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Year 1 - Principles (DP) > Microbiology > Flashcards

Microbiology Flashcards

0
Q

What is the protein that absorbs gram stain?

A

Peptidoglycan

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1
Q

What type of diseases to prions cause?

A

Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies

eg. CJD

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2
Q

Why does TB not gram stain well?

A

Has a waxy coat

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3
Q

What is the pathogenicity of a bacteria?

A

It’s ability to produce disease

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4
Q

What is the virulence of a pathogen?

A

The degree of pathogenicity - how easily it causes disease

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5
Q

What is the process by which bacteria replicate?

A

Binary fission

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6
Q

What bacteria produce exotoxins and where is it made?

A

Gram positive

Inside the cell

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7
Q

What bacteria produce endotoxins and where are they made?

A

Gram negative

Part of cell wall

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8
Q

What gram positive bacteria produce spores?

A

Clostridium sp.

Bacillus sp.

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9
Q

What is the most common cause of mould infection?

A

Aspergillus spp.

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10
Q

What is the most common fungal infection in humans?

A

Candida spp.

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11
Q

What causative agent of infection is not inactivated by sterilisation?

A

Prion proteins

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12
Q

What are species of gram positive cocci?

A

Streptococcus
Enterococcus
Staphylococcus

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13
Q

What environment do Strep and Entero grow in?

A

Aerobic

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14
Q

What arrangement are strep and enterococcus typically in?

A

Cocci in chains

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15
Q

What bacteria are classified by haemolysis?

A

Streptococcus

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16
Q

Which type of haemolysis is partial and why is it partial? What colouration results?

A

Alpha
Denatures haemoglobin
Greenish

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17
Q

What is beta haemolysis?

A

Complete haemolysis
Red cells broken down
Most pathogenic

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18
Q

What is gamma haemolysis?

A

No haemolysis

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19
Q

What are the examples alpha-haemolytic strep?

A

Strep. pneumoniae

Strep. “viridans”

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20
Q

What is the gram appearance of Strep pneumoniae?

A

Gram positive cocci in short chains/pairs

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21
Q

What are some examples of Beta haemolytic strep?

A

Group A - Strep. pyogenes

Group B - cause neonatal meningitis

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22
Q

What infections does Strep. pyogenes cause?

A

Strep throat (Tonsillitis)
Necrotising fasciitis
Puerperal sepsis

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23
Q

What is Strep. pyogenes sensitive to?

A

Penicillin and amoxicillin

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24
What group of bacteria commonly cause UTIs?
Enterococcus
25
Are Enterococcus faecalis sensitive to amoxicillin and penicillin?
No. Just amoxicillin
26
What is the gram appearance of Staph?
Gram positive cocci in clusters
27
What is the only coagulase positive Staph?
Staph. aureus (appears golden)
28
What is Staph epidermidis and what can it cause?
A skin commensal | IV line infections
29
What are most Staph. aureus strains sensitive to?
Flucloxacillin
30
What strain of Staph. aureus is resistant to all penicillins and all cephalosporins?
MRSA
31
What chemical is responsible for the increase in the body's thermal set point in a fever?
PGE
32
Where is the body's thermal control centre?
Anterior hypothalamus
33
What is the sequence of events in sepsis?
1. Capillaries leak into tissues 2. Lower blood volume so increased load on heart 3. Decreased tissue oxygenation 4. Clotting factors used up so increased haemorrhage
34
What is the main group of gram negative cocci?
Neisseria spp.
35
What are the two main types of Neisseria and how do they arrange themselves?
Neisseria meningitidis Neisseria gonorrhoeae Diplococci
36
What are the coliforms?
Large Gram negative bacilli that look like E. coli
37
Examples of gut commensal coliforms?
Most E. coli Klebsiella spp Enterobacter spp Proteus spp
38
Examples of pathogen coliforms?
Salmonella spp Shigella spp Verotoxin-producing E. coli (O157 and O104)
39
What is the first line treatment for coliform infections?
Gentamicin
40
What are the two main strict anaerobes?
Clostridium spp | Bacteroides spp
41
Appearance of Clostridium spp?
Gram positive bacilli (with spores)
42
What infections do Clostridium spp cause?
Diarrhoea Gas gangrene Tetanus
43
What is the appearance of Bacteroides spp?
Gram negative bacilli
44
What is the treatment for anaerobe infections?
Metronidazole
45
What is the staining used for Mycobacteria?
Acid Fast Bacilli Or Acid-Alcohol Fact Bacilli
46
What are the main examples of spirochaetes?
``` Treponema pallidum (syphilis) Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease) ```
47
What are the two methods of genetics varitation in bacteria?
Mutation | Gene transfer
48
What are the mechanisms for gene transfer in bacteria?
Transformation (DNA taken up by living bacteria) Conjugation (bacterial sex) Transduction (viruses transfer DNA between bacteria)
49
What are the mechanisms of antibiotic resistance?
Production of enzymes Altered binding sites Altered cell wall porins Up-regulation of effluent pumps
50
What enzymes destroy antibiotics?
Beta-lactamase (early penicillins) | Carbapenemase (all penicillins, all cephalosporins and all carbapenems)
51
How is MRSA resistance?
Altered penicillin binding site
52
Which fungi is resistant via up-regulation of efflux?
Candida spp
53
What is the sequence of events in viral infections?
1. Attachment 2. Entry (by pinocytosis) 3. Uncoating 4. Nucleic acid and protein synthesis 5. Assembly 6. Release (by budding/lysis)
54
Which viruses show latency?
Herpes simplex | Varicella-zoster
55
How can viral infections be detected?
PCR | Antigen detection
56
Methods of antibiotic action
Act on cell wall Affect ribosomes Act directly on DNA
57
What are the groups of antibiotics that act on the cell wall?
Penicillins Cephalosporins Glycopeptides
58
How do penicillins work?
Cross-link peptidoglycan
59
What are the three forms of penicillin?
Benzylpenicillin (penicillin G, IV) Phenoxymethylpenicillin (penicillin V, oral) Benzathine penicillin (long acting, IM)
60
How do cephalosporins work?
Inhibit cell wall synthesis
61
Two examples of glycopeptides
Vancomycin | Teicoplanin
62
What antibiotics inhibit protein synthesis?
Macrolides Tetracyclines Aminoglycosides Others (clindamycin, chloramphenicol)
63
Examples of macrolides
Erythromycin Clarythromycin Azithromycin
64
What group does gentamicin belong to?
Aminoglycosides
65
What antibiotics act on bacterial DNA?
Metronidazole Trimethoprim (+/- sulphonamide) Fluoroquinolones
66
Examples of fluoroquinolones
Ciprofloxacin | Levofloxacin
67
What antibiotics do we try to avoid?
The four Cs - Cephalosporins - Co-amoxiclav - Ciprofloxacin - Clindamycin

Year 1 - Principles (DP) (5 decks)

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