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Medical Laboratory Science > Microbiology 1 - Lab Practical 1 > Flashcards

Microbiology 1 - Lab Practical 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Virulence factors?
Local and systematic issues?
Complications?

A
  1. Virulence factors: Pili, outer-membrane porin protein, capsule, endotoxin, IgA protease and protein II (block bactericidal effect of host IgG).
  2. Not part of normal microbiota
  3. Local: gonorrhea and conjunctivitis or ophthalmia neonatorum and oropharyngitis,
  4. Systemic: gonococcemia, septic arthritis, endocarditis, and pericarditis
  5. Complications: Pelvic inflammatory diseases (PID), ectopic pregnancy, sterility, FitzHugh-Curtis syndrome (perihepatitis, inflammation of liver capsule without involvement
    of the liver parenchyma), epididymitis
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2
Q

Neisseria gonorrhoeae testing outcomes.

A

Catalase: +
Oxidase: +
Penicillin Disk Test: Resistant
Glucose: +
Maltose: -
Lactose: -
Sucrose: -
Nitrate Reduction: -
DNAase: -

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3
Q

Describe Neisseria meningitidis. Virulence factors?
Associated diseases?

A
  1. Virulence factors: Polysaccharide capsule, pili, outer-membrane porin proteins,
    endotoxin and IgA protease
  2. Normal microbiota in oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal mucous membranes
  3. Life-threatening, acute, purulent meningitis associated with meningococcemia.
    Bacteremia leads to thrombocytopenia, DIC, and shock.
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4
Q

Neisseria meningitidis testing outcomes.

A

Catalase: +
Oxidase: +
Penicillin Disk Test: N/A
Glucose: +
Maltose: +
Lactose: -
Sucrose: -
Nitrate Reduction: -
DNAase: -

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5
Q

Describe Moraxella catarrhalis.
Virulence factors?
Associated diseases?

A
  1. Virulence factors: Many unknown, Endotoxin (septic shock), cell envelope, pili, B-lactamase
  2. Otitis media in children and sinusitis in children and adults and bronchitis and
    pneumonia in adults.
  3. Lower respiratory tract infections often target elderly patients and those with chronic
    obstructive pulmonary diseases
  4. Septicemia, endocarditis, meningitis, septic arthritis, wound-eye-UTI infections.
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6
Q

Moraxella catarrhalis testing outcomes.

A

Catalase: +
Oxidase: +
Penicillin Disk Test: Swollen
Glucose: -
Maltose: -
Lactose: -
Sucrose: -
Nitrate Reduction: +
DNAase: +

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7
Q

Describe Kingella.

A

Cocco-bacilli that occur in pairs or short chains, slow growing and fastidious, present
in human respiratory tract and are a rare cause of human diseases.

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8
Q

Kingella testing outcomes.

A

Catalase: -
Oxidase: +
Penicillin Disk Test: N/A
Glucose: +
Maltose: -
Lactose: -
Sucrose: -
Nitrate Reduction: +
DNAase: -

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9
Q

Describe Staphylococcus aureus.
Virulence factors?
Associated diseases?

A
  1. Virulence factors: polysaccharide capsule, peptidoglycan, teichoic acid, protein A,
    Exotoxins (alpha, beta and gamma), Exfoliatin (causes scalded skin syndrome),
    Toxic shock syndrome 1(TSST1), enterotoxin (food poisoning) (A-E, G-I heat stable),
    pyrogenic exotoxin C, Exoenzymes: protease, lipase, hyaluronidases, hemolysin,
    coagulase, staphylokinase, nuclease, penicillinase, catalase
  2. Local infections: Skin and subcutaneous: Major causes of skin, soft tissue, bone, joint,
    endovascular and wound infections. Skin:
    Erysepalas: Fiery red, painful infection of superficial skin with sharply demarcated
    borders
    Cellulitis: Painful, erythematous infections of deep skin with poorly demarcated borders
    Folliculitis: Papular or pustular inflammation of hair follicles
    Furuncle or boil: Painful, firm or fluctuant abscess originating from a hair follicle
    Carbuncle: A network of furuncles connected by sinus tracts
    Impetigo: large vesicles and/or honey-crusted sores/ liquid filled flat blisters
  3. Local infections: Respiratory: pneumonia with cavitation.
  4. Systemic infections: acute endocarditis, meningitis, osteomyelitis, septic arthritis,
    pyelonephritic
  5. Toxin-mediated: Toxic shock syndrome (TSS), Scalded skin syndrome (Ritter’s disease
    in new born), food poisoning.
  6. Less common cause of pneumonia and UTI
  7. One of four most common cause of nosocomial infections (mostly postsurgical wound
    infections).
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10
Q

Staphylococcus aureus testing outcomes.

A

Catalase: +
Coagulase: +
MSA: Y
Lysis: Beta
ODT: -
PYR: -
Novobiocin: Susceptible
Bacitracin: Resistant
Oxidase: -
DNAse: +
AIK: +
Urease: N/A

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11
Q

Describe Staphylococcus epidermidis.
Virulence factors?
Associated diseases.

A
  1. Some strains produce exopolysaccharide slime layer that help to adhere to plastic
    surfaces of prosthetic devices.
  2. Exotoxins: delta toxin
  3. Most commonly isolated CONS, Nosocomial infections, bacteremia, endocarditis,
    postsurgical infections, UTI associated with prosthetic devices and catheter associated
    infections
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12
Q

Staphylococcus epidermidis testing outcomes.

A

Catalase: +
Coagulase: -
MSA: R
Lysis: Gamma
ODT: -
PYR: Variable
Novobiocin: Susceptible
Bacitracin: Resistant
Oxidase: -
DNAse: -
AIK: +
Urease: +

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13
Q

Describe Staphylococcus lugdunensis.
Virulence factors?
Associated diseases?

A
  1. virulence factors: uncertain, probably similar to those described for S. epidermidis
  2. Endocarditis, Bacteremia, UTI, wound infections
  3. S. hemolyticus: Peritonitis, bone and joint infections
  4. S. lugdunensis: Endophthalmitis, septic arthritis, vascular catheter infections
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14
Q

Staphylococcus lugdunensis testing outcomes?

A

Catalase: Variable
Coagulase: - (+*) false + on slide
MSA: R
Lysis: Beta
ODT: +
PYR: +
Novobiocin: Susceptible
Bacitracin: Resistant
Oxidase: -
DNAse: -
AIK: -
Urease: N/A

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15
Q

Staphylococcus intermedius testing outcomes.

A

Catalase: Variable
Coagulase: Variable
MSA: Variable
Lysis: N/A
ODT: -
PYR: +
Novobiocin: N/A
Bacitracin: N/A
Oxidase: N/A
DNAse: N/A
AIK: +
Urease: N/A

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16
Q

Describe Staphylococcus saprophyticus.
Virulence factors?
Associated diseases?

A
  1. virulence factors: uncertain
  2. Common cause of UTIs in sexually active young woman.
17
Q

Staphylococcus saprophyticus testing outcomes.

A

Catalase: +
Coagulase: -
MSA: Variable
Lysis: Gamma
ODT: -
PYR: N/A
Novobiocin: Resistant
Bacitracin: Resistant
Oxidase: -
DNAse: -
AIK: -
Urease: +

18
Q

Describe Staphylococcus haemolyticus.
Virulence factors?
Associated diseases?

A
  1. virulence factors: uncertain, probably similar to those described for S. epidermidis
  2. Endocarditis, Bacteremia, UTI, wound infections
  3. S. hemolyticus: Peritonitis, bone and joint infections
  4. S. lugdunensis: Endophthalmitis, septic arthritis, vascular catheter infections
19
Q

Staphylococcus haemolyticus testing outcomes.

A

Catalase: +
Coagulase: -
MSA: Variable
Lysis: Beta
ODT: N/A
PYR: N/A
Novobiocin: Susceptible
Bacitracin: Resistant
Oxidase: -
DNAse: -
AIK: -
Urease: -

20
Q

Describe Micrococcus.
Virulence factors?
Associated diseases?

A
  1. Virulence factors: Unknown, probably of extremely low virulence
  2. Usually considered contaminants of clinical samples
  3. Infection in immunocompromised patients: M. luteus causes Endocarditis meningitis,
    pneumonia, septic arthritis
21
Q

Micrococcus testing outcomes.

A

Catalase: +
Coagulase: -
MSA: NG
Lysis: Gamma
ODT: N/A
PYR: N/A
Novobiocin: N/A
Bacitracin: Susceptible
Oxidase: +
DNAse: -
AIK: N/A
Urease: N/A

22
Q

Describe Streptococcus pneumoniae.
Virulence factors?
Associated diseases?

A
  1. Virulence factors: polysaccharide capsule, pneumolysin, surface adhesin and IgA
    protease
  2. infections: local: lobar pneumonia and otitis media
  3. Systemic: meningitis
23
Q

Streptococcus pneumoniae testing outcomes.

A

Catalase: -
Lysis: Alpha
Bile Solubility: +
P (Optochin) disk: Susceptible
A (Bacitracin) disk: N/A
Q (Quellung) test: +
LC group: na
PYR: -
CAMP: na
HHT: na
BEH: na
6.5% NaCl: -
LAP test: +

24
Q

Describe Streptococcus viridans.
Virulence factors?
Associated diseases?

A
  1. Virulence factors: generally considered to be of low virulence
  2. Extracellular complex polysaccharides (e.g. glucans and dextrans) enhance attachment
  3. Common members of the indigenous microflora of the oral cavity, GIT and female
    genital tract
  4. Most common cause of subacute bacterial endocarditis
  5. Deep-seated liver and brain abscesses and oral abscesses
  6. Dental caries and dental plague
25
Q

Streptococcus viridans testing outcomes.

A

Catalase: -
Lysis: Alpha/Gamma
Bile Solubility: -
P (Optochin) disk: Resistant
A (Bacitracin) disk: na
Q (Quellung) test: -
LC group: na
PYR: -
CAMP: na
HHT: na
BEH: -
6.5% NaCl: -
LAP test: +

26
Q

Describe Streptococcus pyogenes.
Virulence factors?
Associated diseases?

A
  1. Virulence factors:
    a. Toxins: M protein, B-hemolysins, SPE (streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin),
    hyaluronidase, exoenzymes (streptokinase, DNase).
    b. Hyaluronic capsule
    c. Protein F (mediates epithelial cell attachment)
  2. Pharyngitis (strep throat), impetigo and erysipelas, cellulitis and wound infections.
  3. Untreated strep throat- sequela (complicated state with scarlet fever (by erythrogenic
    toxin producing strains), TSS, rheumatic fever (myocarditis), rheumatoid arthritis and
    glomerulonephritis)
  4. Flesh-eating bacteria (necrotizing fasciitis)
27
Q

Streptococcus pyogenes Testing outcomes.

A

Catalase: -
Lysis: Beta
Bile Solubility: na
P (Optochin) disk: na
A (Bacitracin) disk: Susceptible
Q (Quellung) test: na
LC group: A
PYR: +
CAMP: -
HHT: -
BEH: na
6.5% NaCl: -
LAP test: +

28
Q

Describe Streptococcus agalactiae.
Virulence factors?
Associated diseases?

A
  1. Virulence factors: Uncertain, capsular material interferes with phagocytic and
    complement cascade system
  2. Major cause of meningitis and septicemia in newborn
  3. In adult: septicemia, endocarditis, pneumonia, osteomyelitis, and skin and soft
    tissue infections
  4. Virulence: capsule, hemolysis, CAMP factor, hyaluronidase and peptidase
29
Q

Streptococcus agalactiae testing outcomes.

A

Catalase: -
Lysis: Beta/Gamma
Bile Solubility: na
P (Optochin) disk: na
A (Bacitracin) disk: Resistant
Q (Quellung) test: na
LC group: B
PYR: -
CAMP: +
HHT: +
BEH: -
6.5% NaCl: Variable
LAP test: +

30
Q

Streptococcus dyslactiae testing outcomes.

A

Catalase: -
Lysis: Gamma
Bile Solubility: na
P (Optochin) disk: na
A (Bacitracin) disk: Resistant
Q (Quellung) test: na
LC group: C & G
PYR: -
CAMP: na
HHT: na
BEH: na
6.5% NaCl: -
LAP test: +

31
Q

Describe Enterococci.
Virulence factors?
Associated diseases?

A
  1. Virulence factors: adhesions, cytolysins and other metabolic functions
  2. Opportunistic infections (OI), nosocomial infections (primarily in elderly debilitated
    patients, immunocompromised patients, have implanted prosthetic devices, and prolong
    antimicrobial therapy).
  3. Local OI: UTI, and post-surgical wound infections
  4. Systemic OI: Subacute bacterial endocarditis and septicemia
32
Q

Enterococci testing outcomes.

A

Catalase: -
Lysis: Alpha/Gamma
Bile Solubility: na
P (Optochin) disk: na
A (Bacitracin) disk: na
Q (Quellung) test: na
LC group: D
PYR: +
CAMP: na
HHT: na
BEH: +
6.5% NaCl: Grow
LAP test: +

33
Q

Non-enterococci testing outcomes.

A

Catalase: na
Lysis: Gamma
Bile Solubility: na
P (Optochin) disk: na
A (Bacitracin) disk: na
Q (Quellung) test: na
LC group: D
PYR: -
CAMP: na
HHT: na
BEH: +
6.5% NaCl: No growth
LAP test: na

34
Q

Describe the catalase test.

A

Catalase enzymatically converts hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen. Most aerobes and
facultative anaerobes possess the enzyme. The test is useful in differentiation of members of the family Micrococcaceae which are catalase positive, from Streptococcus species, which are catalase
negative.

35
Q

Describe the coagulase test.

A

The Latex Reagent should be at room temperature prior to use. Remove from the refrigerator at least 10 minutes prior to use. Resuspend the Latex Reagent by inverting the vial several times. Place a drop of the Latex Reagent inside the black reaction circle. Using the end of a wooden stick, touch and
pick up a fresh colony. Mix the colony in the Latex Reagent on the reaction card. Avoid excessive rubbing of the slide-card surface during mixing. Hand-rock the slide-card to mix each latex and specimen combination for 20 seconds. A positive reaction is observed when obvious agglutination/clumping is observed within this 20 seconds.

36
Q

Describe the oxidase test.

A

This test identifies gram-positive cocci that possess cytochrome c in the cytochrome oxidase system. The test employs filter paper disks impregnated with modified oxidase reagent
(tetramethylphenylenediamine).

  1. Using a stick or sterile loop, carefully remove a single disk and place it on a clean glass
    slide.
  2. Smear a colony from an 18-24 hour culture onto the surface of a disk.
  3. Observe for a dark blue color within 1 minute.

Medical Laboratory Science (13 decks)

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