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ENT > Microbiology > Flashcards

Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are some causes of cold sores?

A

Reactivation from nerves causing active infection

Various stimuli

Acliclovir therapy or suppression

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2
Q

What is a major complication of the Herpes simplex virus ?

A

Herpes simplex encephalitis

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3
Q

How is a diagnosis of Herpes Simplex virus confirmed?

A

Swab lesion of virus transport medium

Detection of viral DNA by PCR

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4
Q

Which virus causes Herpangina?

A

Coxsackie viruses

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5
Q

How does Herpangina present?

A

Vesicles/ulcerd on soft palate

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6
Q

Which virus causes hand foot and mouth disease?

A

Cocsackie viruses

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7
Q

How does Behcet’s disease ulcers present?

A

Recurrent oral ulcers
Genital ulcers
Uveitis

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8
Q

Which scoring system is used to predict the likelihood of GRiup A Strep infection?

A

Fever PAIN criteria

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9
Q

What is the name if the bacteria that causes diptheria?

A

Corynebacterium diptheriae

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10
Q

How does diptheria present?

A

Severe sore throar with a grey white membrane across the pharynx.
The organism produces a potent exotoxin which is cardiotoxic and neurotoxic.

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11
Q

What is the treatment for diptheria?

A

Antitoxin and supportive

Penicillin/Erythromycin

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12
Q

What are the clinical features of glandular fever?

A

Fever

Enlarged lymoh nodes

Sore throat, pharyngitis, tonsillitis

Malaise, lethargy

Jaundice, hepatitis (complications)

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13
Q

What is the laboratory confirmation of Epstein Barr virus?

A

Epstein Barr virus IgM

Heterophile antibody

  • Paul Bunnell test
  • Monospot test

Blood count and film

Liver function test

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14
Q

How does thrush present?

A

White patches on red, raw mucous membranes in throat/mouth

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15
Q

What is are some causes of thrush?

A

Post-antibiotics
Immunosuppressed patients
Smokers
Inhaled steroids

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16
Q

How is thrush treated?

A

Nystatin (1ml 4x daily for 7 days)

OR

Fluconazole (50mg/day for 7 days)

17
Q

What is otitis media?

A

An upper respiratory infection involving the middle ear by extension of infection up the Eustachian tube.

Predominantly disease of infants and children

18
Q

What are the most common bacteria that cause otitis media?

A

Hameophilus influenzae

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Streptococcus pyogens

19
Q

How is otitis media diagnosed?

A

By swab of pus if eardrum perforates

20
Q

What is the treatment for otitis media?

A

80% resolve in 4 days without antibiotics

First line - amoxicillin (5 days)

Second line - erythromycin (5 days)

21
Q

What is otitis externa?

A

Inflammation of the outer ear canal

22
Q

What is the clinical presentation of otitis externa?

A

Redness and swelling of the skin of the ear canal

May be itchy

Can become sore and painful

May be discharge or increased amounts of ear wax

Hearing can be affected if canal becomes blocked by swelling or secretions

23
Q

What are some common bacterial causes of otitis externa?

A

Staphylococcus aureus

Proteus sp.

Pseudomonas aerguinosa

24
Q

What are some fungal causes of otitis externa?

A

Aspergillus niger

Candida albicans

25
Q

How is otitis externa managed?

A

Topical aural toilet

Swab to microbiology and prescription of antimicrobial reserved for unrepsonsive/severe cases

Treat depending on culture results

  • Topical clotrimazole (Canesten)
  • Topical Nystatin
  • Gentamicin 0.3% drops
26
Q

What is malignant otitis?

A

An extension of otitis externa into the bone surrounding the ear canal

27
Q

What are some symptoms of malignant otitis?

A

Pain and headache

28
Q

What are signs of malignant otitis?

A

Granulation tissue at bone - cartilage junction of ear canal

Exposed bone in the ear canal

Facial nerve palsy (drooping face on the side of lesion)

29
Q

Which investigations are done for malingnant otitis?

A

Plasma viscosity/CRP

Radiological imaging

Biopsy and culture to demonstrate the extent of the osteitis and its cause

30
Q

What are some risk factors for malignant otitis?

A

Diabetes and radiotherapy to head and neck

31
Q

What is acute sinusitis?

A

Mild discomfort over frontal or maxillary sinuses due to congestion seen in patients with upoer respiratory viral infections.

Severe pain and tenderness with purulent nasal discharge indicates secondary bacterial infection

32
Q

What is the treatment of acute sinusitis?

A

Antibiotics for severe cases of > 10 days duration

First line - Phenoxymethylpencillin

Second line - Doxycycline ( NOT FOR USE IN CHILDREN!!!)

33
Q

Which antibiotics are used in ear drops for a bacterial infection?

A

Neomycin

Gentamicin

Polymyxin B

Framycetin

34
Q

Why are antibiotic ear drops not used in eczematous otitis externa?

A

They may cause local sensitivity.

35
Q

Which types of ear drops should be used as wax solvents?

A

Sodium bicarbonate
Olive oil
Almond oil

36
Q

What are some side effects of ear drops?

A

Dizziness

Local sensitivity

Ototoxicity

37
Q

How can ear drops cause dizziness?

A

If the drops are not close to body temperature.

ENT (13 decks)

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