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NBS BOARD Gems > Chemistry > Flashcards

Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

Acetyl CoA+_____ = Citrate:

A

oxoloacetate

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2
Q

If the cofactors is removed from the protein enzyme, what is it termed:

A

apoenzyme

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3
Q

Which of the following is a precursor of epinephrine:

A

Tyrosine

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4
Q

A pt has a severe case of periodontal disease that is not healing. There is no vitamin C available, what should you give them

A

Zinc

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5
Q

Hydroxylation of phenyalanine gives you:

A

tyrosine

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6
Q

Which of the following aids in insulin uptake:

A

chromium

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7
Q

What transports fatty acids to mitochondria:

A

carnitine

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8
Q

Which of the following is indigestible:

A

cellulose

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9
Q

Which of the following is a sulfur containing amino acid:

A

methionine

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10
Q

The regulatory enzyme for glycogen synthesis is

A

Gylcogen synthase

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11
Q

The regulatory enzyme for glycogen degradation

A

glycogen phosphorylase

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12
Q

Pentose Phosphate Pathway aka for

A

HMP Shunt

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13
Q

The regulatory enzyme for HMP shunt aka pentose phospate pathway and this process occurs in the ______

A

glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase

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14
Q

Two primary functions of HMP Shunt

A

produce NADPH for Fatty acid synthesis (lipogenesis)

produces ribose-5-phosphate for nucleotide synthesis

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15
Q

Secondary functions of the HMP shunt (3)

A
  1. reduce H202 (recycle glutathione)
  2. detoxifies drugs, alcohol and foreign substances
  3. increases phagocytosis via WBCs bc of NADPH
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16
Q

Name the 3 Mitochondrial shuttles

A

Carnitine (FA from cytosol to mitochondira)
Citrate (FA from mitochondira to the cytosol)
Malate-Aspartate Shuttle

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17
Q

During the initiation of lipogenesis, the acetate moiety of acetyl CoA is covalently attached to carbon dioxide, with reducing hydrogen provided by NADPH:

A

malonyl CoA

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18
Q

Which of the following will reduce to only two glucose:

A

maltose

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19
Q

What type of bond is formed in DNA synthesis:

A

phophodiester bond

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20
Q

The actual production of ATP is referred to as:

A

oxidative phosphorylation

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21
Q

n the oxidation of one equivalent of acetate during the TCA cycle, ______ equivalents of NADH are produced:

A

3

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22
Q

Name 3 Ketone bodes and aka’s if applicable

A

Acetone, acetyl acidic acid (AKA acetyl acetate), beta-hydroxy butyric acid (AKA beta hydroxy uterate)

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23
Q

Which is considered a secondary structure of protein:

A

alpha helix, beta sheet, beta bend

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24
Q

Gently heating to heat double stranded molecules breaks what:

A

hydrogen bonds

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25
Q

The function of RNA polymerase II is to make:

A

mRNA from DNA template

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26
Q

Ubiquinone is concentrated in the:

A

inner mitochondrial matrix

Ubiquinone aka Coenzyme Q
Coenzyme 10

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27
Q

A macrophage, which is chemically attracted to inflammation is termed:

A

chemotaxis

Opsonization “coating on an M & M shell” makes thing taste good to macrophage

Margination attachment to capillaries…

Migration when the macrophage squeezes in between

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28
Q

One of your pts is on a meatless diet and only eating corn. Lately she has begun to experience unrelenting diarhheah and is unable to concentrate on anything for longer than a few minutes. Your best diagnosis

A

Pellegra

4 “D’s”: diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, and death

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29
Q

Dental caries caused by lack of:

A

fluoride

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30
Q

What is the reducing agent in lipogenesis:

A

NADPH

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31
Q

Heparin is an

A

anticoagulant

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32
Q

What causes lactation and uterine contraction

A

Oxytocin

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33
Q

How is nitrogen removed from the body

A

Urea Cycle

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34
Q

Which of the following enzymes plays a crucial role in DNA replication:

A

tropoisomerase

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35
Q

The dermatological manifestation known as cheilosis may be associated w/

A

B2 defieincy (riboflavin)

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36
Q

What does the brain primarily use for energy:

A

glucose (or ketones)

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37
Q

Which of the following does not have an reducing r group

A

Lucine

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38
Q

Eicosapentaenoic acid is found in:

A

fish oil

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39
Q

A relatively high rate of glucose isomerization, required for the formation of lactose is seen in the:

A

mammary glands

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40
Q

The primary cofactor during anabolism is-__ and the primary cofactor during catabolism is_____

A

NADPH

NADH

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41
Q

An anomaly around the dissacharide, _____ which is digestible in spite of the fact that it contains a beta-oriented glycosidic bond

A

Sucrose

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42
Q

Where is 25-hydrocholecalciferol synthesized

A

Liver

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43
Q

The secondary structure of peptides is greatly influenced by _________ bonds

A

hydrogen

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44
Q

Three molecules of Acetyl CoA are converted to_____in cholesterol synthesis:

A

HMG CoA

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45
Q

The important products of the pentose phosphate pathway are required as substrates in

A

nucelotide and fatty acid synthesis

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46
Q

The product of oxidative decarboxylation

A

Acetyl Co A

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47
Q

Insulin stimulates

A

Glycolysis

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48
Q

Tryptophan precursor for

A

Serotonin

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49
Q

Glutamate precursor for

A

GABA

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50
Q

Histidine precursor for

A

Histamine

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51
Q

Glycine/Arginine

A

Creatinine

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52
Q

Alanine —>

A

Pyruvate (Glucose-alanine shuttle)

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53
Q

Glutamine—>Glutamate—->

A

alpha-ketoglutarate (glutamate Oxaloacetate transanimase

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54
Q

Asparagine —> ________ —> __________

A

ASPARTATE , OXALOACETATE (AST or Aspartate Transaminase)

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55
Q

Basic Amino Acids “HAL”

A

Histidine, Arginine, Leucine

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56
Q

Neutral Amino Acids “STAG”

A

Serine, Threonine, Asparagine, and Gryptophan lack in lutamine

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57
Q

Lysine, Threonine, and Tryptophan lack in

A

grains (wheat, rice, corn)

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58
Q

Three Amino Acids that donate Nitrogen for Purines and Pyrimidines

G.A.A.

A

Glutamate, Asparagine, Aspartate

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59
Q

Ammonia is carried out by _______ to the UREA cycle

A

Glutamate

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60
Q

Left over carbon skeletons are usually
1.
2.

A

Glucogenic

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61
Q

PureLY Glucogenic

A

Lysine

Leucine

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62
Q

Both Ketogenic and glucogenic ; “PTTS”

and the remaining are Glucogenic

A

Phenylalaninptophan, Tyrosine, Threonine, Isoleucine, Tryptophan

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63
Q

Aliphatic “least hydrophillic ot most hydrophili”

GAVLI

A 
Glycine
Alanine
valine
Leucine
Isoleucine
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64
Q

Six Amino Acids, muscles are able to oxidize

GALVIA

A 
Glutamate
Aspartate
Leucine
Valine
Isoleucine
Asparagine
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65
Q

Pyruvate will feed into the transition reaction and form AcetylCo A. AcetylCo A will feed into the _______cycle (aka _____cycle)

A

Kreb Cycle

TCA

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66
Q

What enzyme is responsible for cleavage (step 4) of Glycolysis

A

Aldolase

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67
Q

What GLUT transporter is found in Adipose, Skeletal and Cardiac Tissue. Note, Insulin up-regulates this transporter

A

GLUT 4

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68
Q

GLUT-5 ______ transported not Glucose; found in the testes

A

Fructose

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69
Q

Pyruvate Kinase deficiency =’s

A

nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia

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70
Q

Example of primary protein structure

A

peptide bond

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71
Q

Example of secondary protein structure

A

Alpha helix
beta pleated sheet aka beta bend

H20 bonds, non-covalent

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72
Q

Example of tertiary protein structure

A

myoglobin

stabilized by Disulfide bonds and non-covalentt bonds

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73
Q

Example of quaternary protein structure

A

Hemoglobin

momomeric- myoglobin
dimeric- insulin
trimeric- GProtein and collagen

74
Q

1 turn of Glycolysis yields

A

2 NADH, 2 ATP, and @ pyruvate

75
Q

Gluconeogenesis yields ______ and is inhibited by

A

Glucose and inhibited by Insulin

76
Q

name 4 regulating enzymes of GNG

A

Pyruvate carboxylase
PEP Carboxykinase
Fructose1,6 Biphosphotase
Glucose 6 Phoshatase (present in liver but not in muscle)

77
Q

Catabolic hormones that increase blood glucose levels

A

Glucagon
Cortisol
Epi
Growth Hormone

78
Q

The initial substrate for GlycoGENESIS is

A

UDP-Glucose (One pentose, one glucose)

79
Q

Glycogenesis product is

A

Glycogen

80
Q

Glycogenesis is INHIBITED by

A

Glucagon

Epinephrine( has lesser effect)

81
Q

Glycogensis is stimulated by

A

Insulin

82
Q

GlycogenoLYSIS initial substrate is

A

Glycogen

83
Q

Pyruvate carboxylase is allosterically activated by

A

AcetylCoA (exception to the rule)

84
Q

PD Complex stimulated by _______ and inhibited by Glucagon.

This reaction takes place in the

A

Insulin

Matrix

85
Q

PDC is to convert Pyruvate into ____________ and what vitamins are involved

Net gain

A

Acetyl CO A

B vitamins: 1, 2,3,5(structural component of CoEnzyme A,7 also LIPOIC acid

1 NADH

86
Q

Lactate is formed in the lens, cornea, kidney, medulla, testes, and

A

RBCs

87
Q

Two aka’s for Cori cycle

A

Glucose-Alanine Cycl and Lactic Acid Cycle

88
Q

During exercise the muscles make ______ and Lactate, the former will be carried out via

A

Ammonia

Urea cycle

89
Q

Pyruvate to Lactate is via what enzyme

A

Lactate dehydrogenase

90
Q

Elevated lactate in the blood ca occur during MI, pulmonary emoblism, shock, or Uncontrolled ________

A

bleeding

91
Q

Pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA by

A

pyruvate dehydrogenase

92
Q

PDC (complex) is an aggregate of 3 enzymes and two regulatory enzymes

A

3 enzymes: Pyruvate dehydrogenase, dihydrolipoyl transacetylase and dehydrogenase

regulatory enzymes: pyruvate dehydrogenase and pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase

93
Q

Alanine is Ammonia plus

A

Lactate

94
Q

The urea cycle rids the body of

A

Ammonia, which travels to the liver via the hepatic portal vein

95
Q

Enzyme for UREA is

A

Carbomyl phosphate synthetase

96
Q

UREA cycle intermediates FARCO, GA

A 
Fumrate 
Arginine
Citrulline
Ornithinege 
Glutamate
Aspartate

ARCO being most important

97
Q

Step 1 and step 2 of Urea cycle occurs in _______ while the last three steps occur in the cytosol

A

Mitochondria

98
Q

An increrase of BUN ratio dictates a ______ problem

A

Kidney

99
Q

A decrease of the BUN ratio dictates a ______ problem

A

Liver problem

100
Q

Fatty ACID SYNTHESIS AKA

A

Lipogenesis

101
Q

FAS occurs in the

A

cytosol

102
Q

Regulatory enzyme of FAS is

A

Acetyl CoA carboxylase

103
Q

FAS is stimulated by insulin and inhibited by

A

Glucagon

104
Q

FAS coenzyme needed

A

NADPH

105
Q

Acetyl CoA is transported to the mitochondria as

A

Citrate

106
Q

Fatty Acid Degradation aka

A

Beta Oxidation

107
Q

Beta oxidation occurs in the

A

Mitochondria

108
Q

Enzyme for beta oxidation

A

hormone sensitive lipase

109
Q

Beta oxidation (Fatty acid Degradation) is stimulated by Epinephrine and inhibited by

A

Insulin

110
Q

What shuttle transports FA from cytosol to the mitochondria

A

Carnitine

111
Q

Carnitine’s precursor is

A

Lysine

112
Q

Urea cycle consumes ______ ATP

A

3

113
Q

Beta oxidation requires acetylCoA dehyrogenase to oxidize AcetylCoA to

A

FADH2

114
Q

Glycogen synthesis RLS/Enzyme

A

glycogen synthase

115
Q

Glycogen degradation RLS/Enzyme

A

glycogen phosphorylase (which will breakk the alpha-1,4 bonds

116
Q

The step in Kreb’s cycle between Cirtate and Isocitrate that most schools do not mention but has been asked before

A

cis-Aconitic

117
Q

Aka for Kreb’s cycle is __________ and it requires

_______

A

Citric Acid Cycle adn Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA)

Oxygen

118
Q

In Kreb’s cycle GTP is formed during the ________ to ____ step via Succinyl CoA synthetase

A

Succinyl CoA to Succinate

119
Q

Succinate dehydrogenase requires

A

FAD (Succinate–>Fumarate)

120
Q

Sucinate Thiokinase step of Kreb’s cycle is where ___ is formed

A

ATP

121
Q

Electron Transport Chain aka ETC aka

A

Cytochrome Series and Respiratory Chain

122
Q

Nucleotides have three components, name them

A

Phosphate, Sugar (Ribose or Deoxyribose), and nitrogenous base.

123
Q 
Purines and Pyrimidines 
All 
Tall 
Guys 
Can 
Dunk

All Gems are PURE (Purines)
Cuty the PY (Pyrimdines)

A

Adenine Thymine

Guanine Cytosine

124
Q

Uracil is exclusive to RNA as Thymine is to

A

DNA

125
Q

DNA is composed of _______ stranded alpha helixes that run _______

A

double

parallel

126
Q

Nucleotides with one strand are connected by ________ bonds.

A

Phosphodiesterbonds

127
Q

Base pairs between complimentary strands are held together by easily broken, non covalent _______ bonds

A

hydrogen

128
Q

This enzyme is responsible for unwinding DNA strands

A

Topisomerase (helicase)

129
Q

What polymerase makes new DNA from the parent strand(which acts as a template)

A

DNA Polymerase

130
Q

Mitosis splits the double 92 chromosomal DNA into two_______

A

identical daughter cells (46 chromosomes each)

131
Q

Where does DNA synthesis occur?

A

Nucleus

132
Q

What bond holds together the backbone of nucleic acid to its respective base?

A

Glycosidic

133
Q

What type of bonds are broken by helicase

A

Hydrogen bonds

134
Q

What direction does RNA synthesis occur in

A

5’3’

135
Q

Where does transcription occur ?

A

in the NUCLEOLUS

136
Q

RNA transcription is very specific, whch means that

A

only the segment of DNA to be transcribed unwinds

137
Q

DNA replication occurs during the ______ phase

A

S-phase

138
Q

The leading strand in DNA Replication runs _________ while the okazaki fragments in the lagging strand run __________

A

Continuous

Segmentally

139
Q

Ligase is used to connect

A

okazaki fragments

140
Q

DNA Polymerase adds a _________ bond to a nucleotide

A

Phosphodiester

141
Q

What is DNA Primase?

A

A type of RNA polymerase that primes the new strand during replication.

Note: DNA polymerase cannot build a new strand it needs a primer first

142
Q

The DNA code (aka____) is read

A

3 bases at a time

Sequence

143
Q

What is the termination sequence

A

This is where both DNA & RNA polymerase both fall off the DNA, which then rewinds itself.

Note: At this point RNA leaves the nucleus and goes to work in the cytoplasm

144
Q

What messenger RNA holds the information to determine amino acid SEQUENCE order

A

mRNA

145
Q

Ribosomal RNA is the main component of the ribosomalunit that

A

Moves along mRNA

146
Q

tRna jumps on and off the rRNA carrying what with it

A

Amino Acids

147
Q

When I say Translation, you say

A

Protein synthesis

148
Q

Which vitamin is deficient in the newborn?

a. A
b. K
c. C
d. E

A

K

149
Q

What is the rate limiting enzyme of the pentose phosphate pathway:

a. Glucose 6 phophate dehydrogenase
b. Ribose 5 phosphate
c. Ribose 4 phosphate
d. Acetyl CoA carboxylase

A

Glucose 6 phophate dehydrogenase

150
Q

How many ATP’s are produced anaerobically

A

2

151
Q

What binds to a ribosome before translation (aka protein synthesis) begins?

A

mRNA

152
Q

Base pairings for RNA

All
University
Guys
Can

Read

A

Adenine – Uracil
Guanine — Cytosine

RNA

153
Q

What is the sequence for START CODON

A

AUG

154
Q

Sequence for the 3 STOP Codons

A

UAA
UGA
UAG

155
Q

An amino acid is attached to tRNA by this enzyme

A

Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthase

156
Q

tRNA leaves the _______ to go get another Amino Acid

A

Ribosome

157
Q

Peptidyl transferase is an enzyme used to

A

form A PEPTIDE BOND WITH THE Amino Acid on the tRNA “next door”

158
Q

Normal evel of Ca++ in blood is ___to 11mg

A

9-11 mg

159
Q

Calcium is acomponetn of bone, aides in muscle ________, and nerve regulation

A

contraction

160
Q

Ca++ is regulated by vitamin ______ for absorption.

A

D

161
Q

Deficiency of Calcium could lead to _______ or _______

A

Rickets

Osetomalacia

162
Q

decrease in muscle tone, excessive calcium depsoits in soft tissue, and renal failure are all associated with ______ of Calcium.

A

Toxicity

163
Q

Potassium is regulated by and a deficiency (usually caused by diuretics) in it could lead to

A

Aldosterone

Muscle weakness

164
Q

What mineral serves a cofactor for Kinase reactions, a component of bone and needed for GLUCOSE breakdown

A

Magnesium

165
Q

Toxicity of Magnesium can lead to _______ seen in miners, Neurological symptoms, like Parkinson’s.

A

Poisoning

166
Q

Chromium acts as a ________- transporter and helps bind________ to the cell

A

glucose

insulin

167
Q

Cobalt is constituent of B12 so a deficiency could lead to

A

Megaloblastic anemia (pernicous anemia)

168
Q

Copper is part of Cytochrome A oxidase (ETC) and transported by _______________, AND has a role in ________ formation

A

albumin

melanin

169
Q

A deficiency in Iodine will cause ___ in kids and _____ and ______ in Adults

A

Cretinism (kids)

Goiter and Myexedema (Adults)

170
Q

Iron is transported as ________ in the blood and stored in the liver as _________

A

Transferrin

Ferritin

171
Q

A deficiency of Manganese, which is a cofactor for Decarboxylation, woudl lead to abnormal ________ healing

A

wound and/or ligamentous healing

172
Q

______ is a cofactor for glutathione peroxidase

this mineral also is synergist with vitamin E

A

Selenium

173
Q

A deficit of Selenium could lead to _______

Toxicity of Selenium would lead to ______

A

Cardiomyopathy

hair/nail loss

174
Q

Zinc is a cofactor for what enzyme (think about bicarbonate)

A

Carbonic anhydrase

175
Q

Fat+Bile equlas

A

Micelle

176
Q

Arachodonic Acid becomes ESSENTIAL when ______ is absent

A

LINOLEIC acid

177
Q

Linoleic Omega ____

A

Omega 6

178
Q

A
L
L
E

represent number of Carbosn adn Dbl bonds

A

Arachodonic 20 4
Linolenic 18 3
Linoleic 18 2
EPA 20 5 (Eicosapentanoic Acid)

179
Q

LinoLENIC Acid Omega

A

3

180
Q

What type of bonds are between glycerol and fatty acids

A

Ester

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