Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Year 1 - Principles (DP) > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

0
Q

What to the following describe?

  1. Volar
  2. Palmar
  3. Plantar
  4. Ventral
A
  1. Anterior wrist
  2. Anterior hand
  3. Inferior foot
  4. Anterior tongue
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

When is the term dorsal used?

A

Posterior wrist
Posterior hand
Superior foot
Posterior tongue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the term used for all anterior movements of joints superior to the knee?

A

Flexion (below are extensions)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What types of joints exist?

A

Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the types of fibrous joints and examples of where they are found?

A
  1. Sutures - in the skull (eg coronal suture)
  2. Fibrous sheets - eg right interosseous membrane (between righ ulna and radius)
    Joints are stabile and immobile
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the types of cartilaginous joints and where can they be found?

A
  1. Primary - eg epiphyseal growth plate
  2. Secondary - eg intervertebral discs
    They are stabile, immobile but can herniate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the wide sutures in neonatal skulls called?

A

Fontanelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the two parts of intervertebral discs?

A

Outer fibrous annulus fibrosus

Inner soft nucleus pulposus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the features of a synovial joint?

A 
Two bones articulate
Articular surfaces covered by hyaline cartilage
Surrounded by capsule
Joint cavity
Ligament support
Associated with muscles via tendons
May have bursae to limit friction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the 5 subtypes of synovial joints?

A 
Pivot (sup. neck)
Plane (acromioclavicular joint)
Ball and socket
Hinge
Biaxial (metacarpophalangeal joints)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Rank the types of join in decreasing stability?

A

Fibrous, Cartilaginous, Synovial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the difference between subluxation and dislocation?

A

Subluxation - partial loss of contact

Dislocation - full loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the TMJ?

A
  • Synovial articulation
  • Between the mandibular fossa and articulate tubercle of temporal bone (sup.)
  • And the head of the condylar process of the mandible (inf.)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the name of the process by which long bones develop?

A

Endochondral ossification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the layers of bone?

A 
Outer cortex (compact/cortical bone)
Inner medulla (spongy/trabecular/cancellous)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the outermost layer of bone called?

A

Periosteum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Process of fracture healing?

A

Callus forms
Callus remodels
Fracture may be surgically reduced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

When does a tuberosity form?

A

When an adjacent structure applies force during development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

When forms when an adjacent structure grows at the same time as the bone?

A

Foramen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the spinal regions and how many vertebrae are in each?

A 
Cervical - 7
Thoracic - 12
Lumbar - 5
Sacral - 5 (fused)
Coccygeal - 3-5 (fused)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the special names of C1 and C2?

A

C1 - atlas

C2 - axis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How do C1 and C2 differ in structure to other vertebrae?

A

C1 has no body of spinous process

C2 has an odontoid process (C1’s body)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Which ribs are true, false and floating?

A

True - 1-6
False - 7-10
Floating - 11-12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the anterior surface of the heart mainly formed from?

A

Right ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the base of the heart?

A

Posterior surface
Opposite apex
Formed from both atria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the inferior surface of the heart?

A

The diaphragmatic surface

Both ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the general structure of skeletal muscle (from smallest to largest component)?

A

Microfilaments -> Myofibrils -> Muscle fibres -> Fasicles -> Muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Appearance of skeletal muscle?

A

Striated (overlap of actin and myosin)

Multiple nuclei

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are the types of skeletal muscle?

A 
Flat with aponeurosis
Pennate
Fusiform
Quadrate
Circular/Sphincteral
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is an aponeurosis?

A

Flattened tendon from muscle to soft tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are the two main skeletal muscle reflexes?

A

Stretch

Flexion withdrawal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is a skeletal muscles usual response to stretch?

A

Contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is paralysis?

A

Muscle with no functioning motor nerve supply - reduced tone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is spasticity?

A

Descending brain control malfunction

Overcontraction - increased tone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What are the parts of the female reproductive system (from the ovary)?

A

Ovary -> Infundibulum -> Ampulla -> Isthmus -> Uterus -> Cervix -> Vagina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What are the layers of the uterus? (External to internal)

A

Perimetrium
Myometrium
Endometrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Where is the dartos muscle situated and what is its function?

A

In the superficial fascia of the scrotum

Contracts to reduce SA and maintain temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is the route of travel of sperm after formation?

A

Form in the seminiferous tubules -> rete testis -> head of epididymis -> vas deferens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is contained within the spermatic cord?

A

Vas deferens
Testicular artery
Pampiniform plexus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Where is seminal fluid produced and how does it reach the sperm?

A

Seminal gland

Forms an ejaculatory duct

40
Q

What are the parts of the urethra (proximal to distal)?

A

Prostatic urethra
Membranous urethra
Spongy urethra

41
Q

When does the larynx become the trachea?

A

Level of C6

42
Q

What forms the nasal septum?

A

Ethmoid bone (sup.)
Vomer (inf.)
Septal cartilage

43
Q

What cartilages form the larynx?

A

Epiglottis
Thyroid cartilage
Cricoid cartilage
2 Arytenoid cartilages

44
Q

What is the rima glottidis?

A

Narrowest part of larynx

45
Q

What is the function of the conchae?

A

Increase SA of lateral walls of nasal cavities

Produce turbulent flow

46
Q

What are the muscles between ribs called and what direction do they run in?

A

External intercostal muscles (hands in pockets - inferolaterally)
Internal intercostal muscles (inferomedially)
Innermost intercostal muscles (inferior to superior)

47
Q

What muscle prevents drooling?

A

Orbicularis oris

48
Q

Where is the hypothalamus located?

A

Diencephalon - Central core of cerebrum

49
Q

Where is the pituitary gland?

A

Pituitary fossa of the sphenoid bone

50
Q

How do the hypothalamus and pituitary gland communicate?

A

Via the Infundibulum

51
Q

What is the function of the posterior pituitary and hypothalamus?

A

Production of Oxytocin and Vasopressin (ADH)

Transported by axoplasmic transport

52
Q

What is the function of the anterior pituitary and hypothalamus?

A

Hypothalamus secrete hormones to stimulate or inhibit pituitary hormone relase
Occurs via hypophyseal portal system
Pituitary releases GH, Prolactin, TSH, ACTH (adrenocorticotrophic), LH (lutenising) FSH (follicle stimulating)

53
Q

What chemical does the thyroid gland use?

54
Q

What are the two thyroid hormones?

A

Triiodothyronine (T3 - needed for life)

Thyroxine (T4)

55
Q

What is and what causes a goitre?

A

Enlarge thyroid

Dietary lack of iodine

56
Q

Where are the four parathyroid glands located?

A

Posterior surfaces of the thyroid gland lobes (right and left)

57
Q

What does PTH do?

A

Controls calcium levels in blood and bone

58
Q

Is PTH under pituitary control?

59
Q

What are the islets of Langerhans?

A

Endorcrine parts of the pancreas

Secrete insulin

60
Q

Which gland uses ducts, endocrine or exocrine?

61
Q

What are the cranial nerves?

A 
i - Olfactory
ii - Optic
iii - Oculomotor
iv - Trochlear
v - Trigeminal (ophthalmic, maxillary and mandibular branches)
vi - Abducent
vii - Facial
viii - Vestibulocochlear
ix - Glossopharyngeal
x - Vagus
xi - Spinal accessory
xii - Hypoglossal
62
Q

What are the foraminae for the cranial nerves?

A

Cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone - CN i
Optical canal - CN ii
Superior orbital fissure - CN iii, CN iv, CN vi, and CN v1
Foramen rotundum - CN v2
Foramen ovale - CN v3
Internal acoustic meatus - CN vii, CN viii
Jugular foramen - CN ix, CN x, CN xi
Hypoglossal canal - CN xii

63
Q

What is the arrangement of grey and white matter in the brain and spinal cord?

A

Brain - Grey matter superficial; White matter deep

Spinal cord - Opposite

64
Q

What foramen does the spinal cord pass through?

A

Foramen magnum

65
Q

When does the spinal cord end and what does it become?

A

L1/L2 - the conus medullaris

Cauda equina

66
Q

How many spinal nerve pairs are there? How many are in each region?

A 
31
8 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
1 coccygeal
67
Q

Why is there one more cervical spinal nerve pair than there is vertebrae?

A

In this region the nerves come out ABOVE the vertebrae with C8 nerve below C7 (T1 nerve is below T1 vertebrae)

68
Q

What sensations do the anterior and posterior rootlets from the spinal cord convey?

A

Anterior - Motor

Posterior - Sensory

69
Q

When do the rootlets become the spinal nerves?

A

When the anterior and posterior roots meet

70
Q

What vertebral level is the nipple, the zyphoid process and the umbilicus?

A

Nipple - T4
ZP - T7
Umbilicus - T10

71
Q

What rami supply the limbs?

72
Q

What forms the right cervical plexus and what does it supply?

A

C1-C4 anterior rami - supplying the neck wall

73
Q

What forms the right brachial plexus and what does it supply?

A

C5-T1 anterior rami - supplies upper limbs

74
Q

What forms the right lumbar plexus and what does it supply?

A

L1-L4 anterior rami - supplies the lower limbs

75
Q

What forms the sacral plexus and what does it supply?

A

L5-S4 anterior rami - supplies pelvis/perineum/lower limbs

76
Q

What is the musculocutaneous nerve and what does it supply?

A

Branch of brachial plexus (C5 and C6 and C7 anterior rami)

Mainly the biceps brachii

77
Q

What are the nerves coming from the brachial plexus?

A 
Axillary
Median
Musculocutaneous
Radial
Ulnar
78
Q

Where is sympathetic outflow from?

A

T1-L2

Thoracolumnar

79
Q

Where is parasympathetic outflow from?

A

Cranial nerves iii, vii, ix and x
Sacral spinal nerves
It is craniosacral

80
Q

What are the neurone types supply the body wall?

A

Somatic sensory

Somatic motor

81
Q

What are the types of neurones supplying the organs?

A 
Visceral afferents (sensory)
SNS and PNS (motor)
82
Q

What are the types of neurones supplying special sense organs?

A

Special sensory

SNS and PNS (motor)

83
Q

What are the fibre types of the cranial nerves?

A 
i - special sensory
ii - special sensory
iii - motor and PNS
iv - motor
v - 1+2: sensory, 3: sensory and motor
vi - motor
vii - special sensory, motor and PNS
viii - special sensory
ix - special sensory, sensory, motor and PNS
x - sensory, motor and PNS
xi - motor
xii - motor
Note none are ANS
84
Q

Why does a somatic sensory impulse on one side arrive at the contralateral side of the brain?

A

When synapses onto the second sensory neurone in the posterior horn in the spinal cord nucleus it crosses over the midline into a tract towards the contralateral thalamus

85
Q

Where are the primary somatormotor areas located?

A

In the frontal lobes

86
Q

If broken, what ribs would damage the kidney?

A

Ribs 11 and 12

87
Q

What are the layers protecting the kidney (deep to superficial)?

A 
Renal capsule
Perinephric fat
Renal (deep) fascia
Paranephric fat
Visceral peritoneum
88
Q

How many renal segments are in each kidney?

89
Q

What is the structure of a nephron (proximal to distal)?

A 
Glomerulus
Proximal convoluted tubule
Loop of Henle
Distal convoluted tubule
Collecting duct (drains to minor calyx)
90
Q

How does urine drain from kidneys (proximal to distal)?

A 
Collecting ducts
Minor calyx
Major calyx
Renal pelvis
Ureter
91
Q

Where are the sites of ureter constriction?

A

Pelviureteric junction
Crossing over the common iliac a.
Ureteric orifice (opening into bladder)

92
Q

What is micturition?

93
Q

What muscle contracts for urination?

94
Q

What type of muscle forms the internal and external urethral sphincters?

A

Internal - smooth

External - skeletal

95
Q

Why are women more prone to UTIs?

A

Much shorter urethra

96
Q

Where does lymph from the left side of the body and the right side beneath the umbilicus drain to?

A

Thoracic duct

97
Q

Where does lymph from the right side of the body above the umbilicus drain to?

A

Right lymphatic duct

98
Q

Where do the thoracic and right lymphatic ducts drain to?

A

Thoracic duct - left venous angle

Right lymphatic duct - right venous angle

Year 1 - Principles (DP) (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions