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Year 1 - Principles (DP) > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

0
Q

What is the goal of the immune system?

A

Identify and eliminate microorganisms and harmful substances

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1
Q

What is an example of Protozoa?

A

Amoeba

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2
Q

How does the skin prevent infection?

A
  • Physical barrier (tightly packed keratinised cells)
  • Physiological factors (low pH, low oxygen tension)
  • Sebaceous glands (hydrophobic oils, lysozyme, ammonia, antimicrobials)
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3
Q

How does mucous prevent infection?

A
  • Physical barrier
  • Secrete IgA
  • Enzymes
  • Cilia
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4
Q

What are the key features of the immune system?

A
  • Specifically identify and respond
  • Modify response
  • Promote tissue repair
  • Memory
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5
Q

What are examples of phagocytes?

A

Neutrophils
Monocytes
Macrophages
Dendritic cells

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6
Q

What are examples of lymphocytes?

A

T cells
B cells
NK cells

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7
Q

What does complement do?

A

Initiate inflammation

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8
Q

What do mast cells protect?

A

Mucosal surfaces

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9
Q

Where are basophils and eosinophils recruited to?

A

Sites of inflammation

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10
Q

What chemicals do mast cells, basophils and eosinophils make?

A

Histamine, heparin, cytokines

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11
Q

What are macrophages, neutrophils and dendritic cells?

A

Phagocytic cells

  • Ingest bacteria
  • Clear debris
  • Source of cytokines
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12
Q

Where are neutrophils recruited to?

A

Inflamed and infected tissues

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13
Q

Functions of monocytes and macrophages?

A

Limit inflammation
Tissue repair
Antigen presentation

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14
Q

Action of dendritic cells

A

Immature in peripheries
Mature into secondary lymphoid tissues
Antigen presentation

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15
Q

Function of NK cells

A

Kill tumour cells

Kill virally infected cells

16
Q

When do T and B cells activate?

A

When they meet a pathogen/antigen

17
Q

Main function of B cells

A

Produce antibodies

18
Q

Main function of T cells

A

Defence against intracellular pathogens

19
Q

Types of T cells

A

Helper T cells
- Regulate immunity
Cytotoxic T cells
- Kill virally infected cells

20
Q

Examples of primary lymphoid tissues and their functions

A

Bone marrow and thymus

Leukocyte development

21
Q

Examples of secondary lymphoid tissues and their functions

A

Spleen, LNs, adenoid, tonsils

Adaptive responses initiated

22
Q

What are the two mechanisms of immune system communication?

A
  1. Direct contact

2. Indirect

23
Q

What interactions occurs in direct contact?

A

Receptor:Ligand

24
Q

How does indirect communication occur?

A

Injured and activated cells produce cytokines

25
Q

Examples and actions of cytokines

A

Interferons (anti viral)
TNF (pro inflammatory)
Chemokines (cell migration)
Interleukins (IL-2 T cell proliferation, IL-10 anti inflammatory)

26
Q

Symptoms of inflammation

A 
Rubor (redness)
Calor (heat)
Tumor (swelling)
Donor (pain)
Loss of function
Fever
27
Q

What are the stages of the immune response?

A
  1. Recognition phase
  2. Activation phase
  3. Effector phase
28
Q

What is involved in the recognition phase?

A

Pattern recognition receptors-Pathogen associated molecular patterns

29
Q

How do mast cells respond to infection?

A
  1. Degranulation - Histamine and tryptase

2. Gene expression - TNF, Chemokines, Leukotrienes

30
Q

What do pro-inflammatory mediators do?

A

Increase vascular permeability
Dilate post-capillary venues
Activate endothelium

31
Q

Process of transendothelial migration

A
  1. Tethering via selectins and ICAMs
  2. Rolling
  3. Activation
  4. Firm adhesion via integrins
  5. Flattening
  6. Migration
32
Q

What is the function of interferon gamma?

A

Enhances macrophage killing

33
Q

C6, C7, C8, C9 and C5b form the…

A

…Membrane Attack Complex (osmotic cell lysis)

34
Q

What cells are MHC Class 1 proteins expressed on?

A

All nucleated cells

35
Q

What cells are Class 2 MHC proteins expressed on?

A

Professional antigen presenting cells (dendritic cells and macrophages and B cells)

36
Q

What antibodies are provided by a mother to her child?

A

IgG across placenta

Dimeric IgA in breastmilk

37
Q

What are important opsonins?

A

C3b
C4b
CRP

38
Q

What cells assist B cells in antibody class switching?

A

CD4 T Lymphocytes

Year 1 - Principles (DP) (5 decks)

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