Anatomy Flashcards
What to the following describe?
- Volar
- Palmar
- Plantar
- Ventral
- Anterior wrist
- Anterior hand
- Inferior foot
- Anterior tongue
When is the term dorsal used?
Posterior wrist
Posterior hand
Superior foot
Posterior tongue
What is the term used for all anterior movements of joints superior to the knee?
Flexion (below are extensions)
What types of joints exist?
Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial
What are the types of fibrous joints and examples of where they are found?
- Sutures - in the skull (eg coronal suture)
- Fibrous sheets - eg right interosseous membrane (between righ ulna and radius)
Joints are stabile and immobile
What are the types of cartilaginous joints and where can they be found?
- Primary - eg epiphyseal growth plate
- Secondary - eg intervertebral discs
They are stabile, immobile but can herniate
What are the wide sutures in neonatal skulls called?
Fontanelles
What are the two parts of intervertebral discs?
Outer fibrous annulus fibrosus
Inner soft nucleus pulposus
What are the features of a synovial joint?
Two bones articulate Articular surfaces covered by hyaline cartilage Surrounded by capsule Joint cavity Ligament support Associated with muscles via tendons May have bursae to limit friction
What are the 5 subtypes of synovial joints?
Pivot (sup. neck) Plane (acromioclavicular joint) Ball and socket Hinge Biaxial (metacarpophalangeal joints)
Rank the types of join in decreasing stability?
Fibrous, Cartilaginous, Synovial
What is the difference between subluxation and dislocation?
Subluxation - partial loss of contact
Dislocation - full loss
What is the TMJ?
- Synovial articulation
- Between the mandibular fossa and articulate tubercle of temporal bone (sup.)
- And the head of the condylar process of the mandible (inf.)
What is the name of the process by which long bones develop?
Endochondral ossification
What are the layers of bone?
Outer cortex (compact/cortical bone) Inner medulla (spongy/trabecular/cancellous)
What is the outermost layer of bone called?
Periosteum
Process of fracture healing?
Callus forms
Callus remodels
Fracture may be surgically reduced
When does a tuberosity form?
When an adjacent structure applies force during development
When forms when an adjacent structure grows at the same time as the bone?
Foramen
What are the spinal regions and how many vertebrae are in each?
Cervical - 7 Thoracic - 12 Lumbar - 5 Sacral - 5 (fused) Coccygeal - 3-5 (fused)
What are the special names of C1 and C2?
C1 - atlas
C2 - axis
How do C1 and C2 differ in structure to other vertebrae?
C1 has no body of spinous process
C2 has an odontoid process (C1’s body)
Which ribs are true, false and floating?
True - 1-6
False - 7-10
Floating - 11-12
What is the anterior surface of the heart mainly formed from?
Right ventricle
What is the base of the heart?
Posterior surface
Opposite apex
Formed from both atria
What is the inferior surface of the heart?
The diaphragmatic surface
Both ventricles
What is the general structure of skeletal muscle (from smallest to largest component)?
Microfilaments -> Myofibrils -> Muscle fibres -> Fasicles -> Muscle
Appearance of skeletal muscle?
Striated (overlap of actin and myosin)
Multiple nuclei
What are the types of skeletal muscle?
Flat with aponeurosis Pennate Fusiform Quadrate Circular/Sphincteral
What is an aponeurosis?
Flattened tendon from muscle to soft tissue
What are the two main skeletal muscle reflexes?
Stretch
Flexion withdrawal
What is a skeletal muscles usual response to stretch?
Contraction
What is paralysis?
Muscle with no functioning motor nerve supply - reduced tone
What is spasticity?
Descending brain control malfunction
Overcontraction - increased tone
What are the parts of the female reproductive system (from the ovary)?
Ovary -> Infundibulum -> Ampulla -> Isthmus -> Uterus -> Cervix -> Vagina
What are the layers of the uterus? (External to internal)
Perimetrium
Myometrium
Endometrium
Where is the dartos muscle situated and what is its function?
In the superficial fascia of the scrotum
Contracts to reduce SA and maintain temperature
What is the route of travel of sperm after formation?
Form in the seminiferous tubules -> rete testis -> head of epididymis -> vas deferens
What is contained within the spermatic cord?
Vas deferens
Testicular artery
Pampiniform plexus
Where is seminal fluid produced and how does it reach the sperm?
Seminal gland
Forms an ejaculatory duct
What are the parts of the urethra (proximal to distal)?
Prostatic urethra
Membranous urethra
Spongy urethra
When does the larynx become the trachea?
Level of C6
What forms the nasal septum?
Ethmoid bone (sup.)
Vomer (inf.)
Septal cartilage
What cartilages form the larynx?
Epiglottis
Thyroid cartilage
Cricoid cartilage
2 Arytenoid cartilages
What is the rima glottidis?
Narrowest part of larynx
What is the function of the conchae?
Increase SA of lateral walls of nasal cavities
Produce turbulent flow
What are the muscles between ribs called and what direction do they run in?
External intercostal muscles (hands in pockets - inferolaterally)
Internal intercostal muscles (inferomedially)
Innermost intercostal muscles (inferior to superior)
What muscle prevents drooling?
Orbicularis oris
Where is the hypothalamus located?
Diencephalon - Central core of cerebrum
Where is the pituitary gland?
Pituitary fossa of the sphenoid bone
How do the hypothalamus and pituitary gland communicate?
Via the Infundibulum
What is the function of the posterior pituitary and hypothalamus?
Production of Oxytocin and Vasopressin (ADH)
Transported by axoplasmic transport
What is the function of the anterior pituitary and hypothalamus?
Hypothalamus secrete hormones to stimulate or inhibit pituitary hormone relase
Occurs via hypophyseal portal system
Pituitary releases GH, Prolactin, TSH, ACTH (adrenocorticotrophic), LH (lutenising) FSH (follicle stimulating)
What chemical does the thyroid gland use?
Iodine
What are the two thyroid hormones?
Triiodothyronine (T3 - needed for life)
Thyroxine (T4)
What is and what causes a goitre?
Enlarge thyroid
Dietary lack of iodine
Where are the four parathyroid glands located?
Posterior surfaces of the thyroid gland lobes (right and left)
What does PTH do?
Controls calcium levels in blood and bone
Is PTH under pituitary control?
No
What are the islets of Langerhans?
Endorcrine parts of the pancreas
Secrete insulin
Which gland uses ducts, endocrine or exocrine?
Exocrine
What are the cranial nerves?
i - Olfactory ii - Optic iii - Oculomotor iv - Trochlear v - Trigeminal (ophthalmic, maxillary and mandibular branches) vi - Abducent vii - Facial viii - Vestibulocochlear ix - Glossopharyngeal x - Vagus xi - Spinal accessory xii - Hypoglossal
What are the foraminae for the cranial nerves?
Cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone - CN i
Optical canal - CN ii
Superior orbital fissure - CN iii, CN iv, CN vi, and CN v1
Foramen rotundum - CN v2
Foramen ovale - CN v3
Internal acoustic meatus - CN vii, CN viii
Jugular foramen - CN ix, CN x, CN xi
Hypoglossal canal - CN xii
What is the arrangement of grey and white matter in the brain and spinal cord?
Brain - Grey matter superficial; White matter deep
Spinal cord - Opposite
What foramen does the spinal cord pass through?
Foramen magnum
When does the spinal cord end and what does it become?
L1/L2 - the conus medullaris
Cauda equina
How many spinal nerve pairs are there? How many are in each region?
31 8 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacral 1 coccygeal
Why is there one more cervical spinal nerve pair than there is vertebrae?
In this region the nerves come out ABOVE the vertebrae with C8 nerve below C7 (T1 nerve is below T1 vertebrae)
What sensations do the anterior and posterior rootlets from the spinal cord convey?
Anterior - Motor
Posterior - Sensory
When do the rootlets become the spinal nerves?
When the anterior and posterior roots meet
What vertebral level is the nipple, the zyphoid process and the umbilicus?
Nipple - T4
ZP - T7
Umbilicus - T10
What rami supply the limbs?
Anterior
What forms the right cervical plexus and what does it supply?
C1-C4 anterior rami - supplying the neck wall
What forms the right brachial plexus and what does it supply?
C5-T1 anterior rami - supplies upper limbs
What forms the right lumbar plexus and what does it supply?
L1-L4 anterior rami - supplies the lower limbs
What forms the sacral plexus and what does it supply?
L5-S4 anterior rami - supplies pelvis/perineum/lower limbs
What is the musculocutaneous nerve and what does it supply?
Branch of brachial plexus (C5 and C6 and C7 anterior rami)
Mainly the biceps brachii
What are the nerves coming from the brachial plexus?
Axillary Median Musculocutaneous Radial Ulnar
Where is sympathetic outflow from?
T1-L2
Thoracolumnar
Where is parasympathetic outflow from?
Cranial nerves iii, vii, ix and x
Sacral spinal nerves
It is craniosacral
What are the neurone types supply the body wall?
Somatic sensory
Somatic motor
What are the types of neurones supplying the organs?
Visceral afferents (sensory) SNS and PNS (motor)
What are the types of neurones supplying special sense organs?
Special sensory
SNS and PNS (motor)
What are the fibre types of the cranial nerves?
i - special sensory ii - special sensory iii - motor and PNS iv - motor v - 1+2: sensory, 3: sensory and motor vi - motor vii - special sensory, motor and PNS viii - special sensory ix - special sensory, sensory, motor and PNS x - sensory, motor and PNS xi - motor xii - motor Note none are ANS
Why does a somatic sensory impulse on one side arrive at the contralateral side of the brain?
When synapses onto the second sensory neurone in the posterior horn in the spinal cord nucleus it crosses over the midline into a tract towards the contralateral thalamus
Where are the primary somatormotor areas located?
In the frontal lobes
If broken, what ribs would damage the kidney?
Ribs 11 and 12
What are the layers protecting the kidney (deep to superficial)?
Renal capsule Perinephric fat Renal (deep) fascia Paranephric fat Visceral peritoneum
How many renal segments are in each kidney?
Five
What is the structure of a nephron (proximal to distal)?
Glomerulus Proximal convoluted tubule Loop of Henle Distal convoluted tubule Collecting duct (drains to minor calyx)
How does urine drain from kidneys (proximal to distal)?
Collecting ducts Minor calyx Major calyx Renal pelvis Ureter
Where are the sites of ureter constriction?
Pelviureteric junction
Crossing over the common iliac a.
Ureteric orifice (opening into bladder)
What is micturition?
Urination
What muscle contracts for urination?
Detrusor
What type of muscle forms the internal and external urethral sphincters?
Internal - smooth
External - skeletal
Why are women more prone to UTIs?
Much shorter urethra
Where does lymph from the left side of the body and the right side beneath the umbilicus drain to?
Thoracic duct
Where does lymph from the right side of the body above the umbilicus drain to?
Right lymphatic duct
Where do the thoracic and right lymphatic ducts drain to?
Thoracic duct - left venous angle
Right lymphatic duct - right venous angle
