthesis) begins?
mRNA
Base pairings for RNA
All
University
Guys
Can
Read
Adenine – Uracil
Guanine — Cytosine
RNA
What is the sequence for START CODON
AUG
Sequence for the 3 STOP Codons
UAA
UGA
UAG
An amino acid is attached to tRNA by this enzyme
Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthase
tRNA leaves the _______ to go get another Amino Acid
Ribosome
Peptidyl transferase is an enzyme used to
form A PEPTIDE BOND WITH THE Amino Acid on the tRNA “next door”
Normal evel of Ca++ in blood is ___to 11mg
9-11 mg
Calcium is acomponetn of bone, aides in muscle ________, and nerve regulation
contraction
Ca++ is regulated by vitamin ______ for absorption.
D
Deficiency of Calcium could lead to _______ or _______
Rickets
Osetomalacia
decrease in muscle tone, excessive calcium depsoits in soft tissue, and renal failure are all associated with ______ of Calcium.
Toxicity
Potassium is regulated by and a deficiency (usually caused by diuretics) in it could lead to
Aldosterone
Muscle weakness
What mineral serves a cofactor for Kinase reactions, a component of bone and needed for GLUCOSE breakdown
Magnesium
Toxicity of Magnesium can lead to _______ seen in miners, Neurological symptoms, like Parkinson’s.
Poisoning
Chromium acts as a ________- transporter and helps bind________ to the cell
glucose
insulin
Cobalt is constituent of B12 so a deficiency could lead to
Megaloblastic anemia (pernicous anemia)
Copper is part of Cytochrome A oxidase (ETC) and transported by _______________, AND has a role in ________ formation
albumin
melanin
A deficiency in Iodine will cause ___ in kids and _____ and ______ in Adults
Cretinism (kids)
Goiter and Myexedema (Adults)
Iron is transported as ________ in the blood and stored in the liver as _________
Transferrin
Ferritin
A deficiency of Manganese, which is a cofactor for Decarboxylation, woudl lead to abnormal ________ healing
wound and/or ligamentous healing
______ is a cofactor for glutathione peroxidase
this mineral also is synergist with vitamin E
Selenium
A deficit of Selenium could lead to _______
Toxicity of Selenium would lead to ______
Cardiomyopathy
hair/nail loss
Zinc is a cofactor for what enzyme (think about bicarbonate)
Carbonic anhydrase
Fat+Bile equlas
Micelle
Arachodonic Acid becomes ESSENTIAL when ______ is absent
LINOLEIC acid
Linoleic Omega ____
Omega 6
A
L
L
E
represent number of Carbosn adn Dbl bonds
Arachodonic 20 4
Linolenic 18 3
Linoleic 18 2
EPA 20 5 (Eicosapentanoic Acid)
LinoLENIC Acid Omega
3
What type of bonds are between glycerol and fatty acids
Ester
