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Microbiology 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Innate immunity

A

body’s first line of defense
non-specific
provides instantaneous response

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2
Q

Adaptive (acquired) immunity

A

2nd line of defense
used when innate immunity fails
highly specific: developed after exposure
conferred by our immune system: antibody and cellular responses
has memory

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3
Q

External physical barriers

A

intact skin
mucous membranes and secretions
ciliated epithelial cells

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4
Q

Intact skin

A

provides impenetrable barrier to pathogens

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5
Q

Mucous membranes and secretions

A

in the GI, respiratory and urogenital tracts

trap pathogens

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6
Q

Cilliated epithelial cells

A

sweep mucous entrapped microbes out of the system

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7
Q

External chemical barriers

A

Enzymes

Digestive secretions

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8
Q

Enzymes

A

sweat, saliva and tears

contain lysozyme

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9
Q

Digestive secretions

A

stomach acid

chemically inactivates the pathogen

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10
Q

Internal defensive factors

A 
phagocytosis
natural killer cells
inflammation 
fever
complement system
interferon
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11
Q

Phagocytosis

A

cellular defense

neutrophills, monocytes and macrophages eat virus infected cells

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12
Q

Phagocytosis processes

A

chemotaxis
adherence
ingestion
digestion

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13
Q

Phagocytosis: chemotaxis

A

movement of cells toward a chemical stimulus

Uses chemotactic chemicals and cytokines

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14
Q

Chemotactic chemicals

A

microbial products or damaged tissue cells that attract phagocytes

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15
Q

Cytokines

A

chemicals released by phagocytes that have diverse functions

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16
Q

Chemokines

A 
a class of cytokine
attract phagocytes to the site of infection
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17
Q

Phagocytosis: adherance

A

the ability of the phagocyte to bind to molecules on the surface of the microbe
toll-like receptors on phagocyte recognize bacterial cell components
pathogens have anti-phagocytic capsule

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18
Q

Opsonization

A

the coating of microbes with serum proteins for optimal adherence of phagocytes
ex: antibodies or a complement protein

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19
Q

Phagocytosis: ingestion

A

phagocytes extend projections called pseudopods that engulf the microbe
once engulfed, the microbe is enclosed in the phagosome
enzymes pump protons into the phagosome and lower pH
hydrolytic enzymes are activated

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20
Q

Phagocytosis: digestion

A

phagosomes fuse with lysosomes to produce the phagolysosome

undigested material remains in the residual body of the lysosome and is excreted

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21
Q

Lysosome

A

digestive enzymes degrade microbes
defensins create holes in microbe membranes
oxidatively inactivate microbes by creating toxic oxygen “oxidative burst”

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22
Q

Natural Killer cells

A

cellular defense
produce non-specific lysis by apoptosis of cancer and virus infected cells
activity increased by interferon exposure
recognize surface glycoproteins on infected cells

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23
Q

NK cell process

A

secretion of cytotoxic proteins like perforin insert into plasma membrane of target cells and cause cell to burst “cytosis”

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24
Q

Inflammation

A

body’s response to colonization of damaged tissues by pathogens

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25
Acute inflammation function
kill microbes clear debris repair tissue
26
Processes of inflammation
Acute inflammation Histamine release Repair and regeneration
27
Histamine release
causes capillaries to vasodilate and become more permeable
28
Inflammation: phagocytes
die in the process of engulfing microbes and accumulate at the site of infection as pus can lead to abscess formation
29
Inflammation: repair and regeneration
fibroblasts and connective tissue replace the destroyed tissue
30
Fever
systemic increase in body temperature | oral temperature over 100.5 F
31
Fever: pyrogens
substances that act on the hypothalamus and can re-set the body's thermostat to a higher than normal temperature
32
Exogenous pyrogens
include exotoxins and endotoxins from infectious agents
33
Endogenous pyrogens
in response to exogenous pyrogens macrophages release cytokine IL-1, causes neurons to release prostoglandins prostoglandins reset thermostat of hypothalamus to a higher temperature
34
Fever benefits
slows pathogen growth microbial enzymes or toxins may be inactivated increases rate of chemical reactions enhanced phagocytosis increased antiviral interferon production increased breakdown of lysosomes causing death of infected cells person will rest allowing body to fight infection
35
Interferon protein
Molecular defense Infected cell produces interferon Interferon binds to uninfected cells Binding stimulates production of enzymes (AVPs) AVPs digest mRNA and limit its translation
36
Complement/complement system
A molecular defense Refers to a set of 20 large regulatory proteins Work as a cascade – set of reactions amplify effect
37
Complement system function
Enhance phagocytosis by phagocytes Lyse microbes Generate peptide fragments that regulate inflammation and other immune responses
38
Complement system pathways
classical pathway | alternative/properdin pathway
39
Complement system classical pathway
Antibody-mediated Initiated when antibody binds to antigen *see notes for more information*
40
Complement system Alternative/ Properdin pathway
Antibodies do not play a role Activated by contact of complement proteins and polysaccharides Not all complement proteins are required *see notes for more information*
41
Iron binding proteins
Transferrin Lactoferrin Hemoglobin Siderophores
42
Transferrin
protein present in blood plasma that binds iron (co-factor for enzymes)
43
Lactoferrin
protein present in saliva, mucus, and milk that binds iron
44
Siderophores
proteins created by pathogens, compete to take iron away from iron-binding proteins
45
Hemoglobin
located in red blood cells
46
Iron binding proteins: Other mechanisms for obtaining iron
S. pyogenes releases hemolysins that lyse red blood cells
47
Antimicrobial peptides
Short peptides between 12 and 50 amino acids long Broad spectrum of anti-microbial activities Cells produce AMPs when Toll-like receptors bind chemicals in microbes
48
Defensins
present in mucus and other fluids, kill pathogens by forming pores in their membranes
49
Immunity
the ability of an organism to recognize and defend itself against infectious agents
50
Adaptive immunity
ability of a host to mount a specific defense against an infectious agent Conferred by our immune systems
51
Active immunity
created by person’s own immune system
52
Passive immunity
created when ready-made Abs are given
53
Antigens
A substance that is recognized as foreign and toward which an immune response is mounted Some are polysaccharides Some are glycoproteins
54
Large protein antigens
Have several epitopes or antigenic determinants [where Ab binds]
55
Haptens
large protein antigen low molecular weight substances that cannot cause formation of antibodies can act as antigen when bound to larger molecules
56
Lymphocytes
Produce the acquired immune response originate from stem cells develop in bone marrow
57
B Lymphocytes
continue to develop & differentiate in bone marrow | -> B cells
58
T lymphocytes
travel via blood to thymus where they differentiate -> Tcells
59
Humoral immunity
carried out by antibodies in our blood B cells secrete antibodies Antibodies mark pathogens (ex. bacteria and viruses), more easily recognized by phagocytes Most effective against foreign substances outside of cells
60
Cell mediated immunity
carried out by T cells Most effective against antigens embedded in cell membranes Attack body cells infected with bacteria and viruses T cells also stimulate B cells to produce Ab (play a role in humoral immunity)

Microbiology (6 decks)

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