Immunology

Question 0

What is the goal of the immune system?

Answer 0

Identify and eliminate microorganisms and harmful substances

Question 1

What is an example of Protozoa?

Answer 1

Amoeba

Question 2

How does the skin prevent infection?

Answer 2

• Physical barrier (tightly packed keratinised cells)
• Physiological factors (low pH, low oxygen tension)
• Sebaceous glands (hydrophobic oils, lysozyme, ammonia, antimicrobials)

Question 3

How does mucous prevent infection?

Answer 3

• Physical barrier
• Secrete IgA
• Enzymes
• Cilia

Question 4

What are the key features of the immune system?

Answer 4

• Specifically identify and respond
• Modify response
• Promote tissue repair
• Memory

Question 5

What are examples of phagocytes?

Answer 5

Neutrophils
Monocytes
Macrophages
Dendritic cells

Question 6

What are examples of lymphocytes?

Answer 6

T cells
B cells
NK cells

Question 7

What does complement do?

Answer 7

Initiate inflammation

Question 8

What do mast cells protect?

Answer 8

Mucosal surfaces

Question 9

Where are basophils and eosinophils recruited to?

Answer 9

Sites of inflammation

Question 10

What chemicals do mast cells, basophils and eosinophils make?

Answer 10

Histamine, heparin, cytokines

Question 11

What are macrophages, neutrophils and dendritic cells?

Answer 11

Phagocytic cells

• Ingest bacteria
• Clear debris
• Source of cytokines

Question 12

Where are neutrophils recruited to?

Answer 12

Inflamed and infected tissues

Question 13

Functions of monocytes and macrophages?

Answer 13

Limit inflammation
Tissue repair
Antigen presentation

Question 14

Action of dendritic cells

Answer 14

Immature in peripheries
Mature into secondary lymphoid tissues
Antigen presentation

Question 15

Function of NK cells

Answer 15

Kill tumour cells

Kill virally infected cells

Question 16

When do T and B cells activate?

Answer 16

When they meet a pathogen/antigen

Question 17

Main function of B cells

Answer 17

Produce antibodies

Question 18

Main function of T cells

Answer 18

Defence against intracellular pathogens

Question 19

Types of T cells

Answer 19

Helper T cells
- Regulate immunity
Cytotoxic T cells
- Kill virally infected cells

Question 20

Examples of primary lymphoid tissues and their functions

Answer 20

Bone marrow and thymus

Leukocyte development

Question 21

Examples of secondary lymphoid tissues and their functions

Answer 21

Spleen, LNs, adenoid, tonsils

Adaptive responses initiated

Question 22

What are the two mechanisms of immune system communication?

Answer 22

1. Direct contact

2. Indirect

Question 23

What interactions occurs in direct contact?

Answer 23

Receptor:Ligand

Question 24

How does indirect communication occur?

Answer 24

Injured and activated cells produce cytokines

Question 25

Examples and actions of cytokines

Answer 25

Interferons (anti viral) TNF (pro inflammatory) Chemokines (cell migration) Interleukins (IL-2 T cell proliferation, IL-10 anti inflammatory)

Question 26

Symptoms of inflammation

Answer 26

``` Rubor (redness) Calor (heat) Tumor (swelling) Donor (pain) Loss of function Fever ```

Question 27

What are the stages of the immune response?

Answer 27

1. Recognition phase 2. Activation phase 3. Effector phase

Question 28

What is involved in the recognition phase?

Answer 28

Pattern recognition receptors-Pathogen associated molecular patterns

Question 29

How do mast cells respond to infection?

Answer 29

1. Degranulation - Histamine and tryptase | 2. Gene expression - TNF, Chemokines, Leukotrienes

Question 30

What do pro-inflammatory mediators do?

Answer 30

Increase vascular permeability Dilate post-capillary venues Activate endothelium

Question 31

Process of transendothelial migration

Answer 31

1. Tethering via selectins and ICAMs 2. Rolling 3. Activation 4. Firm adhesion via integrins 5. Flattening 6. Migration

Question 32

What is the function of interferon gamma?

Answer 32

Enhances macrophage killing

Question 33

C6, C7, C8, C9 and C5b form the...

Answer 33

...Membrane Attack Complex (osmotic cell lysis)

Question 34

What cells are MHC Class 1 proteins expressed on?

Answer 34

All nucleated cells

Question 35

What cells are Class 2 MHC proteins expressed on?

Answer 35

Professional antigen presenting cells (dendritic cells and macrophages and B cells)

Question 36

What antibodies are provided by a mother to her child?

Answer 36

IgG across placenta | Dimeric IgA in breastmilk

Question 37

What are important opsonins?

Answer 37

C3b C4b CRP

Question 38

What cells assist B cells in antibody class switching?

Answer 38

CD4 T Lymphocytes