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Opthalmology > Microbiology > Flashcards

Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the medical term for inflammation:

of the whole eye

and

inflammation of the Cornea

A

Endophthalmitis

Keratitis

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2
Q

What are the top causes of conjunctivitis in neonates?

A

Staph aureus

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Chlamydia trachomatis

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3
Q

what are the top causes of conjunctivitis in adults and children?

A

Staph aureus

Strep pneumonia

Haemophilus influenzae (especially in children)

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4
Q

what anti-biotic should be used for conjunctivitis?

A

Chloramphenical qds

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5
Q

what are the contraindications for chloramphenical?

A

aplastic anaemia

allergy

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6
Q

what are the common causes of conjunctivitis with contact lenses?

A

acanthamoeba

pseudonomas aeruginosa

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7
Q

list common viral causes of conjunctivitis

A

adenovirus

herpes simplex

herpes zoster

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8
Q

what’s the classic presentation of chlamydial conjunctivitis?

A

chronic,

resistant to treatment

bilateral presentation in young adults

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9
Q

What condition does this picture show?

What is the condition usuallly associated with?

How is it treated?

A

bacterial keratitis with hypopyon

Associated with pathology of cornea or contact lense wear

admission and cloramphenicol

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10
Q

What condition is shown in the picture?

How does it present?

What can happen when it is treated with steroids?

A

Herpetic keratitis : dendritic ulcer

Very painful

Corneal meslt and perforation

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11
Q

how does adenoviral keratitis present?

What are the treatments?

A

usually follows a urti

may affect sight

Bilateral

AB to prevent secondary infection

steroids to speed up recovery if it becomes chronic

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12
Q

What is the presentation of fungal keratitis

A

trauma from vegitation

slow onset

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13
Q

What is the presentation of Orbital Cellulitis?

A

Proptosis

Pain, especially on movement

Paranasal sinusitis

Fever

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14
Q

What investigations should you carry out for orbital cellulitis?

A

CT scan for orbital abscesses

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15
Q

which is more serious preseptal or orbital cellulitis?

A

Orbital

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16
Q

what are causal organsims for orbital cellulitis?

A

Staphylococci

Streptococci

Coliforms

Haemophilus influenzae

anaerobes

17
Q

Treatment of orbital cellulits

A

scan if there is any suggestion of muscle or optic nerve dysfunction

Give Broad spectrum antibiotics

Abscess will require drainage

18
Q

What condition is shown in the picture and how does it present?

A

Endophthalmitis

very red, very painful eye with decreasing vision

19
Q

what are the most common causes of endopthalmitis?

A

Often conjunctival “commensals”

Most common is staph epidermidis

20
Q

what is the treatment for endophthalmitis?

A

Intravitreal amikacin and vancomycin

And topical antibiotics

21
Q

name the top 3 causes of chorioretinitis

A

CMV in AIDS

Toxoplasma gondii- Self limiting, mild-flu like symptoms

Toxocara canis (worm)- self-limiting (parasite can’t reproduce in humans) but can cause permanent damage through granuloma formation.

22
Q

What techniques are used to diagnose an eye infection?

A

Swabs for culture – bacterial, chlamydial, viral

Corneal scrapes in bacterial keratitis

Aqueous/vitreous for culture in endophthalmitis

Microscopy/culture for acanthamoeba

Serology for toxoplasma and toxocara

23
Q

treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis

A

chloramphenicol

(treats most bacteria except Pseudomonas aeruginosa)

fusidic acid

(treats Staph. aureus)

gentamicin

(treats most Gram negative bacteria including coliforms, Pseudomonas aeruginosa)

24
Q

treatment of chlamydial conjunctivitis

A

topical oxytetracycline

(but adults may also need oral azithromycin treament for genital chlamydia infection)

25
Q

treatment of bacterial keratitis

A

4-quinolone (Ofloxacin)

(treats most Gram negative bacteria including coliforms, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Haemophilus influenzae. Not active vs. Strep. pneumoniae)

Gentamicin and cefuroxime

(the combination will treat most Gram positive and Gram negative organisms)

26
Q

What is this condition called and what causes it?

A

Dacrocystitis

is an infection of the lacrimal sac, secondary to obstruction of the nasolacrimal duct

Opthalmology (9 decks)

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