Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Year 1 - Principles (DP) > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

0
Q

What to the following describe?

  1. Volar
  2. Palmar
  3. Plantar
  4. Ventral
A
  1. Anterior wrist
  2. Anterior hand
  3. Inferior foot
  4. Anterior tongue
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

When is the term dorsal used?

A

Posterior wrist
Posterior hand
Superior foot
Posterior tongue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the term used for all anterior movements of joints superior to the knee?

A

Flexion (below are extensions)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What types of joints exist?

A

Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the types of fibrous joints and examples of where they are found?

A
  1. Sutures - in the skull (eg coronal suture)
  2. Fibrous sheets - eg right interosseous membrane (between righ ulna and radius)
    Joints are stabile and immobile
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the types of cartilaginous joints and where can they be found?

A
  1. Primary - eg epiphyseal growth plate
  2. Secondary - eg intervertebral discs
    They are stabile, immobile but can herniate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the wide sutures in neonatal skulls called?

A

Fontanelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the two parts of intervertebral discs?

A

Outer fibrous annulus fibrosus

Inner soft nucleus pulposus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the features of a synovial joint?

A 
Two bones articulate
Articular surfaces covered by hyaline cartilage
Surrounded by capsule
Joint cavity
Ligament support
Associated with muscles via tendons
May have bursae to limit friction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the 5 subtypes of synovial joints?

A 
Pivot (sup. neck)
Plane (acromioclavicular joint)
Ball and socket
Hinge
Biaxial (metacarpophalangeal joints)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Rank the types of join in decreasing stability?

A

Fibrous, Cartilaginous, Synovial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the difference between subluxation and dislocation?

A

Subluxation - partial loss of contact

Dislocation - full loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the TMJ?

A
  • Synovial articulation
  • Between the mandibular fossa and articulate tubercle of temporal bone (sup.)
  • And the head of the condylar process of the mandible (inf.)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the name of the process by which long bones develop?

A

Endochondral ossification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the layers of bone?

A 
Outer cortex (compact/cortical bone)
Inner medulla (spongy/trabecular/cancellous)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the outermost layer of bone called?

A

Periosteum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Process of fracture healing?

A

Callus forms
Callus remodels
Fracture may be surgically reduced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

When does a tuberosity form?

A

When an adjacent structure applies force during development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

When forms when an adjacent structure grows at the same time as the bone?

A

Foramen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the spinal regions and how many vertebrae are in each?

A 
Cervical - 7
Thoracic - 12
Lumbar - 5
Sacral - 5 (fused)
Coccygeal - 3-5 (fused)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the special names of C1 and C2?

A

C1 - atlas

C2 - axis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How do C1 and C2 differ in structure to other vertebrae?

A

C1 has no body of spinous process

C2 has an odontoid process (C1’s body)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Which ribs are true, false and floating?

A

True - 1-6
False - 7-10
Floating - 11-12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the anterior surface of the heart mainly formed from?

A

Right ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
What is the base of the heart?
Posterior surface Opposite apex Formed from both atria
25
What is the inferior surface of the heart?
The diaphragmatic surface | Both ventricles
26
What is the general structure of skeletal muscle (from smallest to largest component)?
Microfilaments -> Myofibrils -> Muscle fibres -> Fasicles -> Muscle
27
Appearance of skeletal muscle?
Striated (overlap of actin and myosin) | Multiple nuclei
28
What are the types of skeletal muscle?
``` Flat with aponeurosis Pennate Fusiform Quadrate Circular/Sphincteral ```
29
What is an aponeurosis?
Flattened tendon from muscle to soft tissue
30
What are the two main skeletal muscle reflexes?
Stretch | Flexion withdrawal
31
What is a skeletal muscles usual response to stretch?
Contraction
32
What is paralysis?
Muscle with no functioning motor nerve supply - reduced tone
33
What is spasticity?
Descending brain control malfunction | Overcontraction - increased tone
34
What are the parts of the female reproductive system (from the ovary)?
Ovary -> Infundibulum -> Ampulla -> Isthmus -> Uterus -> Cervix -> Vagina
35
What are the layers of the uterus? (External to internal)
Perimetrium Myometrium Endometrium
36
Where is the dartos muscle situated and what is its function?
In the superficial fascia of the scrotum | Contracts to reduce SA and maintain temperature
37
What is the route of travel of sperm after formation?
Form in the seminiferous tubules -> rete testis -> head of epididymis -> vas deferens
38
What is contained within the spermatic cord?
Vas deferens Testicular artery Pampiniform plexus
39
Where is seminal fluid produced and how does it reach the sperm?
Seminal gland | Forms an ejaculatory duct
40
What are the parts of the urethra (proximal to distal)?
Prostatic urethra Membranous urethra Spongy urethra
41
When does the larynx become the trachea?
Level of C6
42
What forms the nasal septum?
Ethmoid bone (sup.) Vomer (inf.) Septal cartilage
43
What cartilages form the larynx?
Epiglottis Thyroid cartilage Cricoid cartilage 2 Arytenoid cartilages
44
What is the rima glottidis?
Narrowest part of larynx
45
What is the function of the conchae?
Increase SA of lateral walls of nasal cavities | Produce turbulent flow
46
What are the muscles between ribs called and what direction do they run in?
External intercostal muscles (hands in pockets - inferolaterally) Internal intercostal muscles (inferomedially) Innermost intercostal muscles (inferior to superior)
47
What muscle prevents drooling?
Orbicularis oris
48
Where is the hypothalamus located?
Diencephalon - Central core of cerebrum
49
Where is the pituitary gland?
Pituitary fossa of the sphenoid bone
50
How do the hypothalamus and pituitary gland communicate?
Via the Infundibulum
51
What is the function of the posterior pituitary and hypothalamus?
Production of Oxytocin and Vasopressin (ADH) | Transported by axoplasmic transport
52
What is the function of the anterior pituitary and hypothalamus?
Hypothalamus secrete hormones to stimulate or inhibit pituitary hormone relase Occurs via hypophyseal portal system Pituitary releases GH, Prolactin, TSH, ACTH (adrenocorticotrophic), LH (lutenising) FSH (follicle stimulating)
53
What chemical does the thyroid gland use?
Iodine
54
What are the two thyroid hormones?
Triiodothyronine (T3 - needed for life) | Thyroxine (T4)
55
What is and what causes a goitre?
Enlarge thyroid | Dietary lack of iodine
56
Where are the four parathyroid glands located?
Posterior surfaces of the thyroid gland lobes (right and left)
57
What does PTH do?
Controls calcium levels in blood and bone
58
Is PTH under pituitary control?
No
59
What are the islets of Langerhans?
Endorcrine parts of the pancreas | Secrete insulin
60
Which gland uses ducts, endocrine or exocrine?
Exocrine
61
What are the cranial nerves?
``` i - Olfactory ii - Optic iii - Oculomotor iv - Trochlear v - Trigeminal (ophthalmic, maxillary and mandibular branches) vi - Abducent vii - Facial viii - Vestibulocochlear ix - Glossopharyngeal x - Vagus xi - Spinal accessory xii - Hypoglossal ```
62
What are the foraminae for the cranial nerves?
Cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone - CN i Optical canal - CN ii Superior orbital fissure - CN iii, CN iv, CN vi, and CN v1 Foramen rotundum - CN v2 Foramen ovale - CN v3 Internal acoustic meatus - CN vii, CN viii Jugular foramen - CN ix, CN x, CN xi Hypoglossal canal - CN xii
63
What is the arrangement of grey and white matter in the brain and spinal cord?
Brain - Grey matter superficial; White matter deep | Spinal cord - Opposite
64
What foramen does the spinal cord pass through?
Foramen magnum
65
When does the spinal cord end and what does it become?
L1/L2 - the conus medullaris | Cauda equina
66
How many spinal nerve pairs are there? How many are in each region?
``` 31 8 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacral 1 coccygeal ```
67
Why is there one more cervical spinal nerve pair than there is vertebrae?
In this region the nerves come out ABOVE the vertebrae with C8 nerve below C7 (T1 nerve is below T1 vertebrae)
68
What sensations do the anterior and posterior rootlets from the spinal cord convey?
Anterior - Motor | Posterior - Sensory
69
When do the rootlets become the spinal nerves?
When the anterior and posterior roots meet
70
What vertebral level is the nipple, the zyphoid process and the umbilicus?
Nipple - T4 ZP - T7 Umbilicus - T10
71
What rami supply the limbs?
Anterior
72
What forms the right cervical plexus and what does it supply?
C1-C4 anterior rami - supplying the neck wall
73
What forms the right brachial plexus and what does it supply?
C5-T1 anterior rami - supplies upper limbs
74
What forms the right lumbar plexus and what does it supply?
L1-L4 anterior rami - supplies the lower limbs
75
What forms the sacral plexus and what does it supply?
L5-S4 anterior rami - supplies pelvis/perineum/lower limbs
76
What is the musculocutaneous nerve and what does it supply?
Branch of brachial plexus (C5 and C6 and C7 anterior rami) | Mainly the biceps brachii
77
What are the nerves coming from the brachial plexus?
``` Axillary Median Musculocutaneous Radial Ulnar ```
78
Where is sympathetic outflow from?
T1-L2 | Thoracolumnar
79
Where is parasympathetic outflow from?
Cranial nerves iii, vii, ix and x Sacral spinal nerves It is craniosacral
80
What are the neurone types supply the body wall?
Somatic sensory | Somatic motor
81
What are the types of neurones supplying the organs?
``` Visceral afferents (sensory) SNS and PNS (motor) ```
82
What are the types of neurones supplying special sense organs?
Special sensory | SNS and PNS (motor)
83
What are the fibre types of the cranial nerves?
``` i - special sensory ii - special sensory iii - motor and PNS iv - motor v - 1+2: sensory, 3: sensory and motor vi - motor vii - special sensory, motor and PNS viii - special sensory ix - special sensory, sensory, motor and PNS x - sensory, motor and PNS xi - motor xii - motor Note none are ANS ```
84
Why does a somatic sensory impulse on one side arrive at the contralateral side of the brain?
When synapses onto the second sensory neurone in the posterior horn in the spinal cord nucleus it crosses over the midline into a tract towards the contralateral thalamus
85
Where are the primary somatormotor areas located?
In the frontal lobes
86
If broken, what ribs would damage the kidney?
Ribs 11 and 12
87
What are the layers protecting the kidney (deep to superficial)?
``` Renal capsule Perinephric fat Renal (deep) fascia Paranephric fat Visceral peritoneum ```
88
How many renal segments are in each kidney?
Five
89
What is the structure of a nephron (proximal to distal)?
``` Glomerulus Proximal convoluted tubule Loop of Henle Distal convoluted tubule Collecting duct (drains to minor calyx) ```
90
How does urine drain from kidneys (proximal to distal)?
``` Collecting ducts Minor calyx Major calyx Renal pelvis Ureter ```
91
Where are the sites of ureter constriction?
Pelviureteric junction Crossing over the common iliac a. Ureteric orifice (opening into bladder)
92
What is micturition?
Urination
93
What muscle contracts for urination?
Detrusor
94
What type of muscle forms the internal and external urethral sphincters?
Internal - smooth | External - skeletal
95
Why are women more prone to UTIs?
Much shorter urethra
96
Where does lymph from the left side of the body and the right side beneath the umbilicus drain to?
Thoracic duct
97
Where does lymph from the right side of the body above the umbilicus drain to?
Right lymphatic duct
98
Where do the thoracic and right lymphatic ducts drain to?
Thoracic duct - left venous angle | Right lymphatic duct - right venous angle

Year 1 - Principles (DP) (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions